Small-Sided Games vs. High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition of Female Handball Players / Juegos Reducidos vs Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad sobre la Composición Corporal de Jugadoras de Balonmano

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different training programs based on small-sided games (SSG) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the body composition of female handball players. A total of 45 female handball players (age: 16.13±0.89 years; training experience: 6.18±1.33 years) were assigned to three groups: game group (GG; N = 15), running group (RG; N = 15), and control group (CON; N = 15). The training programs lasted eight weeks, with two training sessions per week. The GG performed three vs. three small-sided games on a 20 m x 20 m court; the RG performed 15 s HIIT running followed by 15 s of active recovery; the CON group maintained regular handball training. Regardless of the group assignment, all participants were measured for each of the following variables: Body height, body mass, fat-free mass, fat mass, muscle mass, intracellular water, and extracellular water. The results demonstrate significant differences (p0.01) in muscle mass. The GG showed significant (p<0.001) greater improvement in these body composition variables than RG and CON. Body composition variables improved with GG, moving from 2.04 % in fat mass to 1.3 % in extracellular water. In the RG, results show significant improvements (p<0.001) only in intra- and extracellular water. The CON shows improvements in fat-free mass, muscle mass, intracellular water, and extracellular water. To conclude, eight weeks of SSG in handball provide better changes in body composition compared to HIIT 15 s - 15 s and handball training alone.

El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los efectos de diferentes programas de entrenamiento basados en juegos reducidos (SSG) y entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre la composición corporal de jugadoras de balonmano. Un total de 45 jugadoras de balonmano (edad: 16,13 ± 0,89 años; experiencia de entrenamiento: 6,18 ± 1,33 años) fueron asignadas a tres grupos: grupo de juego (GG; N = 15), grupo de carrera (RG; N = 15) y grupo de control (CON; N = 15). Los programas de formación duraron ocho semanas, con dos sesiones de formación por semana. El GG realizó partidos reducidos de tres contra tres en una cancha de 20 x 20 m; el RG realizó 15 s de carrera HIIT seguidos de 15 s de recuperación activa; El grupo CON mantuvo un entrenamiento regular de balonmano. Independientemente de la asignación de grupo, a todos los participantes se les midió cada una de las siguientes variables: altura corporal, masa corporal, masa libre de grasa, masa grasa, masa muscular, agua intracelular y agua extracelular. Los resultados demuestran diferencias significativas (p0,01) en la masa muscular. El GG mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,001) mayor en estas variables de composición corporal que RG y CON. Las variables de composición corporal mejoraron con GG, pasando de un 2,04 % en masa grasa a un 1,3 % en agua extracelular. En el RG, los resultados mostraron mejoras significativas (p<0,001) sólo en el agua intra y extracelular. El CON indicó mejoras en la masa magra, la masa muscular, el agua intracelular y el agua extracelular. En conclusión, ocho semanas de SSG en balonmano proporcionan mejores cambios en la composición corporal en comparación con el HIIT de 15 s - 15 s y el entrenamiento de balonmano solo.

Meios tático-técnicos e sistemas defensivos do handebol na categoria sub-14: preferências de ensino por treinadores e reflexões para a formação de jogadores / Tactical-technical aspects and defensive systems in handball for the u-14 teams: teaching preferences of coaches and reflections for player development / Medios táctico-técnicos y sistemas defensivos en balonmano en la categoría sub-14: preferencias de enseñanza de los entrenadores y reflexiones para la formación de jugadores

Meios tático-técnicos e sistemas defensivos no hande-bol constituem-se como conhecimentos específicos da modalida-de que precisam ser organizados e terem seu ensino planejado pelo treinador. Este estudo identificou os conteúdos defensivos e as preferências para seu ensino por treinadores da categoria sub-14. Foram entrevistados 13 treinadores de equipes participantes de campeonatos da Federação Paulista de Handebol, cujos de-poimentos foram analisados pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os resultados mostraram preferências dos sistemas de-fensivos (individuais, 3:3 e 5:1), meios tático-técnicos (marcação, flutuação, cobertura e trocas) e pelo ensino por meio de jogos e situações de jogo. Espera-se que os resultados contribuam para ampliar as discussões sobre a temática.

Tactical-technical aspects and defensive systems in han-dball constitute specific knowledge which needs to be organized and planned for teaching by the coach. This study identified defen-sive content and preferences for its teaching among U-14 teams' coaches. Thirteen coaches of teams participating in the cham-pionships of the São Paulo Handball Federation were interviewed, and their statements were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse method. The results indicated preferences for defensi-ve systems (man-to-man, 3:3, and 5:1), tactical-technical aspects (marking, floating, coverage, and position exchange), and teaching through games and game situations. It is expected that the results will contribute to expanding discussions on this topic.

