Effect of American ginseng saponins on enhancing immunity based on zebrafish model organisms / 中草药

Objective: To study the immune enhancing effect of saponins from American ginseng and its mechanism. Methods: The drug dosage of American ginseng saponin extract and the optimal modeling dose of rapamycin were determined by tolerance test and immunodeficiency model establishment experiments. Zebra fish were divided into control group (0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide), model group (4 μg/mL rapamycin), and three origins American ginseng treatment groups with different concentrations (Shandong, Northeast, Canada, 4 μg/mL rapamycin +10, 25 and 50 μg/mL American ginseng saponin extract) 48 h after fertilization (48 hpf). After a certain period of incubation, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish, macrophage phagocytosis, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) content in the body were used as indexes, and the growth rate of neutrophils was calculated to investigate the immune-enhancing effect of American ginseng saponins. Results: When the dosage of American ginseng saponins was higher than 50 μg/mL, the mortality of Zbra-fish increased with the increase of the concentration and the time of administration; Compared with control group, in model group, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish was decreased significantly (P < 0.01), and the content of IFN-γ in the body was decreased significantly (P < 0.01); Compared with model group, in 10 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL American ginseng treatment group, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish was increased significantly (P < 0.01), the number of macrophages engulfing ink particles was increased significantly (P < 0.01), the content of IFN-γ in vivo was increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the growth rate of neutrophils was between 19.73% and 96.49%. Conclusion: The American ginseng saponins have a better effect on enhancing immunity.

Synergy nerve protective effect and its mechanism of sodium ferulate and ginseng saponins Rg1 / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective Observe the synergy nerve protective effect and its mechanism of Sodium Ferulate (SF) and Ginseng saponins Rg1.Methods Ischemia-reperfusion injury models of rats were copied.The effects of SF,Ginsengsaponins Rg1 and the combination on infarction volume,lectin markers positive cells,peroxidase proliferation of activated receptorγ(PPAR-γ) mRNA expression,SOD activity and MDA content were observed.Results The blank control group didn't show infarction areas under TTC staining,and the cerebral infarction volume percentage of model control group,sodium ferulate group,ginsenoside Rg1 group and combination group was 44.2％,25.0％,20.4％,6.2％ respectively.The lectin positive cells number of blank control group,model control group,sodium ferulate group,ginsenoside Rg1 group and combination group were 11.4,44.6,27.8,23.0,13.4/500μm2 respectively; the PPAR-γmRNA expression were1883,1022,1473,1537,1843 respectively; the MDA content was 1.52,3.50,2.62,2.38,1.66 mmol/mg respectively; and the SOD acitivity was 71.54、73.14、81.72、82.22、91.10 U/mg respectively.Compared with model control group,sodium ferulate group,ginsenoside Rg1 group and combination group reduced the volume of cerebral infarcts (P＜0.01),inhibited the microglia activation(P＜0.01),increased the p PPAR-γ mRNA expression(P＜0.01),decreased the MDA content(P＜0.01) and increased SOD activity(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)significantly,and the effect of combination group was better than either sodium ferulate group or ginsenoside Rg1 group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion SF and Ginseng saponins Rg1 had collaborative neural protection and its activation on PPAR-γ may be one of the mechanisms.

Enhancement of Exercise Capacity by Black Ginseng Extract in Rats / 한국실험동물학회지

This study was carried out to investigate an enhancing effect of black ginseng extract (BGE) on exercise capacity in an endurance exercising animal model. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 experimental groups including non-training control, training control, and 3 treated groups (BGE at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). The animals were treated with BGE for 6 weeks and their exercise ability in the maximal running distance test was determined using a treadmill every week. The blood lactic acid (LA) level and the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in the muscle were also measured after the exercise. The levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in the liver and muscle were determined using commercial assay kits. BGE treatments at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly increased the exercise capacity compared with the non-training control or training control groups (P<0.05). The level of blood LA was decreased but the activity of CS was increased by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg compared with the training control group. The level of G-6-P in the liver was elevated by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg, compared to the training group. As compared with non-training control group, the treatments of BGE increased the levels of glucose and G-6-P in the liver and soleus muscle of rats. These results indicate that BGE have a potential for promoting exercise capacity by increasing CS activity in the muscle and decreasing LA in the serum of rats. These results also suggested that BGE can be used as a candidate supplement of health food products for promoting endurance exercise capacity in human athletes.

Enhancement of Exercise Capacity by Black Ginseng Extract in Rats / 한국실험동물학회지

This study was carried out to investigate an enhancing effect of black ginseng extract (BGE) on exercise capacity in an endurance exercising animal model. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 experimental groups including non-training control, training control, and 3 treated groups (BGE at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). The animals were treated with BGE for 6 weeks and their exercise ability in the maximal running distance test was determined using a treadmill every week. The blood lactic acid (LA) level and the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in the muscle were also measured after the exercise. The levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in the liver and muscle were determined using commercial assay kits. BGE treatments at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly increased the exercise capacity compared with the non-training control or training control groups (P<0.05). The level of blood LA was decreased but the activity of CS was increased by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg compared with the training control group. The level of G-6-P in the liver was elevated by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg, compared to the training group. As compared with non-training control group, the treatments of BGE increased the levels of glucose and G-6-P in the liver and soleus muscle of rats. These results indicate that BGE have a potential for promoting exercise capacity by increasing CS activity in the muscle and decreasing LA in the serum of rats. These results also suggested that BGE can be used as a candidate supplement of health food products for promoting endurance exercise capacity in human athletes.

