A Frente pela Vida e a atualização do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira / The Front for Life and updating the Brazilian Health Sector Reform Movement

RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar a Frente pela Vida (FpV), um ator da sociedade civil organizado no campo da saúde, que buscou incidir politicamente diante da crise sanitária da pandemia da covid-19 no contexto do governo Bolsonaro. As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão documental de publicações da FpV, bem como pela observação participante de reuniões, manifestações, lives e eventos nos quais participou ou organizou, além de entrevistas com participantes do seu grupo operativo. A análise considerou as categorias origem, trajetória, atores, gestão, relação entre a FpV e movimento sanitário, sustentabilidade, desafios e perspectivas da FpV. Os resultados evidenciam que a FpV capitaneou uma grande rede de políticas formada por sujeitos individuais e coletivos, entidades científicas e organizações representativas de diversos segmentos da sociedade civil, conformando uma atualização do movimento sanitário com ampliação de sua base de sustentação social. Sua trajetória contemplou, principalmente, a ação técnico-científica e política em múltiplas arenas, tendo nos Poderes Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário, e na sociedade civil, espaços privilegiados de inserção. Conclui-se que a FpV se revelou importante ator social na conjuntura recente, tensionando o Estado na defesa da vida, do direito universal à saúde e da expansão e fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT This paper examined the Front for Life (Frente pela Vida, FpV), a movement of organised civil society in the health field, which sought to achieve political impact in response to the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of the Bolsonaro administration. Information was obtained through a document review of FpV publications, participant observation in meetings, demonstrations, livestreams and events in which the front participated or organised, as well as interviews of participants in its operating group. The analytical categories used were origin, trajectory, movements, management, the relationship between the FpV and the health sector reform movement, sustainability, challenges and the FpV's prospects. The results showed that the FpV has led a large policy network of individual and collective subjects, scientific entities and organisations representing various segments of civil society to update the health sector movement and expand its social support base. Its trajectory has involved mainly technical, scientific and political action in multiple areas, working with the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches of government, as well as civil society. In conclusion, the FpV has proved to be an important social movement pressing the State to defend life and the universal right to health and to expand and strengthen Brazil's Unified Health System, the SUS.

Iodine nutritional status of population before and after system reform of salt industry in Gansu Province / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the impact of system reform of salt industry on iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province, and to provide a scientific basis for policy adjustment of relevant departments. Methods The investigation period (2014-2021) was divided into two sub-periods: before system reform of salt industry (2014-2016) and after system reform of salt industry (2017-2021). Thirty counties were selected according to the method of “population proportional probability sampling (PPS)” in 2014. According to the iodine deficiency disease monitoring program of Gansu Province, from 2016 to 2021, children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women were taken as research objects to collect urine samples for urine iodine detection. Children in 2014 and 2018 were selected to measure thyroid volume. Results A total of 90 989 children urine iodine samples were investigated, and the median urinary iodine (MUI) of children was 194.70µg/L; 7 663 and 83,326 children's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 180.73 µg/L and 196.00 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A total of 44 741 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated, and the MUI of pregnant women was 176.50 µg/L; 4 480 and 40 261 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 160.61 µg/L and 178.10 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The thyroid volume of 1 555 children and 8 509 children was investigated in the two periods, the median thyroid volume was 2.70 mL and 2.55 mL , respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The rates of goiter in children were 3.15% and 1.26%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province has not fluctuated significantly after the reform of salt industry system and has maintained an appropriate level. It is necessary to pay attention to the potential risk of insufficient iodine nutrition level and thyroid health of key populations such as children and pregnant women and strengthen health education of scientific iodine supplementation.

The Brazilian Center for Health Studies and the Brazilian Association of Collective Health: the issue of the nationalization of health in the Brazilian public health reform, 1976-1988 / O Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde e a Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva: a questão da estatização da saúde na reforma sanitária brasileira, 1976-1988

Abstract An analysis is presented of the approaches taken by the Brazilian Center for Health Studies (Cebes) and the Brazilian Association of Collective Health (Abrasco) towards the nationalization of health during the Brazilian public health reform between 1976 (when Cebes was founded) and the enshrinement of public health in the Federal Constitution (1988). Discussions are presented of the theoretical and strategic principles defended by their intellectuals and the institutions' positions towards the nationalization of health. By positioning themselves against complete nationalization, they did not break away from the privatizing rationale embedded in the prevailing model of healthcare, and endeavored to conciliate private interests within the new framework for public health.

Resumo Analisa como o Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde (Cebes) e a Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva se comportaram em relação à questão da estatização da saúde pública no processo da reforma sanitária brasileira entre 1976, ano de criação do Cebes, até a institucionalização da saúde na Constituição Federal em 1988. Discutem-se os princípios teóricos e estratégicos defendidos por seus intelectuais, bem como os posicionamentos institucionais das agremiações ao tema da estatização da saúde. Partimos da hipótese de que, ao se posicionar contrárias à estatização integral, não romperam com a lógica privatizante do modelo de saúde até então vigente, uma vez que tentaram conciliar o privado no arcabouço estrutural da saúde pública.