Los medios táctico-técnicos y los sistemas defensivos en el balonmano son conocimientos específicos que necesitan ser organizados y planificados para su enseñanza por parte del entre-nador. Este estudio identificó el contenido defensivo y las preferencias de enseñanza de entrenadores en la categoría sub-14. Se entrevistaron a 13 entrenadores de equipos que participan en los campeonatos de la Federación Paulista de Balonmano, cuyos tes-timonios fueron analizados utilizando el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Los resultados mostraron preferencias por sis-temas defensivos (individuales, 3:3 y 5:1), medios táctico-técnicos (marcación, flotación, cobertura y cambios) y la enseñanza a través de juegos y situaciones de juego. Se espera que los resultados con-tribuyan a ampliar las discusiones sobre este tema.

Ventaja de jugar en casa y el efecto de anotar primero en el fútbol profesional costarricense. Análisis de los campeonatos 2012/13 - 2018/19 / Home Advantage and Effects of Scoring First in the Costa Rican Professional Soccer. Analysis of Championships 2012/13 - 2018/19 / Vantagem de jogar em casa e o efeito de marcar primeiro no futebol profissional costa-riquenho. Análise dos campeonatos de 2012/13 - 2018/19

Resumen: Objetivo: analizar la ventaja de jugar en casa y la influencia de anotar primero sobre el resultado de los partidos en 14 campeonatos, desde el 2012/13 hasta el 2018/19, en el fútbol profesional costarricense. Metodología: se examinó un total de 1848 partidos, considerando el resultado del partido (ganador, empate o perdedor), la localización (local y visitante) y el orden de anotación (primero y segundo). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: se evidenció que los equipos que jugaban de locales lograron mayor número de victorias (Z = -4,51; p < 0,01) y anotaron más goles (Z = -4,51; p < 0,01) que los visitantes. La ventaja de jugar en casa fue de 62,46 % y esta no difirió significativamente entre los campeonatos (H = 10,86; p = 0,62). La ventaja de anotar de primero fue de 78,86 % para equipos locales y de 72,26 % para los visitantes. Cuando el equipo local anotaba el primer gol, ganaba el 73,73 % de sus partidos, mientras que, los equipos visitantes terminaban ganando el 58,12 % de las veces (χ. = 53,674; p < 0,001; phi = 0,17, V = 0,17). Los 4 mejores equipos de la tabla de clasificación anotaron más goles y ganaron más partidos tanto en casa como de visita y presentaron una ventaja de anotar de primeros superior cuando jugaban de visita, en comparación con los que ocuparon las otras posiciones. Conclusión: jugar en casa y anotar el primer gol representaron una ventaja para que los equipos obtuvieran resultados positivos en los campeonatos de fútbol costarricense analizados. Implicaciones: estos resultados pueden orientar a los cuerpos técnicos a plantear estrategias para afrontar partidos que disputen tanto en casa como de visita.

Abstract: Objective: to analyze home advantage and the influence of scoring first on match outcomes in 14 Costa Rican professional soccer championships from 2012/13 to 2018/19. Methodology: a total of 1848 games were examined considering the match outcome (winner, draw or loser), the localization (home and away) and the order of scoring (first and second). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were applied. Results: it was shown that local teams achieved a greater number of victories (Z = -4,51; p < 0,01) and scored more goals (Z = -4,51; p< 0,01) than the away ones. Home advantage was 62.46 % and this did not differ significantly among the championships (H = 10,86; p = 0,62). The advantage of scoring first was 78.86 % for home teams and 72.26 % for away ones. When the home team scored the first goal, they won 73.73 % of their matches, while the away ones ended up winning 58.12 % of their matches (χ. = 53,674; p < 0,001; phi = 0,17, V = 0,17). The top 4 teams in the ranking scored more goals and won more games both at home and away and had a superior scoring first advantage when played away compared to the teams than occupying the other positions. Conclusion: playing at home and scoring the first goal represented an advantage for teams to achieve positive results in the Costa Rican soccer championships analyzed. Implications: these results can guide the staff coach to propose strategies to front facing matches both at home and away.

Resumo: Objetivo: analisar a vantagem de jogar em casa e a influência do primeiro gol no resultado dos jogos em 14 campeonatos, de 2012/13 a 2018/19, no futebol profissional costarriquenho. Metodologia: um total de 1848 jogos foi analisado considerando seus resultados (vencedor, empate ou perdedor), localização (em casa e fora) e ordem de pontuação (primeiro e segundo). Foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas e testes não paramétricos. Resultados: ficou evidente que as equipes da casa conseguiram um número maior de vitórias (Z= -4,51; p< 0,01), e marcaram mais gols (Z= -4,51; p< 0,01) que as equipes visitantes. A vantagem doméstica foi de 62,46% e não diferiu significativamente entre os campeonatos (H= 10,86; p= 0,62). A vantagem de marcar primeiro foi 78,86% para as equipes da casa e 72,26% para as equipes visitantes. Quando a equipe da casa marcou o primeiro gol, ele ganhou 73,73% de seus jogos; enquanto as equipes visitants, eles acabaram ganhando 58,12% do tempo (χ2= 53,674; p< 0,001; phi= 0,17, V= 0,17). As quatro melhores equipes da tabela do campeonato marcaram mais gols e ganharam mais jogos tanto em casa quanto fora e tiveram uma maior vantagem no primeiro gol quando jogaram fora em comparação com as equipes nas outras posições. Conclusão: Jogar em casa e marcar o primeiro gol representou uma vantagem para as equipes obterem resultados positivos nos campeonatos de futebol costarriquenhos analisados. Implicações: estes resultados podem orientar o pessoal de coaching no planejamento de estratégias para enfrentar jogos em casa e fora.