Effects of Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins on protein expression of VEGF, bFGF in myocardium in myocardial infarction rats / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To observe effects of Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins on protein expression of VEGF, bFGF in myocardium in acute myocardial infarction rats. Methods: The acute myocardial infraction (AMI) model was established in one hundred and forty Wistar rats, and the rats were randomly divided into five groups: the western medicine group mobilized by subcutaneous injection of G-CSF50?g.kg-1.d-1, sham-operated group and model group treated by subcutaneous injection of normal saline 50?g.kg-1.d-1, the Chinese medicine group mobilized by intraperitoneal injection of Xuesaitong (ingredients of Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins) 150mg.kg-1.d-1, the integrative group mobilized by subcutaneous injection of G-CSF 50?g.kg-1.d and intraperitoneal injection of Xuesaitong 150mg.kg-1.d-1. Except for the sham-operated group, each group was divided into three sub-groups by three time points of 1d, 7d and 14d. G-CSF was used once a day for 7 days. Xuesaitong was injected once a day until the rats were killed. The parameters cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction were detection by color doppler ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus in different times,the expression of VEGF, bFGF in Marginal zone of myocardium in rats with myocardial infarction were detected by immunohistochemistry in different time. Pathological and ultrastructural changes of marginal zone in rats with acute myocardial infarction were observed by electron microscopy and light microscopy. Results:Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins can improve the level of left ventricular systolic function such as EF,FS,it can inhibit the increase of left ventricular LVDD and LVDS,it can improve expression levels of VEGF,bFGF of marginal zone in acute myocardial infarction rats. It also can reduce the damage to cell ultrastructure and promote revascularization in the site around MI area. Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins can protect the myocytes in rats with myocardial infarction. Conclusion:Panax pseudo-ginseng saponins can protect myocardium from ischemic injury in rats after AMI by way of improving expressions of VEGF and bFGF in myocardial cells and promoting angiogenesis in the infarcted of myocardium.

Inhibitory effects of ginseng saponins on c-fos mRNA expression and the proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by angiotensin II

To evaluate the possibility that the ginseng saponins could be developed as an anti-arteriosclerotic agent, we examined the inhibitory effects of ginseng saponins (total saponin(TS), panaxatriol(PT), panaxadiol(PD)) on the expression of c-fos mRNA and the proliferation of cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). TS and PT (1.0 mg/ml) suppressed c-fos mRNA induction in VSMCs stimulated by 10-5 M Ang II. The order of inhibitory potency was PT>TS. Ginseng saponins (0.01~1.0 mg/ml) inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs stimulated by Ang II in a concentration dependent manner, the inhibitory potency was TS> PT> PD at 0.1~1.0 mg/ml. These results suggest that ginseng saponins may suppress Ang II-stimulated proliferation of aortic VSMCs which can be seen in atherosclerosis, hypertension and restenosis.

EFFECTS OF GINSENG SAPONINS ON PLATELET AGGRE- GATION AND CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP LEVEL IN PLATELETS / 中国药理学通报

The effects of ginseng saponins on platelet aggregation, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP level in platelets were studied. Ginseng saponins was found to be a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid ( AA ) , ADP and thrombin in vitro and in vivo. The concentrations of ginseng saponins producing 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by 0.55HM AA, 1.8-3.5uM ADP and 0.6-0.7 NIH u/ml of thrombin were 0.44, 1.20 and 1.32 mg/ml respectively. The inhibition % of aggregation induced by AA and ADP in vivo from 2-30min after iv administration of ginseng saponins ( 80 mg/kg) were 99-30.44 and 80.7-40.7, respectively. Also, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP level in platelets were determined. It was observed that ginseng saponins significantly increased cyclic AMP level in platelets in a dose-dependent manner. But ginseng saponins did not affect cyclic GMP level in platelets. Our results indicate that the inhibition of ginseng saponins on platelet aggregation may be associated with an increase in cyclic AMP level.

Protective effects of ginseng root saponins on immunity in heat-stressed mice / 中国药理学通报

, 15min),the clearance of reticuloendothelial system (RES) of mice on iv charcoal particles were decreased apparently; serum hemolysin concentration were diminished notably; delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction induced by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were inhibited obviously. Ginseng root saponins (GRS) 50, 100 mg ??? kg-1ip at 15min before the heat-stressprotected the immunity of mice from inhibitory effects induced by the heat-stressor. The suppression of the clearance of RES on charcoal particles,serum hemolysin concentration as well as DTH reaction induced by SRBC were all abolished by GRS.

The mechanisms of protective effects of ginseng root saponins on immunity in heat-stressed mice / 中国药理学通报

The peripheral blood T- lymphocyte percentage, lympocyte percentage in white blood cell (WBC) of mice in heat environment (45C, 15 min) were diminished, and serum corticosterone increased. Ginseng root saponins (GRS) 50, 100 mg/kg were administered ip at 15 min before the heat-stress, the suppression of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte percentage were prevented, but could not inhibit the increase ofserum corticosterone. GRS 50mg?kg-1ip could inhibit the redution of peripheral lymphocyte percentage. GRS 50mg?kg-1 ,reserpine 0.5mg? kg-1or physostigmine salicylate 0.3 mg?kg-1ip abolished the inhibiting effect of heat-stress on DTH reaction in mice.