Expectativas e Planejamento da Alta em Saúde Mental: Perspectiva dos Pacientes / Expectations and Planning for Mental Health Discharge: Patients' Perspective

Resumo: Este estudo tem o objetivo de conhecer e compreender a experiência da internação psiquiátrica parcial em Hospital-Dia sob a perspectiva de pacientes em momento que antecedeu a alta, com foco nas expectativas e no planejamento sobre esse evento. Participaram do estudo oito pessoas internadas em um Hospital-Dia que tinham a alta programada. Cada participante respondeu individualmente a uma entrevista aberta. Os dados foram analisados pelo método de Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Os participantes expressaram sentimentos ambíguos despertados pela proximidade da alta, como a insegurança de perder o apoio do serviço e a satisfação pelo fim do tratamento hospitalar. Observou-se a valorização de práticas e posturas que consideraram o paciente enquanto pessoa situada em uma história, abarcando relações afetivas, expectativas, frustrações e planos futuros. Conhecer como os pacientes vivenciam a alta contribui para que tal evento seja considerado um processo imbricado em uma experiência histórica e social, sinalizando a relevância do cuidado ampliado, longitudinal e integral.

Abstract: This study aimed to know and understand patients' perspectives of their experiences of partial psychiatric hospitalization in a daycare hospital preceding discharge and focused on expectations and on planning about this event. In total, eight people hospitalized in a daycare hospital who were scheduled to be discharged participated in this study. Each participant answered an open interview. The data were analyzed by thematic content analysis. Participants expressed ambiguous feelings by the proximity of their discharge, such as insecurity of losing service support and satisfaction with the end of the hospital treatment. Patients appreciated the practices and postures that considered them a person situated in a story, encompassing affective relationships, expectations, frustrations, and future plans. Understanding how patients experience discharge contributes to considering this event as a process intertwined in a historical and social experience, signaling the relevance of extended, longitudinal, and comprehensive care.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer y comprender la experiencia de la internación psiquiátrica parcial en Hospital de Día desde la perspectiva de los pacientes al momento en que antecedió el alta, con enfoque en las expectativas y en la planificación sobre este evento. Participaron en el estudio ocho personas internadas en un Hospital de Día que iban a recibir el alta. Cada participante respondió individualmente a una entrevista abierta. Se utilizó el método de análisis de contenido temático. Los participantes expresaron sentimientos ambiguos despertados por la proximidad del alta, como la inseguridad de perder el apoyo del servicio y la satisfacción por el fin del tratamiento hospitalario. Se observó la valorización de prácticas y posturas que comprenden al paciente como persona con una historia, que abarca relaciones afectivas, expectativas, frustraciones y planes futuros. Conocer cómo los pacientes perciben el alta permite ubicar el evento en un proceso que involucra una experiencia histórica y social, señalando la relevancia del cuidado ampliado, longitudinal e integral.

Mental health in Brazil in times of neoliberalism and pandemic: retrogression and resistance / Saúde mental no Brasil em tempos de pandemia e neoliberalismo: retrocessos e resistências

Abstract This study analyzes aspects of mental health in Brazil as an active political field involving a range of social segments and actors from opposing fields in a context of advancing neoliberalism and pandemic. The analysis begins in 2016, when fiscal austerity entered the national agenda, and proceeds through the pandemic until the present day, when both phenomena continue to prevail, even if the intensity of the pandemic is now reduced. In the ambit of mental health, the national policy based on the principles of the psychiatric reform has suffered severe setbacks. Nonetheless, despite state-sponsored efforts to discourage social control and public participation, important sectors of society are engaged in active resistance.

Resumo O trabalho analisa aspectos da saúde mental no Brasil como campo político ativo, que envolve vários atores e segmentos sociais em áreas de disputa opostas, em tempos de pandemia e de avanço do projeto neoliberal. Tem como início de delimitação temporal 2016, quando as políticas de austeridade fiscal entram na agenda nacional, e vai até os dias atuais com o cenário da pandemia, ambas ainda vigentes, embora a pandemia tenha diminuído sua intensidade. No âmbito da saúde mental, a política nacional enfrenta profundos retrocessos quanto aos princípios da reforma psiquiátrica. Entretanto, a despeito da tentativa do Estado de desestimular o controle social e a participação popular, observam-se resistências de importantes setores.

Trajetória das políticas de saúde mental na Argentina e no Brasil: por que diferentes padrões de reforma? / The trajectory of Mental Health Policies in Argentina and Brazil: why different reform patterns?

Resumo As reformas psiquiátricas nos países da América Latina são heterogêneas, apesar de ideais e com objetivos comuns. O artigo analisa a trajetória das políticas de saúde mental no Brasil e na Argentina entre 1990 e 2020. Sob um desenho histórico-comparativo, explora fatores político-institucionais que podem explicar diferenças nas políticas estabelecidas nestes países. Os resultados apontam para a importância do papel desenvolvido por empreendedores de mudanças, com movimentos sociais mais coesos no Brasil. A expansão de regras e serviços comunitários ocorreu principalmente no contexto político de governos progressistas, embora este não seja um fator suficiente para explicá-la. O federalismo não se mostrou um obstáculo a tais políticas, porém na Argentina, a produção legislativa nacional tem sofrido mais constrangimentos do que no caso brasileiro. A reforma psiquiátrica ainda é um processo em disputa nos dois países.