Motivos e consequências para a utilização do jogador de quadra adicional no handebol: perspectivas de treinadores brasileiros / Reasons and consequences for the use of the additional court player in handball: perspectives of Brazilian coaches / Motivos y consecuencias del uso del jugador de campo adicional en el balonmano: perspectivas de entrenadores brasileños

O uso do jogador de quadra adicional (JQA) no handebol sofreu implicações após mudanças regulamentares (2016). Os estudos envolvem a eficácia do JQA em competições, mas poucos esforços têm sido envidados para investigar motivos e expectativas dos treinadores para a sua utilização. Este estudo analisou as razões pelas quais os treinadores optam por utilizarem o JQA e as consequências em situações distintas do jogo. Sete treinadores de equipes adultas que qualificaram suas equipes entre as quatro melhores (Liga Nacional) foram entrevistados (entrevista semiestruturada). A análise temática reflexiva foi utilizada para a identificação dos temas e discussão. Os resultados revelaram dois subtemas: a utilização do JQA para produzir superioridade numérica ofensiva e as características e riscos do JQA para mitigar a inferioridade numérica. Comportamentos pertinentes ao jogo sem goleiro em superioridade numérica ou para aproximar a relação numérica foram percebidos e permitem refletir sobre avaliação e adaptação de modelos de jogo.

The use of the additional court player (ACP) in handball underwent implications after regulatory changes in 2016. Studies have examined the effectiveness of ACP in competitions, but few efforts have been made to investigate coaches' reasons and expectations for its use. This study analyzed why coaches choose to use the ACP and the consequences in different game situations. Seven coaches of adult teams that qualified their teams among the top four (National League) were interviewed (semi-structured interview). Reflexive thematic analysis was used for theme identification and discussion. The results revealed two subthemes: the use of ACP to reach offensive numerical superiority and the characteristics and risks of ACP to mitigate numerical inferiority. Behaviors relevant to the game without a goalkeeper in numerical superiority or to close the numerical gap were perceived, allowing reflection on game model assessment and adaptation.

El uso del jugador de campo adicional (JCA) en el balonmano sufrió implicaciones después de cambios regulatorios (2016). Los estudios han examinado la eficacia del JCA en competiciones, pero pocos esfuerzos se han hecho para investigar las razones y expectativas de los entrenadores para su uso. Este estudio analizó por qué los entrenadores utilizan al JCA y las consecuencias en diferentes situaciones de juego. Se entrevistó (semiestructurada) a siete entrenadores de equipos adultos que clasificaron a sus equipos entre los cuatro mejores (Liga Nacional). Se utilizó el análisis temático reflexivo para la identificación y discusión de temas. Los resultados revelaron dos subtemas: el uso del JCA para crear superioridad numérica ofensiva y las características y riesgos del JCA para mitigar la inferioridad numérica. Se percibieron comportamientos relevantes para el JCA en superioridad numérica o para cerrar la asimetría numérica, lo que permite la reflexión sobre la evaluación y adaptación del modelo de juego.

Planning and execution of handball goalkeepers training: a descriptive study in youth categories teams in Brazil

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to describe how specific training for goalkeepers of youth handball teams is planned and executed in Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive and quantitative study was based on information from 134 coaches responsible for specific training of handball goalkeepers for youth (under 12 - U12; U14; U16; and U18) teams. The selection of participants was non-randomly for convenience, using the virtual snowball method. The information was obtained through an online self-completion questionnaire carried out by the Google Forms platform. The questionnaire data were tabulated and assessed using the SPSS statistical program, and the information was presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The results show that specific training of goalkeepers occurs in 71.1% of youth handball teams. About the structure of the specific training session, most of it is performed 1 or 2 times a week (70.9%), lasting from 25 to 60 min (73.9%) and given by the team's leading coaches (77.6%). More than half of the participants stated that the training session occurs with the goalkeepers and the person in charge (55.2%). Most participants (69.4%) stated that the teams analyze and assess the goalkeepers' performance, and the training planning takes place weekly (39.6%). Conclusion: This data provides essential information that partially fills gaps in the literature and allows researchers and coaches to reflect on their practices, considering the importance of planning specific training for goalkeepers.

