Differential expression patterns of myogenic regulatory factors in the postnatal longissimus dorsi muscle of Jeju Native Pig and Berkshire breeds along with their co-expression with Pax7

BACKGROUND: Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) such as MyoD, Myf6 and Myf5 play a vital role in the growth and development of muscles. Jeju Native Pig (JNP) is the top ranker in Korea amongst the indigenous livestock reared for meat purpose. Few studies covering transcript abundance of the MRFs and related to their co-expression with Pax7 in JNP have been conducted. Despite having better quality pork, JNP does not have a comparative growth rate with respect to western breeds. Therefore, the present study was designed with the objective to study the relative transcript levels of MRFs in the postnatal myogenesis of longissimus dorsi muscles in JNP and Berkshire breeds. RESULTS: Relative transcript levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR and blot expression analysis through Western blotting. Immunocytochemistry was performed to analyze their expressions at cellular levels. ToppCluster aided in the analysis of gene ontology of biological processes. The quantitative transcript levels of MyoD and Pax7 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Berkshire than in JNP. Myotube formation was observed under the co-expression of MyoD and Pax7. ToppCluster helped in the understanding of the linking of biological processes of the MRFs with the different signaling pathways. MyBPH had significantly (P < 0.05) high transcript levels during the chosen age groups in JNP than Berkshire. CONCLUSIONS: The current study can be helpful in understanding the genetic basis for myogenesis in postnatal stage. Moreover, it can act as stepping stone for the identification of marker genes related to body growth and meat quality in JNP.

Our Hantaan Virus Became a New Family, Hantaviridae in the Classification of Order Bunyavirales. It will Remain as a History of Virology

In February 2019, the order Bunyavirales, previously family Bunyaviridae, was amended by new order of 10 families including Hantaviridae family, and now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Hantaviridae is now a family of the order Bunyavirales, and the prototype virus species is Hantaan orthohantavirus. The family Hantaviridae is divided into four subfamilies including Mammantavirinae, Repantavirinae, Actantavirinae and Agantavirinae. The subfamily Mammantavirinae is divided into four genera including Orthohantavirus, Loanvirus, Mobatvirus and Thottimvirus. The four Hantavirus species have been found in Korea including three Orthohantaviruses (Hantaan orthohantavirus, Seoul orthohantavirus and Jeju orthohantavirus) and one Thottimvirus (Imjin thottimvirus).

A Case of Taenia asiatica Infection Diagnosed by Colonoscopy

A case of Taenia asiatica infection detected by small bowel series and colonoscopy is described. The patient was a 42-year-old Korean man accompanied by discharge of movable proglottids via anus. He used to eat raw pig liver but seldom ate beef. Small bowel series radiologic examinations showed flat tape-like filling defects on the ileum. By colonoscopy, a moving flat tapeworm was observed from the terminal ileum to the ascending colon. The tapeworm was identified as T. asiatica by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. The patient was prescribed with a single oral dose (16 mg/kg) of praziquantel.

Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of 4th to 5th grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea. METHODS: The 4(th) and 5(th) grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015. RESULTS: The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG. CONCLUSION: Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

Isolation, Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effect of Marine Actinomycete, Streptomyces Carpaticus MK-01, against Fish Pathogens

ABSTRACT Present study aim to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of crude extract of Marine Streptomyces carpaticus MK-01 isolated from seawater collected from Daejeong-cost of Jeju Island. About 24 actinomycetes strains were isolated and subjected to morphological and molecular analysis that confirmed the isolate as S. carpaticus MK-01. Crude ethyl acetate extract of MK-01 strain showed extensive antibacterial activity against Gram-positive fish pathogenic bacteria namely Streptococcus iniae and S. parauberis with a maximum zone of inhibition (0.92±0.03mm) was recorded against S. parauberis at the minimum extract concentration (3.12µg/ml). The MK-01 ethyl acetate extract shows dose dependant significant increase in antioxidant activity. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of MK-01 ethyl acetate extract was attained at 53.71 μg/ml and the effective concentration 50 (EC50) against virus-infected Epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell lines was 8.72 μg/ml of S. carpaticus MK-01 crude ethyl acetate extract.