Abstract Psychiatric reforms in Latin American countries are heterogeneous, although common ideals and objectives. The article analyzes the trajectory of mental health policies in Brazil and Argentina between 1990 and 2020. Under a historical-comparative design, explores political-institutional factors that may explain differences in policies established in these countries. The results point to the importance of the role developed by entrepreneurs of change, with social movements more cohesive in Brazil. The expansion of community rules and services took place especially in the political context of progressive governments, although this is not a sufficient factor to explain it. Federalism has not proved to be an obstacle to this. policies, but in Argentina, national legislative production has suffered more constraints than in the Brazilian case. Psychiatric reform is still a process in dispute in both countries.

O papel do CAPS I na vida de seus usuários: um estudo a partir dos itinerários terapêuticos / The role of CAPS I in the lives of its users: a study based on therapeutic itineraries / El papel del CAPS I en la vida de sus usuarios: un estudio basado en itinerarios terapéuticos

Este artigo buscou compreender, a partir do itinerário terapêutico de pessoas em sofrimento psíquico e egressas de internação psiquiátrica, a inserção do centro de atenção psicossocial como equipamento de cuidado em suas trajetórias. Trata-se de estudo inspirado na Epistemologia Qualitativa de Gonzalez Rey no qual foram realizadas entrevistas com seis pessoas, de 27 a 52 anos, em tratamento em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial tipo 1, e para análise do material transcrito foram adotados procedimentos inspirados no conceito de indicadores de González Rey e na análise temática de conteúdo. Neste artigo, foram discutidas duas categorias: (1) "O manicômio está presente" e (2) "CAPS: espaço de convivência e substituto da vida social?". Os indicadores apontaram que a internação psiquiátrica foi um recurso utilizado após inserção em CAPS, o qual é destacado mais como local de convívio do que de produção de autonomia e de desinstitucionalização. No percurso dos usuários, as internações ocorreram em hospitais gerais, hospitais especializados e comunidades terapêuticas. Os serviços de atenção primária não aparecem como ponto de cuidado à saúde mental, os serviços de urgência estão presentes na atenção às crises, dando ao CAPS contornos de um serviço para a convivência e não para o cuidado na crise. (AU)

Based on the therapeutic itinerary of individuals experiencing psychic distress and who have undergone psychiatric hospitalization, this study aimed to comprehend the integration of the Center of Psychosocial Attention as a care facility along their path. The study is inspired by Gonzalez Rey's Qualitative Epistemology, in which interviews were conducted with six individuals aged between 27 and 52, receiving treatment at a type 1 Center of Psychosocial Attention. Procedures inspired by González Rey's concept of indicators and thematic content analysis were employed to analyze the transcribed material. This paper will discuss two categories: (1) "The presence of the psychiatric hospital," and (2) "CAPS: A space for interaction and a substitute for social life?" The indicators reveal that psychiatric hospitalization was resorted to after involvement with CAPS, which is perceived more as a space for coexis-tence than for fostering autonomy and deinstitutionalization. As per the users' itineraries, hospitalizations occurred in general hospitals, specialized hospitals, and therapeutic communities. Primary care services do not emerge as a focal point for mental health care, whereas emergency services are present for crisis intervention, portraying CAPS as a service more geared towards coexistence rather than crisis management.

Este artículo buscó comprender, a partir del itinerario terapéutico de las personas en distrés psicológico y las dadas de alta de hospitalización psiqui-átrica, la inserción del centro de atención psicosocial como equipamiento de atención en sus trayectorias. Se trata de un estudio inspirado en la Epistemo-logía Cualitativa de González Rey, en el que se realizaron entrevistas a seis personas, de 27 a 52 años, en tratamiento en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial tipo 1 y para el análisis del material transcrito, procedimientos inspirados por el concepto de indicadores de González Rey y el análisis de contenido temático. En este artículo se discutirán dos categorías: (1) "Está presente el asilo" y (2) ¿"CAPS: espacio de convivencia y sustituto de la vida social?". Los indicadores señalaron que la hospitalización psiquiátrica fue un recurso utilizado después de la inserción en CAPS, que se destaca más como un lugar de socialización que para producir autonomía y desinstitucionalización. En el curso de los usuarios, los ingresos se realizaron en hospitales generales, hospitales especializados y comunidades terapéuticas. Los servicios de atención primaria no aparecen como un punto de atención en salud mental, los servicios de emergencia están presentes en la atención de crisis, dando al CAPS los contornos de un servicio de convivencia y no de atención en crisis. (AU)

"Louco sim, drogado não": o imaginário de profissionais da saúde mental / "Crazies over junkies": The collective imagination of mental health professionals