Muscular and cardiorespiratory parameters of Brazilian professional futsal players: comparison between top national and regional level athletes

Abstract Aim: To compare muscular and cardiorespiratory parameters between Brazilian professional futsal athletes from different competitive levels (national versus regional). A secondary aim was to explore the correlation of physical fitness variables between both competitive levels. Methods: Twenty-two futsal players (24.7 ± 3.7 years), 11 from a regional team and 11 from a national team, were evaluated with countermovement jump test (lower limbs muscle power), square test (the speed with change direction), RSSA (anaerobic power), and YOYOIR1 (aerobic power). Tests were performed in the middle of the season for both teams. Results: The speed with change direction (p = 0.001) and mean anaerobic power (p = 0.04) were higher for national than the regional players. Sprint performance decreased similarly for national and regional level players (p < 0.001), but the latter had poorer performance (p = 0.044). From the fourth sprint on, sprints for the national level players were slower than the first three, while for the regional level players, each sprint speed was slower than the subsequent. A significant correlation was found between anaerobic power with jump height (r = −0.50; p = 0.01), speed with change direction (r=0.65; p = 0.001) and distance covered in the YOYOIR1 (r = −0.54; p = 0.01). Conclusion: National-level athletes were more agile and presented a higher mean anaerobic power than regional ones. Moreover, national-level athletes presented better performance along with repeated sprint tests, maintaining this performance for a longer time during the test.

Could physical, technical, and tactical variables differentiate the top players of the 2018 FIFA World Cup?

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to analyze the difference between tactical, technical, and physical variables in selected and unselected top players of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Methods: A sample data of 1049 soccer players were collected by the multiple-camera computerised tracking system. Subsequently, data were analyzed and divided into two groups: selected (man of the match and top 10 players of the World Cup) and unselected players (other players). Twenty-six performance variables were used to assess tactical (passing), technical (goals, assist, shots, and fouls), and physical variables (height, distance covered, distance with and without the ball, number of sprints, maximal speed, and intensities zone 1 [low] to 5 [high]). Results: The selected players had more tactical (performed and completed more long, middle, and short pass), technical (goal for, assist, shots, shots on goal, fouls committed on them), and physical variables (covered more distance and distance with the ball, more sprints, greater speed and distance in low intensity [zone 1]). However, they were shorter in height and covered less distance in moderate intensity [zones 2 and 3] when compared to unselected players (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the selected players have more tactical, technical, and physical variables than the unselected players. Our findings could be used as a trustworthy tool (performance variables) to characterize the top players of the World Cup.

Estratégias ofensivas e defensivas eficazes no Goalball / Effective offensives and defensives strategies in Goalball / Estrategias ofensivas y defensivas efectivas en Goalball

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e descrever as variáveis ofensivas e defensivas mais frequentes e eficazes na elite masculina do goalball e, compará-las entre times vencedores e perdedores e, equipes de nível superior e inferior. Através do método de observação sistemática e com amostra composta por 25 partidas do torneio masculino de goalball dos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, sendo registrados 4635 arremessos e 4520 defesas. Os principais achados foram que, para o ataque, existe uma maior probabilidade de marcar gol após as interrupções do jogo e para a defesa, fazer o balanço defensivo é melhor do que não o realizar, já que a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando ele não ocorre. Além disso, utilizar o tronco como segmento corporal para realizar as defesas também é mais indicado, pois a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando as defesas são realizadas pelas pernas ou braços.

The aim of this study was to characterize and describe the most frequent and effective offensive and defensive variables in the male goalball elite and compare them between winning and losing teams and higher and lower-level teams. Through the method of systematic observation and with a sample consisting of 25 matches of the men's goalball tournament at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, 4635 pitches and 4520 saves were recorded. The main findings were that, for the attack, there is a higher probability of scoring after the game's interruptions and for the defense, making the defensive balance is better than not doing it, as the probability of conceding a goal is higher when it does not occur. In addition, using the trunk as a body segment to make defenses is also more effective, as the probability of suffering a goal is higher when the defenses are performed by the legs or arms.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y describir las variables ofensivas y defensivas más frecuentes y efectivas en la élite del goalball masculino y compararlas entre equipos ganadores y perdedores, y equipos de mayor y menor nivel. Mediante el método de observación sistemática y con una muestra compuesta por 25 partidos del torneo de goalball masculino de los Juegos Paralímpicos Río 2016, se registraron 4635 lanzamientos y 4520 paradas. Los principales hallazgos fueron que, para el ataque, hay una mayor probabilidad de marcar tras las interrupciones del juego y para la defensa, hacer que el equilibrio defensivo sea mejor que no hacerlo, ya que la probabilidad de encajar un gol es mayor cuando no se ocurrir. Además, utilizar el tronco como segmento corporal para realizar defensas también es más adecuado, ya que la probabilidad de sufrir un gol es mayor cuando las defensas las realizan las piernas o los brazos.