Trends in Urogenital Cancer Incidence in Jeju (1999-2012)

PURPOSE: Incidence of cancer has been increasing each years. The incidence of genitourinary cancer are also being increased. We aim to describe the time trends in genitourinary cancer incidence in Jeju province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Age-standardized rates for incidence of genitourinary tract cancer in Korea and world standard population were calculated using the databases from the Jeju Cancer Rigistry from 1999 to 2012. RESULTS: Cancer incidence in Jeju was increased approximately 2-fold from 1217 cases 1999 to 2376 cases in 1999. Prostate cancer occurred most frequently followed by bladder tumor, and kidney cancer in 2012. In the prostate cancer, incidence was increasing every year from 18 cases in 1999 to 110 cases in 2012. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was approximately four time increased, from 3.0 cases in 1999 and 11.2 cases in 2012. Incidence of bladder cancer were 43 cases in 1999 and 27 cases in 2012, ASR of bladder cancer was increased from 5.0 cases in 1999 to 7.5 cases in 2012. Kidney cancer showed constantly reducing the incidence. Peak is 60 cases in 2009 and recent incidence was 37 cases in 2012. There was no significant change in the incidence of testicular cancer, ureter cancer, renal pelvis cancer from 1999 to 2012. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of cancer has been increasing in Jeju, similar to other area In Korea. Prostate cancer is the most common urological cancer in Jeju province, and kidney cancer incidence is recently decreasing. We should try to prevent genitourinary tract cancer caused obesity and smoking.

The First Case of Non-retrospective Clinical Identification of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Patient in 2013 in South Korea

In this study, we report the first clinically identified case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in a 73-year old man from Jeju Island, South Korea. Although his initial manifestation suggested tsutsugamushi disease with cutaneous lesion, later the patient presented with symptoms characteristic of SFTS. Despite intensive medical therapies upon the clinical diagnosis of SFTS, patient's condition rapidly deteriorated. SFTS is a fatal disease that requires early diagnosis and appropriate supportive treatment.

Evaluation of dietary behavior and nutritional status of elementary school students in Jeju using nutrition quotient / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the food behavior and nutritional status of elementary school students in the Jeju area using Nutrition Quotient (NQ). METHODS: The subjects were 440 students (235 boys and 205 girls) in the fifth and sixth grade at four elementary schools located in Jeju. Demographic, lifestyle, and environmental information was collected using a self-reported questionnaire. The food behavior checklist for children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ), consisting of 19 items, and nutrition education related information were also obtained. RESULTS: The mean score of the children's NQ was poor, reaching 60.3 points. The percentage distribution of NQ grade was 19.8% (lowest), 18.6% (low), 45.0% (medium), 10.7% (high), and 5.9% (highest) and the factor scores for balance, diversity, abstinence, regularity, and practice were 56.6, 68.4, 71.3, 57.4, and 54.8 points, respectively. Compared with the NQ cut-off points for defining malnutrition (balance; 57, diversity; 87, abstinence; 66, regularity; 69, and practice; 67 point), average score of abstinence factor was only above the cut-off point and scores of the other factors were below the cut-off point. Subjects with higher NQ scores tended to have higher levels of exercise activity (p < 0.001), frequency of family meals (p < 0.01), and father's educational levels (p < 0.01) compared to those with lower NQ score. NQ score showed positive association with nutrition education experience and practice (p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: NQ score of elementary school students residing in Jeju was lower than the national average. More opportunities should be provided for participation in nutrition education, which incorporates a range of program strategies, as well as communication and education activities.