Considerando que as práticas clínicas se baseiam tanto em conhecimentos científicos como em crenças e valores nem sempre conscientes, este estudo objetiva investigar o imaginário coletivo de profissionais de saúde mental sobre o paciente psiquiátrico, na perspectiva da psicologia psicanalítica concreta. Justifica-se, portanto, desde o interesse em aperfeiçoar a qualidade do atendimento, tendo em vista tanto o benefício dos pacientes, como a melhoria das condições de exercício profissional. A partir de uma entrevista psicológica coletiva, articulada ao redor do uso do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias com Tema, abordamos sete profissionais de nível superior que trabalham em equipamento de saúde mental. A consideração do material permitiu a produção interpretativa de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional: "Sofredores psicóticos" e "Impostores dependentes". O quadro geral apresenta a coexistência de visões solidárias e éticas diante do psicótico com visões preconceituosas e hostis em relação ao dependente químico. Esse contraste se baseia sobretudo na dificuldade em perceber que a base motivacional do uso da droga seria o sofrimento emocional. Como um todo, esse cenário permite pensar que a reforma psiquiátrica gerou transformações que promovem acolhimento, mas que ainda permanecem estigmas a serem superados.

Considering that clinical practices are based both on scientific knowledge and on beliefs and values that are not always conscious, this study aims to investigate the collective imagination of mental health professionals about the psychiatric patient, from the perspective of psychoanalytic concrete psychology. The importance of this study lies on the interest in improving the quality of care, considering both the benefit of patients and the improvement of professional practice conditions. Based on a collective psychological interview, articulated around the use of the Thematic Story-Drawing Procedure, we approached seven higher education professionals who work in mental health service. Consideration of the material allowed the interpretative production of two affective-emotional fields of meaning: "Psychotic sufferers" and "Dependent impostors". The overall picture shows the coexistence of sympathetic and ethical views toward the mentally psychotic with prejudiced and hostile views toward the drug-dependent. This contrast is mainly based on the difficulty in realizing that the motivational basis for drug use would be emotional suffering. As a whole, this scenario allows us to conclude that the psychiatric reform has brought about transformations that promote acceptance, but that stigmas to be overcome still remain.

Participação social em saúde no Brasil: avanços e retrocessos do SUS 10 anos depois das Jornadas de Junho / Social participation in health in Brazil: advances and setbacks of SUS 10 years after the Jornadas de Junho / Participación social en salud en Brasil: avances y retrocesos del SUS 10 años después de las Jornadas de Junho

Com o objetivo de analisar a diretriz constitucional da participação social em saúde, considerando avanços e retrocessos do Sistema Único de Saúde, o presente artigo apoia-se numa breve revisão do estado da arte e em parte da produção do Observatório de Análise Política em Saúde. Discute, sucintamente, o conceito de participação social e suas conexões com as noções de democracia e de movimentos sociais. Descreve certos momentos da participação social nas origens da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira e do Sistema Único de Saúde e na conformação da Constituição de 1988, indicando avanços e retrocessos, especialmente após as Jornadas de Junho. Finaliza discutindo problemas da participação social no Sistema Único de Saúde e os desafios na constituição de sujeitos sociais.

Aiming to analyze the constitutional guideline of social participation in health, considering the advances and setbacks of the Unified Health System, this paper is based on a brief review of the state of the art and on part of the production of the Observatory for Political Analysis in Health. It briefly discusses the concept of social participation and its connections with the notions of democracy and social movements. It describes certain moments of social participation in the origins of the Brazilian Health Reform and the Unified Health System and in the shaping of the 1988 Constitution, indicating advances and setbacks, especially after the Jornadas de Junho(June Demonstrations). It ends by discussing problems of social participation in the Unified Health System and the challenges in the constitution of social subjects.

Con el objetivo de analizar la directriz constitucional de la participación social en salud, considerando los avances y retrocesos del Sistema Único de Salud, este artículo se basa en una breve revisión del estado del arte y en parte de la producción del Observatorio de Análisis Político en Salud. Discute, brevemente, el concepto de participación social y sus conexiones con las nociones de democracia y movimientos sociales. Describe ciertos momentos de participación social en los orígenes de la Reforma Sanitaria Brasileña y del Sistema Único de Salud y en la conformación de la Constitución de 1988, indicando avances y retrocesos, especialmente después de las Jornadas de Junho. Finaliza discutiendo los problemas de la participación social en el Sistema Único de Salud y los desafíos en la constitución de sujetos sociales.

Atenção Profissional a Familiares de Dependentes de Álcool no CAPs AD / Professional Care for Family Members of Alcohol Dependents in the CAPs AD / Atención Profesional a Familiares de Dependientes de Alcohol en el CAPs AD

Familiares de dependentes de álcool vivem intenso sofrimento emocional que os vulnerabiliza a ponto de necessitarem cuidado profissional. No Brasil, o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPs AD) é o serviço público de referência no atendimento psicossocial a usuários de álcool e outras drogas. A partir da constatação da inexistência de artigos científicos sobre intervenções com familiares dos dependentes de álcool no CAPs AD, dada a profusão de trabalhos que tratam do dependente ou das políticas públicas que fundamentam o serviço, elaboramos três hipóteses sobre essa lacuna. A primeira propõe que na base dessa ausência de modalidades terapêuticas específicas esteja a concepção de que o cuidado aos familiares no CAPs AD é o mesmo e independe das peculiaridades de cada substância psicoativa. A segunda hipótese parte do fato de que a constante ameaça de aniquilamento dos próprios CAPs AD e a consequente luta para sua sobrevivência comprometeria pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de intervenções cada vez mais especializadas. E, finalmente, a hipótese de que a maior demanda de atendimento de usuários de mais de uma substância desarticularia a proposição de intervenções com familiares de dependentes de álcool. Esperamos que este estudo contribua para a elaboração de intervenções mais afinadas às necessidades desse público.