Composición corporal, somatotipo, rendimiento en salto vertical y consumo máximo de oxígeno en futbolistas profesionales y universitarios / Body composition, somatotype, vertical jump performance and maximal oxygen consumption in professional and university soccer players

RESUMEN. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la composición corporal, somatotipo, rendimiento en el salto vertical y consumo máximo de oxígeno en futbolistas profesionales y universitarios de Chillán. Metodología:El presente estudio es de tipo transversal, descriptivo y comparativo, con una muestra no probabilística y por conveniencia. Se evaluarona 52 futbolistas varones; 18 corresponden a jugadores profesionales y 34 universitarios. El perfil antropométrico (índice de masa corporal, composición corporal y somatotipo) se obtuvo a través delos protocolos de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kinantropometría (ISAK), el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) por medio del Yo-Yo test IR1 y capacidad de salto a través del protocolo de Bosco, utilizando una plataforma de contacto Axon Jump.El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS v.21;para comparar a ambos grupos se utilizó el estadístico T-Student para muestras independientes (p<0,05). Resultados: Los resultados muestran que los futbolistas profesionales reportanun mayor porcentaje de masa muscular (p<0,001) y un menor porcentaje de masa grasa (p<0,001) en comparación a los universitarios. Los análisis de somatotipo indican que los jugadores profesionales se clasifican como meso-ectomórfico en comparación a los jugadores universitarios, quienes se clasificaron como meso-endomórfico. Finalmente, en cuanto a los resultados en las pruebas físicas los profesionales obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de salto (p<0,001) y en el VO2máx (p<0,001).Conclusión: Los futbolistas profesionales tienen características corporales, somatotípicas y físicas que les permiten sobresalir con respecto a los futbolistas universitarios. Estos datos servirán a los entrenadores universitarios para disponer de los parámetros respecto de características y condiciones a trabajar para acercarse al alto rendimiento.

ABSTRACT. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe and compare the body composition, somatotype, vertical jump performance and maximum oxygen consumption in professional and university soccer players from Chillán. Methodology: The present study is cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative, with a non-probabilistic sample and for convenience. 52 male soccer players were evaluated; 18 correspond to professional players and 34 university players. The anthropometric profile (body mass index, body composition and somatotype) was obtained through the International Society for the Advancement of Kinantropometry (ISAK) protocols, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) by means of the Yo-Yo test IR1 and ability to jump through the Bosco protocol using an Axon Jump contact platform. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical program SPSS v.21, to compare both groups the T-Student statistic was used for independent samples (p <0.05).Results: The results show that professional soccer players report a higher percentage of muscle mass (p <0.001) and a lower percentage of fatmass (p <0.001) compared to university players. Somatotype analyzes indicate that professional gamers are classified as meso-ectomorphic compared to college players, who are classified as meso-endomorphic. Finally, regarding the results in the physical tests, the professionals obtained significant differences in jumping ability (p <0.001) and in VO2 max (p <0.001).Conclusion: Professional soccer players have bodily, somatotypic and physical characteristics that allow them to stand out comparated to university soccer players. These data will serve university coaches to have the parameters regarding characteristics and conditions to work to approach high performance.

The structuring of the defensive phase of beach handball

Abstract Aims: To analyze the structuring elements of the defensive phase of beach handball based on the coaches' speeches. Methods: Five coaches of adult male and/or female teams that played the Beach Handball championship of Sao Paulo State were interviewed. For the analysis of the speeches, the Collective Subject Discourse method was used. Results: The defensive phase is structured from hierarchical aspects: numerical asymmetry (by the presence of the specialist player), defensive systems (influenced by the characteristics of the players of their own team and the opponents), and technical-tactical specific actions (defensive blocking, coverage, dissuading…). The numerical asymmetry and the defensive system are responsible for the choices of the technical-tactical actions. Conclusion: The defensive structuring elements are related in a hierarchical way, which provides a better understanding of beach handball by coaches and players.

Do heart rate variability is relationed to endurance performance in female futsal players? / A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca está relacionada ao desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal?

abstract The study aimed to verify the correlation between resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and endurance performance in female futsal players, as well as to evaluate the reliability of this parasympathetic autonomic marker. A total of 16 female futsal players (age: 22 ± 3 years; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were evaluated during the first week of preseason training. Vagal modulation was evaluated from the HRVrest (i.e., log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R interval differences - Ln-RMSSD) for two consecutive days, while endurance performance was evaluated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Strong correlation between the HRVrest index and endurance performance (r = 0.643; p = 0.007). Reliability was tested through the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analysis of the agreement. Furthermore, acceptable repeatability of HRVrest, but with great inter-subject variability (ICC = 0.670, 95%CI = 0.056-0.885, CV = 15.8%). The current study demonstrated a strong correlation between Ln-RMSSD and endurance performance, and despite the acceptable values of intrasubject reliability, HRVrest presented high inter-individual variability in female futsal players.

resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a correlação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca de repouso (VFCRepouso) e o desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do marcador parassimpático. No total, 16 jogadoras de futsal (idade: 22 ± 3 anos; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram avaliadas durante a primeira semana de treinamento da pré-temporada. A modulação vagal foi avaliada a partir da VFC de repouso (isto é, raiz quadrada da média das diferenças sucessivas ao quadrado dos intervalos R-R adjacentes - Ln-RMSSD) por dois dias consecutivos, enquanto o desempenho da resistência foi avaliado pelo Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para analisar a relação entre as variáveis. A confiabilidade foi testada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre o índice de VFCrepouso e o desempenho de endurance (r = 0,643; p = 0,007). Por outro lado, repetibilidade aceitável dos índices de repouso vagal, mas com grande variabilidade interindividual (ICC = 0,670, IC = 0,056-0,885, CV = 15,8%). O presente estudo apresentou forte correlação entre Ln-RMSSD e desempenho de endurance, e mesmo com valores aceitáveis de confiabilidade intrasujeito, a VFC em repouso apresentou alta variabilidade interindividual em jogadoras de futsal.