Beneficial effects of natural Jeju groundwaters on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats

BACKGROUND: Groundwater is believed to possess many beneficial effects due to its natural source of various minerals. In this study, we examined the effects of natural Jeju groundwater S1 (Samdasoo(TM)), S2 and S3 pumped up from different locations of Jeju Island, Korea, along with local tap water, on body weight gain, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and liver histopathology in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Rats were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups. Different water samples were supplied to the hyperlipidemic rats as their daily drinking water and the widely-used anti-hyperlipidemic drug simvastatin was used as a positive control. Body weight, serum lipids and lipoproteins were measured weekly. Liver weight, liver index and liver histopathology were examined after the execution of the rats. RESULTS: After drinking Jeju groundwaters for two months, S2 but not S3 significantly reduced weight growth and serum triglycerides levels and increased high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) without affecting total cholesterol or LDL-C. S1 and particularly S2 significantly reduced the severity of liver hypertrophy and steatosis. All Groundwaters had much higher contents of vanadium (S3>S2>S1>>tap water) whereas S1 and S2 but not S3 markedly blocked autoxidation of ferrous ions. CONCLUSION: Jeju Groundwater S1 and particularly S2 exhibit protective effects against hyperlipidemia and fatty liver and hypothesize that the beneficial effect of Jeju Groundwaters may be contributed from blockade of autoxidation of ferrous ions rather than their high contents of vanadium.

Seroprevalences of Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM Antibodies among Children Living in Jeju Island, Korea

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. The particle agglutination (PA) assay is a clinical test routinely used to detect MP infection and to determine total MP antibody titers. Using this assay, however, it is difficult to differentiate between IgM and IgG antibodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of MP IgM antibodies in children living in Jeju Island. METHODS: We investigated the seroprevalence of mycoplasma IgM antibodies in 1,693 patients in the age of 0-10 yr who were ordered for mycoplasma IgM antibody testing in Cheju Halla Hospital between April 2011 and March 2013. Results were classified according to age, sex and the month and year during which the samples were obtained. RESULTS: The overall positive rate for mycoplasma IgM antibody was 24.7% and was higher in females than in males (P=0.012). The positive rate was lowest in infants under 6 months of age, and gradually rose with increasing age until the age of 4 yr. A major increase in positive rates was observed between January-April of 2012 and minor cyclical increases were also observed at 2-4 month intervals during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of mycoplasma IgM antibodies rises gradually with age until the age of 4 yr. A major peak in MP IgM antibody-positive cases was observed in early 2012, with minor cyclical increases at every 2-4 months. These results will be helpful in the interpretation and diagnosis of MP in children living in Jeju Island.

A study of the major dish group, food group and meal contributing to sodium and nutrient intake in Jeju elementary and middle school students / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of sodium intake in the diet according to the kind of meal, food group, and dish group. METHODS: A dietary survey was conducted using the 24-hour recall method from April to May, 2009. The study subjects consisted of 701 elementary and 1,184 middle school students in the Jeju area. Mean sodium intake and the percentage contribution of meals and each dish and food group to daily sodium intake were calculated. RESULTS: The daily sodium intake was 2,868.4 mg and 3,032.5 mg in elementary and middle school students. For elementary school students, breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack provided approximately 18.0%, 35.1%, 32.8%, and 14.1% of total daily sodium intake, and for middle school students, 15.3%, 40.2%, 29.1%, and 15.5%, respectively. Major food groups for sodium intake were spices (1,252.5 mg in elementary, 1158.0 mg in middle school students), vegetables and their products (409.0 mg, 495.6 mg), cereal and grain products (322.4 mg, 647.8 mg), and fish and shellfish (255.3 mg, 336.6 mg). Except cereal and grain products, sodium intake of the food groups mentioned above was greater at lunch and dinner than at breakfast and snack. And, the elementary and middle school students obtained 5.9% and 9.8% of total daily sodium intake from cereal and grain products at snack. Among the 29 dish groups, the highest dish groups contributing to dietary sodium intake were soup and stew and tang/jeongol, consuming 19.8% (elementary school students) and 25.4% (middle school students) of daily sodium intake. The following major dish groups contributing to dietary sodium intake, in order, were kimchi, seasoned vegetables, grilled dish, stir-fried dish, and a la carte. By meals, the percentage of sodium intake from soup, kimchi, stew, fried dish, and stir-fried dish at school lunch was high, from noodles, grilled dish, and a la carte at dinner, and from bakery/snacks and noodles at snack. CONCLUSION: Sodium intake from the various side dishes at school lunch was high and noodles and bakery/snacks were popular snack foods in elementary and middle school students in Jeju area. In order to lower the intake of sodium, students need to be educated about eating less soup and choosing better snacks.

Reemergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on Jeju Island / 대한수의학회지

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains responsible for recent outbreaks in the United States have been occurring in Mainland Korea since late 2013. Over the past 10 years, PEDV outbreaks have not been reported on Jeju Island. However, in late March of 2014, PEDV re-emerged on Jeju Island and was found to be genetically identical to PEDV strains currently circulating in Mainland Korea. The present study was conducted to provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of PEDV and more effective preventive measures against PED.

Reemergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on Jeju Island / 대한수의학회지

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains responsible for recent outbreaks in the United States have been occurring in Mainland Korea since late 2013. Over the past 10 years, PEDV outbreaks have not been reported on Jeju Island. However, in late March of 2014, PEDV re-emerged on Jeju Island and was found to be genetically identical to PEDV strains currently circulating in Mainland Korea. The present study was conducted to provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of PEDV and more effective preventive measures against PED.

A study of animal bones excavated from the shell mound of Jeju Jongdali 1819 archaeological site / 대한수의학회지

Animal bones excavated with earthenware from the shell mound at the Jeju Jongdali 1819 archeological site, where three consecutive chronological layers covering the Neolithic (B.C. 15C-B.C. 10C), early Tamra, and late Tamra periods have been identified, were morphologically classified. The majority of the bones from all three periods were broken or split. The major fauna of the mammalian bones in all periods were Cervus spp., Sus scrofa, and Bos taurus. In the early and late Tamra periods, bones of small animals including Mustela sibirica coreana, Meles meles, Rodentia, and Aves were also found in small number. The excavated bones were from all parts of the animal bodies, including head, trunk, forelimb, and hindlimb. Collectively, these findings suggest that the major fauna from the Neolithic to late Tamra periods consisted of Cervus spp., Sus scrofa, and Bos taurus and that the fauna was dissected and carried to the shell mound site after hunting. Information from the bone remains in the shell mound are useful data for study of the wildlife and domestic animals living during the prehistoric period of Jeju Island.

Impact of The Designated Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity in The Jeju Area

PURPOSE: The regional center for neonatal intensive care (RCNIC) in the Jeju area has provided intensive care for high-risk infants since its installation about 2.5 years ago. This study was aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of the RCNIC on the survival rates of high-risk infants in the Jeju area. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review study was performed to compare the outcomes between neonatal patients who were admitted at the RCNIC in Jeju before and those admitted after its installation. Data were classified into either period 1 (2007-2009) or period 2 (2011-2013). RESULTS: In Period 2, for infants with or =37 weeks, numbers of admitted patients increased by 800%, 8.3%, 81.8%, 203.2%, and 66.9%, respectively. For infants with birth weight or =2.5 kg, numbers of admitted patients increased by 162.5%, 68.4%, 236.2%, and 54.6%, respectively. For all the infants admitted at the RCNIC in Jeju, the mortality rates were 7.1% in period 1 and 1.6% in period 2. For infants with or =37 weeks, the mortality rates were 100%, 41.7%, 13.6%, 1.6%, and 3.8%, respectively, in period 1 and 25.0%, 7.7%, 2.5%, 0%, and 1.4%, respectively, in Period 2. For infants with birth weight or =2.5 kg, the mortality rates were 62.5%, 0%, 8.6%, and 2.84%, respectively, in period 1 and 14.3%, 0%, 0.5%, and 1.4%, respectively, in period 2. CONCLUSION: The installation of the RCNIC made an important contribution to the improvement of the neonatal survival rates in Jeju National University Hospital and the Jeju area.