Family members of alcohol dependents live intense emotional suffering that makes them vulnerable to the point of needing professional care. In Brazil, the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) is the public service of reference in psychosocial care for users of alcohol and other drugs. Based upon the lack of studies on interventions for family members of alcohol dependents in the CAPSad, contrasting with the profusion of works that deal with the dependent or the public policies that support the service, we elaborated three hypotheses about this gap. The first one proposes that at the center of this abscense of specific therapeutic modalities there is the idea that care for family members in the CAPSad is the same and does not depend on the peculiarities of each psychoactive substance. The second hypothesis derives from the fact that the constant threat of annihilation of the CAPSad themselves and the struggle for their survival would compromise the development of increasingly specialized interventions. At last, the hypothesis that the greater demand for assistance from multiple substance users would dismantle the proposal of interventions with family members of alcohol dependents. We expect that this study will contribute to the development of interventions in accord with the needs of this audience.

Familiares de dependientes de alcohol viven intenso sufrimiento emocional que los vulnera hasta que necesiten cuidado profesional. En Brasil, el Centro de Atención Psicosocial Alcohol y Drogas (CAPs AD) es el servicio público referencial a la atención psicosocial a usuarios de alcohol y drogas. Desde la constatación de la inexistencia de ensayos sobre intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol en CAPs AD, dada la profusión de trabajos que tratan del dependiente o de las políticas públicas que fundamentan el servicio, se elaboró tres hipótesis sobre esa brecha. La primera propone que en la base de esa ausencia de modalidades terapéuticas específicas esté una concepción de que el cuidado a los familiares en CAPs AD es lo mismo y no depende de las peculiaridades de cada material psicoactivo. La segunda hipótesis parte del hecho de que la constante amenaza de aniquilación de los CAPs AD y consecuente lucha para su sobrevivencia comprometería investigaciones al desarrollo de intervenciones todavía más especializadas. Finalmente, la hipótesis de que la mayor demanda de atención a usuarios de más de una sustancia desestructuraría la proposición de intervenciones con familiares de dependientes de alcohol. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a la elaboración de intervenciones específicas a las necesidades de ese público.

"O jogo é muito bruto, não é para amador": concepções de ex-ministros da saúde sobre a Reforma Sanitária brasileira / "The game is too rough, it's not for amateurs": conceptions of former ministers of health on the Brazilian Health Reform / "El juego es demasiado duro, no es para aficionados": concepciones de ex ministros de salud sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña

Este estudo histórico de abordagem qualitativa objetivou identificar e analisar as concepções acerca da Reforma Sanitária brasileira (RSB) de seis ex-ministros da saúde do Brasil que foram provavelmente acumuladas ao longo das suas trajetórias enquanto executivos federais da saúde (2002 a 2015). Foram extraídos excertos de entrevistas realizadas entre os anos de 2018 e 2020, sendo analisados e discutidos sob à luz do referencial teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Foi possível identificar e contrastar os discursos dos ex-ministros com os principais conceitos desenvolvidos por Jairnilson Paim sobre a RSB, por exemplo, "revolução passiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitária" e "fantasma da classe ausente". Conclui-se que o conhecimento e a análise de tais concepções são pistas úteis à compressão da política de saúde brasileira nas últimas décadas, sendo necessário que estudos nessa direção sejam construídos continuamente no intuito de não retrocedermos e colaborar, dentre outras coisas, para que se elimine a retórica detratora que posiciona a RSB como utopia e fetiche, enquadrando-a como uma possibilidade real e uma necessidade concreta.

This historical study with a qualitative approach aimed to identify and understand the perceptions about the Brazilian Health Reform (RSB) of six former ministers of health in Brazil that probably accumulated throughout their trajectories as federal health executives (2002 to 2015). Excerpts from interviews carried out between 2018 and 2020 were extracted and were analyzed and discussed in the light of Jairnilson Paim's theoretical-philosophical framework. Identifying and contrasting the main concepts of the former ministers' discourses about RSB was possible with the main concepts developed by Jairnilson Paim, such as "passive revolution," "transformism," "sanitary rhetoric," and "ghost of the absent class." It is concluded that the understanding and the analisis of such conceptions are useful clues to understanding the Brazilian health politics in the last dates and studies that are being elaborated in this sense need to be constructed continuously with the intent of not going backwards and collaborating to, among other things, eliminate the detractor rhetoric that positions the RSB as a utopia and a fetish, framing it as a real and a concrete necessity.