Strategies adopted in the defensive return by handball coaches from teams U-12 to U-18

Abstract Aims: to analyze the choices of handball coaches for structuring the defensive return throughout the teaching-learning process (U-12 to U-18 teams). Methods: Nineteen coaches from teams U-12 to U-18 from two leagues in the state of São Paulo were interviewed. The speeches from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis, which produced two themes and their respective subthemes. Results: Most coaches structure their defensive return and emphasize content to make it difficult for an opponent to counterattack. A higher percentage of directed play was observed in teams U-12 and U-14, which suggests a possible early specialization process. In the U-16 and U-18 teams, higher percentages of free play were observed when compared to the others. In older teams, a higher percentage of directed play would be expected, mainly because these are stages with an increase in player specialization. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the simultaneous training of different teams may be leading to sports specialization procedures in the younger teams and, simultaneously, underestimating the possibilities in the older teams.

Technical-tactical performance in basketball: evaluation of gaming actions according to specific positions

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the level of technical-tactical performance of female basketball base players, considering the association between the game actions and the specific positions performed by the players. Methods: Twenty-six players from a basketball club in the state of Santa Catarina (Brazil) participated. The performance was analyzed with the aid of the Individual Technical-Tactical Basketball Performance Assessment Instrument (IAD-BB). The statistical treatment involved the use of descriptive (simple and percentage frequency) and inferential (Pearson's Chi-square test, Cramer's V coefficients, adjusted residuals), adopting a 5% significance level for the interpretation of the results. Results: It was found a statistically significant association of the functions performed by the players with the actions of reception, dribble, throw, marking and rebound block. The guards performed better in the reception, dribble and clearing actions, the centers were better in rebound block, throw and clearing, while the forwards showed better performance in clearing and rebound block. Conclusion: It is concluded that the analysis of tactical-technical performance, considering the actions and specific positions of female players, is necessary for a better understanding of the factors that influence their performance in the game. Results are discussed with the literature and suggestions are made for future research in order to expand the quantity and quality of evidence in sports performance analysis.(AU)

Efficacy and manner of execution of the serve in top-level womens beach volleyball players / Eficácia e maneira de execução do serviço em jogadoras de voleibol de praia de alto nível

ABSTRACT The study of the manner of execution (technique, and spatial aspects) can provide useful information to understand the game dynamics in beach volleyball and to obtain references values for the analysis of the game and the establishment of training goals. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the manner of execution on serve and rally performance in elite women's beach volleyball players. A total of 3,009 serves from 44 women's players were analyzed. The variables studied were: serve technique, serve zone, serve destination, serve performance, and rally performance. An observational punctual, nomothetic, multidimensional, and intragroup design was used. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the data (Chi-Square Test) was done using SPSS v.21.0 software. The level of significance was set at p < .05. The manner of execution influences the serve performance. The jump float serve was the most used. The most effective destination was the zone between players, probability due to the players' displacement and interference between them. An absence of association between serve technique and rally performance was found. These findings showed possible connections between the way of executing the serve with the following actions done by the players and the players' strategies to control their physical load. These values may be useful to guide to players training, or to evaluate players in competition.

RESUMO O estudo da forma de execução (técnica e aspectos espaciais) pode fornecer informações úteis para compreender a dinâmica do jogo no vôlei de praia e obter valores de referência para a análise do jogo e o estabelecimento de metas de treinamento. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência da forma de execução no desempenho de saque e rali em jogadores de vôlei de praia de alto nível. Um total de 3.009 saques de 44 jogadoras de alto nível foram analisados. As variáveis ​​estudadas foram: técnica de saque, zona de saque, destino do saque, desempenho de saque e desempenho de rali. Um desenho observacional pontual, nomotético, multidimensional e intragrupo foi utilizado. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e inferencial dos dados (Teste Qui-Quadrado) utilizando o software SPSS v.21.0. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p <0,05. A maneira de execução influencia o desempenho do saque. O saque flutuante de salto foi o mais usado. O destino mais efetivo foi a zona entre jogadoras, provavelmente devido ao deslocamento das jogadoras e a interferência entre elas. Não foi encontrada associação entre a técnica de saque e o desempenho de rally. Esses achados mostraram possíveis associações entre a maneira de executar o saque com as ações seguintes realizadas pelas jogadoras e as estratégias das jogadoras para controlar sua carga física. Esses valores podem ser úteis para orientar o treinamento de jogadoras ou avaliar jogadoras em competição de vôlei de praia.