The Increase of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Isolation in the Specimens from Respiratory System in Jeju / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) designated by law in Korea, and accurate diagnosis and urgent treatment are necessary for the maintenance of public health. Recently, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been more frequently isolated in respiratory system specimens, which were confused with MTB. We investigated whether the incidence of NTM isolation is increasing in Jeju, Korea. METHODS: The results of microbacterial cultures of acid fast bacilli (AFB) from respiratory system specimens were collected at Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea from 2004 to 2011. The incidences of MTN or NTM isolation were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 15,484 AFB cultures were performed in 6,281 patients. In 2004, 365 AFB cultures were requested, and the number increased to 1,550 in 2011. However, the culture-positive rate decreased from 18.7% in 2004 to 6.19% in 2011. Among the 573 cultured specimens, 506 MTB (88.3%, mean age of 49.7, male 63.2%) and 72 NTM (12.6%, mean age of 65.8, male 50.0%) were identified. The proportions of NTM isolations were less than 10% until 2009, but increased to 30% after 2010 (P<0.001). M. avium complex (MAC) was the most frequently isolated NTM, followed by M. abscessus. CONCLUSION: The proportion of NTM isolation is increasing. A clinical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis based on respiratory system specimens should be made with caution, especially in cases of positive AFB smears.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infection due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria: Case Series and Literature Review / 감염과화학요법

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in soil and water. Most NTM cause disease in humans only rarely unless some aspect of host defense is impaired. Recently, rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is not uncommon, and the prevalence of RGM infection has been increasing. RGM causes a wide spectrum of pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases and has been shown as an important source for opportunistic infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report 5 patients of skin and soft tissue infection due to RGM in tertiary medical center in Jeju Island and analyzed 21 patients of skin and soft tissue infection due to RGM in Republic of Korea. Clinical, microbiological and epidemiological data were collected from each patient. NTM isolates were identified using conventional and molecular methods including 16S rDNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: The mean age of the RGM patients (n=26) was 54.9 +/- 15.9 years and 73% were women. Mycobacterium fortuitum complex was the most common (12/26). Antimicrobial resistance for clarithromycin and quinolone were 12% and 60%, respectively. Clarithromycin based therapy was done in 46%. The mean duration of treatment was 21.2 +/- 8.7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Many cases can be cured after therapy for 4-7 month with at least 2 or 3 antibiotics according to in vitro susceptibility. Recent increasing of NTM cases suggests that species and subspecies identification is epidemiologically important, especially related to medical procedure, and surgery.

Paleoparasitological Surveys for Detection of Helminth Eggs in Archaeological Sites of Jeolla-do and Jeju-do

A paleoparasitological survey to detect helminth eggs was performed in archaeological sites of Jeolla-do and Jeju-do, the Republic of Korea. Total 593 soil samples were collected in 12 sites of Jeolla-do and 5 sites of Jeju-do from April to November 2011, and examined by the methods of Pike and coworkers. A total of 4 helminth eggs, 2 eggs each for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris sp., were found in soil samples from 1 site, in Hyangyang-ri, Jangheung-eup, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do. The egg-recovery layer was presumed to represent a 19th century farm, which fact suggested the use of human manures. This is the third archaeological discovery of parasite eggs in Jeolla-do. Additionally, no helminth eggs in archaeological sites of Jeju-do is an interesting problem to be solved in the further investigations.

First Report of the Lichen Species, Heterodermia flabellata (Fee) D. D. Awasthi, and Updated Taxonomic Key of Heterodermia in South Korea

Heterodermia flabellata (Fee) D. D. Awasthi was found as a new lichen record in Jeju Island of South Korea in 2012. A detailed taxonomic description and comments are provided for the taxa. An updated key for all recorded species of Heterodermia from South Korea is given.

New Records of Lichen Genus Thelotrema Ach. (Thelotremoid Graphidaceae) from South Korea

This study illustrates the status of thelotremoid Graphidaceae in South Korea. The taxonomy and systematics of thelotremoid lichens in the country have recently advanced greatly. Following the earlier known taxa from the group, four new records of the genus Thelotrema are reported and described briefly. An artificial key for all known species under thelotremoid group of Graphidaceae from South Korea is also provided.