Este estudio histórico, con enfoque cualitativo, tuvo por objetivo identificar y analizar las percepciones sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña (RSB) de seis ex ministros de salud en Brasil, que probablemente se acumuló a lo largo de sus trayectorias como ministros de salud (de 2002 a 2015). Se extrajeron extractos de entrevistas realizadas entre 2018 y 2020, los cuales se analizaron y se discutieron a la luz del marco teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Se pudo identificar y contrastar los discursos de los exministros con los principales conceptos de la RSB desarrollados por Jairnilson, tales como "revolución pasiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitaria" y "fantasma de la clase ausente". Se concluye que el conocimiento y el análisis de estas percepciones son indicios útiles para la comprensión de la política de salud brasileña en las últimas décadas, lo que apunta a la necesidad de realizar más estudios sobre el tema para seguir avanzando y colaborar, entre otras cosas, en la supresión de la retórica detractora que define la RSB como una utopía y un fetiche, enmarcándola como una posibilidad real y concreta.

Historia de la enseñanza universitaria / History of university education

El vocablo "universidad" viene del latín universitas, término que hace referencia a "totalidad" o "reunido en un todo". Históricamente fue conformado por el grupo de "los que enseñan" y el de "los que aprenden". Una de las primeras universidades fue la Universidad de Bologna donde si bien predominaban los estudios jurídicos, también se dictaban filosofía, teología, farmacia, astronomía, matemáticas y medicina. Su contrapartida fue la Universidad de París, donde se enseñaba fundamentalmente teología. En esta última institución los pontífices se reservaron la vigilancia de su actuación y enseñanza. La universidad moderna surge del modelo de Guillermo Humboldt, en el que se restablece la coexistencia de la ciencia y la investigación, que constituyen el germen de nuestra relación docencia - investigación. En las universidades de América Latina se destaca la reforma universitaria de Córdoba, uno de cuyos puntos centrales fue la autonomía universitaria, definida como la facultad de los estudiantes de dirigir la Universidad sin la intromisión de los poderes del estado, en el ámbito propio de la deliberación y la decisión libre de los alumnos y maestros, despojados de toda autoridad diferente a su capacidad docente. (AU)

The word "university" comes from the Latin universitas, a term that refers to "totality" or "united as a whole". Historically it was formed by the group of "those who teach" and "those who learn". One of the first universities was the University of Bologna where, although legal studies predominated, philosophy, theology, pharmacy, astronomy, mathematics and medicine were also taught. Its counterpart was the University of Paris, where theology was the main subject. In the latter institution, the pontiffs reserved for themselves the supervision of their actions and teaching. The modern university arises from the model of William Humboldt, in which the conjunction of science and research is reestablished, which constitute the germ of our teaching-research relationship. In Latin American universities, the university reform of Córdoba stands out, one of the central points of which was university autonomy defined as the faculty of students to direct the University, without the interference of the powers of the state, in the proper scope of deliberation and free decision of students and teachers, stripped of any other authority different from their teaching capacity. (AU)

Análise política da ação do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira na pandemia da COVID-19: 2020-2021 / Political action analysis of the Brazilian Health Care Reform Movement in the COVID-19 pandemic: 2020- 2021

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ação política do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira (MRSB), notadamente Cebes e Abrasco, face à pandemia de COVID-19. As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão documental de publicações das referidas entidades, que apresentam seus posicionamentos diante das ações governamentais implementadas entre janeiro de 2020 e junho de 2021. Os resultados evidenciam que a atuação dessas entidades incluiu ações diversas, em sua maioria reativas e críticas à atuação do governo federal na pandemia. Além disso, protagonizaram a criação da Frente pela Vida, organização que reuniu várias entidades científicas e organizações da sociedade civil, e cujo destaque foi a elaboração e difusão do "Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento à Pandemia de Covid-19", documento que contém uma análise abrangente da pandemia e suas determinações sociais, bem como um conjunto de proposições para o enfrentamento da pandemia e dos seus efeitos sobre as condições de vida e saúde da população. Conclui-se que a atuação das entidades do MRSB revela alinhamento com o projeto original da RSB, enfatizando as relações entre saúde e democracia, a defesa do direito universal à saúde e a expansão e fortalecimento do SUS.

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the political action of the Brazilian Health Care Reform Movement (MRSB, Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira), particularly Cebes and Abrasco, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were obtained through the documental review of publications from the abovementioned entities, which describe their positions on government actions implemented between January 2020 and June 2021. The results show that the performance of these entities included several actions, most of them reactive and critical of the Federal Government's role in the pandemic. Moreover, they led the creation of "Frente pela Vida", an organization that brought together several scientific entities and civil society organizations, whose highlight was the preparation and dissemination of the "Frente pela Vida Plan", a document that contains a comprehensive analysis of the pandemic and its social determinants, as well as a set of proposals to face the pandemic and its effects on the population's living and health conditions. It is concluded that the performance of the MRSB entities reveals alignment with the original project of the Brazilian Health Care Reform (RSB, Reforma Sanitária Brasileira), emphasizing the relationship between health and democracy, the defense of the universal right to health and the expansion and strengthening of the Brazilian Unified Health System - SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde).