Anthropometric profiles and somatotypes of female volleyball and beach volleyball players / Perfiles antropométricos y somatotipos de jugadoras de voleibol femenino y voleibol de playa

The aim was to compare anthropometric profiles, body composition, and somatotypes of female volleyball players grouped according to player status (National League Divisions) and function. The study assessed 62 volleyball players and 12 beach volleyball players (mean age, 23.58, s = 7.74 years). Anthropometric measures included height, body mass, body circumferences and diameters, adipose skinfold thickness. Data processing using a dietetic software package provided body mass index, fat mass percentage, arm muscular area, thigh muscular area, and somatotype. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 22. Division B volleyball players were taller than those in Division C (169.19, s = 6.68 cm vs. 165.40, s = 6.19 cm; P <0.05), but showed lower arm muscular area (34.77, s = 3.57 cm2 vs. 40.06, s = 7.27 cm2; p <0.05) and mesomorphy (3.40, s = 1.21 vs. 4.84, s = 2.10; P <0.05). For player functions, blockers were the tallest (172.38, s = 4.18 cm; P <0.05) and showed the highest ectomorphy (3.08, s = 1.02; P <0.05), setters showed the highest fat mass percentage (26.38 %, s = 2.99 %: P <0.05), and 'liberos' showed a more compact mesomorphy (5.46, s = 2.13) and low ectomorphy (1.58, s = 0.90). The anthropometric data showed few significant differences between the volleyball Divisions, suggesting that promotion up the Divisions is due to technical ability rather than physical qualities. The anthropometric profiles of the players varied according to their functions within their volleyball team.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los perfiles antropométricos, la composición corporal y los somatotipos de jugadoras de voleibol agrupadas según el estado de jugador (División de la Liga Nacional) y la función. El estudio evaluó 62 jugadoras de voleibol y 12 jugadoras de voleibol de playa (edad media, 23,58, s = 7,74 años). Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron altura, masa corporal, circunferencias y diámetros corporales, y grosor del pliegue cutáneo adiposo. Los datos se analizaron mediante un software proporcionando el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de masa grasa, el área muscular del brazo, el área muscular del muslo y el somatotipo. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS Statistics versión 22. Las jugadoras de voleibol de la División B eran más altas que las de la División C (169,19, s = 6,68 cm vs. 165,40, s = 6,19 cm; P <0,05), pero mostraron una zona muscular del brazo inferior (34,77, s = 3,57 cm2 vs. 40,06, s = 7,27 cm2; p <0,05) y mesomorfia (3,40, s = 1,21 vs. 4,84, s = 2,10; P <0,05). Para las funciones del jugador, las bloqueadoras fueron las más altas (172,38, s = 4,18 cm; p <0,05) y mostraron la ectomorfia más alta (3,08, s = 1,02; p <0,05), las colocadoras mostraron el mayor porcentaje de masa grasa (26,38 %, s = 2,99 %: p <0,05), y los "liberos" mostraron una mesomorfia más compacta (5,46, s = 2,13) y ectomorfia baja (1,58, s = 0,90). Los datos antropométricos mostraron pocas diferencias significativas entre las divisiones de voleibol, lo que sugiere que la promoción de las divisiones se debe a la capacidad técnica más que a las cualidades físicas. Los perfiles antropométricos de las jugadoras variaron según sus funciones dentro de su equipo de voleibol.

Assessment of the external load of amateur soccer players during four consecutive training microcycles in relation to the external load during the official match

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the external load of amateur male players during 4 consecutive training microcycles (M) at the beginning of the in-season according to the training session in absolute external load demands and in relation to the competition demands. Methods: Regional-level players (n = 10; age, 20.8 ± 1.7 years; height, 175.5 ± 3.8 cm; body mass, 69.7 ± 2.9 kg; soccer experience, 13.2 ± 2.5 years) were monitored using GPS devices during training sessions and matches. The external load variables measured were: duration (min); total distance covered (TD); distance covered at high-speed (HID, 14.4-19.8 km/h); distance covered at sprinting (SPD; >19.8 km/h); and distance covered in high intensity acceleration (ACD; >2.5 m/s2) and deceleration (DECD; <-2.5 m/s2). Results: The results indicated that the external load variables (time, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were similar between the four microcycles. Greater (p<0.01) time, TD, HID and SPD were observed in match day (MD)-2 compared to MD+1, MD-3, and MD-1. Aside from training duration, all external loads variables (TD, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were lower during training sessions compared to official matches (p<0.05). Conclusion: Amateur soccer players present relative stable external training loads across competitive microcycles, with the peak load observed two days before the official match. Besides this, the match constitutes the highest load during a typical competitive microcycle in this cohort of players.(AU)

Faster balls increase the probability of scoring a goal in female and male elite goalball

Abstract We sought to investigate the influence of ball time, ball trajectory and ball type on the probability of scoring a goal in female and male elite goalball. We also aimed to categorize throw ball time, taking into consideration ball trajectory and ball type. Systematic video analysis of 1341 male and 1304 female throws was performed on 20 randomly selected matches from the Paralympic Games. In both genders, reducing ball time was associated with an increased probability of scoring a goal, while there was no association for ball trajectories or ball types. The proposed ball time categories are thought to be a useful tool for coaches and sport scientists, as it provides reference values on how fast a ball moves regarding different ball trajectories and ball types for each gender.

Resumo Investigamos a influência do tempo de bola, da trajetória e do tipo de bola sobre a probabilidade de marcar gol na elite do goalball; e também o categorizamos em relação à trajetória e ao tipo de bola. Observamos sistematicamente vídeos de 1.341 arremessos masculinos e 1.304 femininos, de 20 partidas selecionadas aleatoriamente dos Jogos Paraolímpicos. Em ambos os sexos, a redução do tempo de bola foi associada a uma maior probabilidade de marcar um gol. Não houve associação para trajetórias ou tipos de bola. As categorias de tempo de bola propostas foram pensadas para ser uma ferramenta útil para treinadores e cientistas esportivos, pois fornecem valores de referência sobre quão rápido uma bola se move em relação a diferentes trajetórias e tipos de bola para cada gênero.

Resumen Se analizó la influencia del tiempo del balón, la trayectoria y el tipo de balón en la probabilidad de marcar gol en la elite del goalball. También clasificamos el tiempo de lanzamiento del balón en relación con su trayectoria y tipo. Observamos sistemáticamente vídeos de 1.341 lanzamientos de hombres y 1.304 de mujeres de 20 partidos seleccionados al azar de los Juegos Paralímpicos. En ambos sexos, la disminución del tiempo del balón se relacionó con mayor probabilidad de marcar un gol. No hubo relación con las trayectorias o los tipos de balón. Las categorías propuestas del tiempo del balón son una herramienta útil para los entrenadores y científicos del deporte ya que ofrecen puntos de referencia para cada sexo sobre la rapidez con que un balón se mueve en relación con diferentes trayectorias y tipos de balón.

Do muscular strength and jump power tests reflect the effectiveness of training programs for basketball athletes?

Muscular strength (MS) and jump power (JP) tests are used to assess athletic ability and measure the effectiveness of training programs. However, their use in various sport modalities needs to be investigated further. This study aimed to explore the changes in MS and JP during three different moments of a macrocycle training session and verify the validity of the tests used to predict the effectiveness of basketball training programs. Methods: During macrocycle training (three different moments), sixteen basketball players were evaluated for MS (measured using isokinetic dynamometry at the speed of 60°/s) during concentric contraction of knee flexor and extensor muscles and JP, using countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) on a force platform. Results: Peak torque and maximal work values for knee extension and flexion showed no differences, during the three moments analyzed. Additionally, no changes were observed for CMVJ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the effectiveness of basketball training programs does not seem to be related to the performance achieved by athletes on the tests used. Moreover, the lack of changes in MS and JP values during the macrocycle could be related to the training structure used; volume, intensity, density and workload specificity.(AU)

Isokinetic performance of ankle evertor and invertor muscles in adolescent female volleyball athletes

This study aimed to analyze the muscular performance of evertor and invertor ankle muscles of adolescent volleyball athletes. Methods: The information provided by database concerning the isokinetic evaluation of ankle muscles from 20 female volleyball players between the ages of 14-17 years old were analyzed. The isokinetic dynamometer was used in a concentric-concentric mode for the ankle evertor and invertor muscles at angular velocities of 60°/s, and 180°/s. Results: Seven athletes had suffered ankle sprains (6 affected the non-dominant limb and all were lateral ankle sprain) in the one year prior to the isokinetic evaluation. The isokinetic results demonstrated that the mean peak torque values for eversion of the non-dominant limb were significantly lower in comparison to the dominant limb at 60°/s. Moreover, although no difference was observed in the average values of the evertor/invertor ratio between the limbs, the ratios were below the values suggested by the literature. Conclusion: We believe that although the athletes reported no ankle injury and no pain in the previous assessment month, the isokinetic results of the non-dominant limb seemed to be directly related to previous ankle sprains injuries in inversion of this limb. The athletes had similar results to those of subjects clinically diagnosed with ankle joint instabilities despite their being active in sports at the moment of the assessment.(AU)

Football coaches' development in Brazil: a focus on the content of learning

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the lifelong content of learning of coaches. METHODS: Eight coaches inserted in an Elite Football Club participated. Rappaport Time Line and semi-structured interviews were used to obtain the data. The coaches' learning was organized according to the theory of Lifelong Learning.1-4. RESULTS: The coaches presented in their personal experiences, with their families and as athletes, content of learning such as "leadership development" and "formation of values". In professional experiences, such as in academic training, coach assistants and even coaching, they are also reported as essential in obtaining content of learning (general and specific knowledge, training methods, leadership development, self-control). Finally, the reflexive process is considered by most coaches as a potentiator of learning, with interference on the "coach-athlete relationship", "activity adjustment," among other content of learning. CONCLUSION: The content learned throughout the life were defined in certain episodes for presenting different meanings in the life of the coaches, in which they related to a new experience according to their biographies. Therefore, the various episodes offer coaches new experiences, in which they can incorporate, reinforce or renew the content about the coaching process and are responsible for the development of the coach.(AU)