Rogelio Bermejo Ortega y el desafío de la atención primaria de salud en el Perú

La publicación de este artículo historiográfico tiene dos objetivos: El primero, es el de rendir un homenaje a la trayectoria de vida del médico sanfernandino Rogelio Bermejo Ortega, uno de los pioneros peruanos de la sanidad rural, de la participación comunitaria y del trabajo intersectorial en el desarrollo del bienestar general. El segundo, efectuar a partir de su trayectoria de vida, un primer análisis crítico del proceso de implementación de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en el Perú, a partir de las observaciones consignadas en su obra "La Atención Primaria de Salud en el Perú". Rescatamos algunos elementos para sustentar -en estos años de crisis general- una reforma del sistema de salud, orientada de manera auténtica al logro de la "salud para todos y por todos" en el Perú.

The publication of this historiographical article has two objectives: The first is to pay tribute to the life trajectory of the sanfernandino doctor Rogelio Bermejo Ortega, one of the Peruvian pioneers of rural health, of community participation and intersectoral work in the development of general welfare. The second, to carry out from his life trajectory a first critical analysis of the implementation process of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Peru, based on the observations stated in his work "Primary Health Care in Peru". Rescuing some elements to sustain -in these years of general crisis- a reform of the health system, oriented in an authentic way to the achievement of "health for all and per all" in Peru.

Reform and Practice of Ideological and Political Education of Core Courses of Biopharmaceutical Specialty———Taking The Course of Biotechnology Pharmacy as An Example / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

As mentioned in this paper, the curriculum team of biotechnological pharmaceutics in Binzhou University reoriented the curriculum objective based on the educational policy: fostering virtue through education and consolidating fundamental spirit and soul. Additionally, the team drew on cutting-edge scientific and technological developments, social hotspots, national spirit, innovative thinking, dedication spirit and other elements, conducted in-depth study on the ideological and political elements of the subject and organically integrated them with the contents such as genetic engineering, cellular engineering, fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and established online and offline ideological and political database. Furthermore, with the aid of teaching apps like ‘Rain Classroom’, the teaching models include lecture, case-based teaching, group discussion, and blended teaching for the subject. In the meantime, the ideological and political educational requirements were integrated into the curriculum evaluation system. Taking the genetic engineering pharmaceutics as an example, reform and practice for the ideological and political education for the undergraduate subject, biotechnological pharmaceutics, was applied. This paper expatiated the teaching practice of the ideological and political education, and reviewed the outcomes of the curriculum reform over these years in an effort to formulate a set of all-round programs for the reform and practice of the ideological and political education that can be replicated and improved continuously. This paper aims not only in developing high-caliber biomedical talents with a strong sense of patriotism and social responsibility, but also in providing a reference for the teaching reform of related subjects.

Exploration of reform paths of high-level talents training in clinical pharmacy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To help to realize high-quality development of clinical pharmacy education in China by exploring new reform paths of high-level talents training in clinical pharmacy. METHODS The concept definition and key links of high-level talents training in clinical pharmacy were consulted by expert consultation， and the literature analysis and empirical methods were used to prepare a questionnaire to conduct online research on clinical pharmacy professionals in universities and hospitals. RESULTS A total of 637 effective electronic questionnaires were received. Totally 95.13% of the respondents believed that the cultivation of high-level talents in clinical pharmacy was very or relatively important； 51.96% expressed different degrees of dissatisfaction with the current situation of training； 88.85% regarded “rational clinical use of drugs” and 88.70% regarded “clinical research of drugs” as one of the main training objectives and service orientation； precision pharmacy， evidence-based pharmacy， medication therapy management， therapeutic drug monitoring and evaluation， clinical discovery and evaluation of new drugs were considered as important core specialty knowledge and competences， which were different from those high-level talents in clinical medicine；62.01% agreed that “academic degree+professional degree” dual degree training was the main degree type for high-level talents training in clinical pharmacy； 79.28% thought it was very necessary or relatively necessary to adopt the “long schooling” education mode； 98.58% thought that the core courses of clinical pharmacy such as clinical pharmacotherapy were very important or relatively important；59.81% believed that college or department of clinical pharmacy was the most important educational management organization that played the most important role； 87.13% agreed with the dual tutor structure of “college teachers+ pharmacists” and “pharmacists+physicians”. CONCLUSIONS Starting with the target orientation， core knowledge and competence， academic degree system， curriculum system and faculties， it is necessary to speed up the exploration of new reform paths of talent training and build a high-level talent training system of clinical pharmacy with Chinese characteristics and world level.

Teaching reform and practice of 'Production Internship' course for biotechnology specialty from the perspective of training application-oriented talents / 生物工程学报

Production internship is an important teaching tache for undergraduate students to carry out engineering training by using professional skills, and it is a key starting point for fostering application-oriented talents in biotechnology. The Course Group of 'production internship of biotechnology majors' of Binzhou University is investigating application-oriented transformation for local regular colleges and universities, as well as fostering high-level application-oriented talents. By taking green fluorescent protein (GFP) polyclonal antibody as an example, the reform and practice on teaching content, teaching mode, assessment method, continuous improvement of curriculum were carried out. Moreover, the characteristics of the Yellow River Delta-Binzhou Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Industrial Cluster were taken into account to intensify academic-enterprise cooperation. On one hand, this Course Group designed and rearranged the course contents, carried out essential training through online resources and platforms such as virtual simulation, and recorded, tracked and monitored the progress of production internship through practical testing and software platforms like 'Alumni State'. On the other hand, this Course Group established a practice-and application-oriented assessment method in the process of production internship and a dual evaluation model for continuous improvement. These reform and practices have promoted the training of application-oriented talents in biotechnology, and may serve as a reference for similar courses.

Exploration of an online and offline mixed teaching mode for "Protein Engineering" based on BOPPPS+flipped classroom / 生物工程学报

Protein Engineering is a core compulsory course of biotechnology major, which is the first-class undergraduate major being constructed in Shanxi Province. In view of the problems of single teaching mode of Protein Engineering, such as insufficient students' participation, short teaching time, and expensive experiment cost, the course team carried out the reform and practice of teaching mode for this course, and put forward a new teaching strategy. Under the guidance of the "Golden Course" standard for advancement, innovation and challenge, the course team developed the materials for massive open online courses (MOOC), and carried out the online and offline mixed teaching of Protein Engineering based on BOPPPS+flipped classroom by using the Chao-Xing Fan-Ya network teaching platform. Through this, a comprehensive, systematic and dynamic new teaching system of Protein Engineering was developed. Using the teaching mode based on BOPPPS+flipped classroom, the offline classroom teaching was combined with students' online self-study and homework completion, chapter test and discussion, and this mixed teaching mode was fully integrated into the flipped classroom. After three rounds of teaching practice, the course team had developed a complete, reproducible, scientific and reasonable online and offline mixed teaching mode, which included course materials preparation, exploring experiment guidance, classroom discussion design and course performance evaluation. The online and offline mixed teaching mode of Protein Engineering based on BOPPPS+flipped classroom was helpful for students to improve their autonomous learning ability, to be deeply engaged in the whole teaching process, and to develop a comprehensive and profound understanding of Protein Engineering. This teaching mode improved the teaching quality of Protein Engineering, and facilitated students to learn other follow-up professional courses. Moreover, it provides a reference for the course teaching reform.

Reform and practice of Biopharmaceutical Technology Comprehensive Experiments in higher vocational colleges in the context of skills competition / 生物工程学报

Comprehensive experiments course is a bridge for higher vocational students to integrate theoretical knowledge with production practice. The article introduces that our biological pharmacy department is committed to the principles of "promotion of teaching, learning and construction through skills competition so as to integrate education and training". By taking penicillin fermentation process as an example, reform has been made in several aspects including teaching objectives, teaching content and teaching methods. We integrate the practical operation of fermentation equipment with virtual simulation software to develop a two-way interactive course. By reducing the subjective dependence, the quantitative management and evaluation of fermentation process parameter control were put into place, which efficiently integrated the skills competition with practical teaching. Improved teaching performance has been achieved over recent years, which may facilitate the reform and practice of similar courses based on skills competition.

Attempt to Balance Cardiovascular Surgeons' Work Style and Surgical Outcomes of Acute Aortic Dissection / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Background: The “work style reform of physicians” is due to come into effect in April 2024. Cardiovascular surgery involves many life-saving surgeries after hours, and it is expected to be difficult to achieve the upper limit (level A) of 960 h per year and less than 100 h per month for overtime work. In 2021, there were five full-time cardiovascular surgeons, four of whom were responsible for performing emergency surgery for acute aortic dissection in our facility. The ability to provide emergency surgical care with any two-person combination increases the flexibility of staffing for routine surgery or after-hours on-call. The working environment and surgical outcomes of acute aortic dissection under this system are reported, and changes in work style in cardiovascular surgery are discussed. Methods: The surgical outcomes of 39 cases of acute aortic dissection requiring emergency open heart surgery at this hospital during the one-year period from January to December 2021 were investigated. The number of cases (and first assistants) performed by five full-time surgeons were 7(13), 9(6), 12(3), 11(7) and 0(10), respectively. In addition, there were 8 cases of acute aortic dissection requiring urgent stent graft treatment during the same period. The emergency response rate for emergency patients (including those other than acute aortic dissection) was 100% during the same period. Results: The age was 69 years (median), 48.7% were female, 92.3% were Stanford type A, of which 22.2% were DeBakey type II. Shock vital 20.5%, malperfusion 30.8%. The surgical procedures included TAR in 19 cases, PAR in 8 cases, HAR in 12 cases (including 2 Bentall). Concomitant operations were AVR in 5 cases, CABG in 2 cases, TEVAR in 1 case, lower limb arterioplasty in 2 cases and right hemispherectomy in 1 case. Operating time 400 min (median), extracorporeal circulation time 194 min (median), cardiac arrest 108 min (median), selective cerebral perfusion time 125 min (median), lower body circulation arrest 46 min (median). Hospital mortality 7.7%, stroke 12.8%, delayed paraparesis 2.6%. Ventilation time was 1 day (median), hospital stay 23 days (median), 64.1% were discharged at home. Working Environments: 12-13 on-calls per month. Maximum yearly overtime work is 480.5 h with full overtime pay. Exemptions from working after night shift were also possible. Conclusions: The surgical outcomes of acute aortic dissection at our hospital were acceptable. Not having a fixed surgeon enabled a flexible emergency response, and increased the flexibility of staffing for routine surgery and on-call, and was considered to enable both a change in working style and surgical safety while meeting the needs of the community.