Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae strains carrying mcr-1 resistance gene from Shanghai wastewater treatment plants and quantification of their copy number / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo provide technical support for the molecular surveillance of pathogenic bacteria strains carrying mobile colistin resistance-1 （mcr⁃1） gene isolate from inlet of wastewater treatment plants （WWTP）. MethodsThe Enterobacteriaceae strains carrying mcr⁃1 resistance gene isolate from inlet of WWTP during April 1 to June 30， 2023 in Shanghai were cultured on blood-rich and SS culture medium and were identified using a mass spectrometry analyzer. The mcr⁃1 gene and copy number were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Drug susceptibility test was performed by microbroth dilution method. The copy numbers of Escherichia coli carrying mcr⁃1 gene isolated from wastewater and human fecel were statistically analyzed by SPSS 25.0. ResultsA total of 14 strains carrying the mcr⁃1 gene were isolated from 49 WWTP samples， and the positive isolation rate was 28.6%， including 12 non-diarrheal E. coli strains and 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. The drug susceptibility results showed that all 14 strains were multi-drug resistant bacteria. They were all sensitive to imipenem and tigecycline， but were ampicillin- and cefazolin-resistant. There was no significant difference in the copy number between human-sourced diarrheal E. coli and wastewater-sourced non-diarrheal E. coli （t=0.647， P>0.05）. ConclusionThe isolation and identification of strains carrying the mcr⁃1 gene from inlet of WWTP samples were firstly established in Shanghai. The multi-drug resistance among the isolated strains is severe. To effectively prevent and control the spread of colistin-resistant bacteria， more attention should be paid to the surveillance of mcr⁃1 gene.

Isolation and biocontrol of bacteriophages from wastewater in the city of Lomé, Togo: potential application as a novel source for antimicrobial therapy

Background: Bacteriophages offer one of the most promising solutions to the challenges of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The aim of this study is to investigate bacteriophages as a source of new antimicrobial therapy. Methodology: Waste water samples were randomly collected from 8 different locations in the city of Lomé for bacteriophage isolation. The phages were isolated using multi-resistant clinical isolates (Escherichia coli 1642 and Staphylococcus aureus 0868) as hosts by means of a spot test. The host range of the phages was determined also by a spot test using 8 other clinical bacterial isolates including two reference strains (E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213). The virulence of the phages and their effects on bacterial growth were assessed by in vitro experiments using E. coli 1642 BBec phage suspension. Results: Isolation of phages by the spot test was positive only with the host E. coli 1642. A reduced host range was observed with the other bacteria. The BBec phage suspension showed a titer of 1.6 x 107 PFU/ml. Virulence studies revealed a latency time of less than 10 minutes, a degree of absorption of 87% and a burst size of 63 PFU/cell. The effect of BBec phage suspension on E. coli 1642 showed an almost total reduction in the population of E. coli 1642 after 4 hours. Conclusion: This study provided scientific data showing the antibacterial effect of a phage suspension (BBec) on a multi-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli 1642. This phage could therefore be explored as a candidate for the development of new antibacterial therapies.

Resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos en ambientes acuáticos: origen e implicaciones para la salud pública

El alarmante incremento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos a nivel global ha dilucidado otras fuentes diferentes al hospital y la comunidad, donde el agua ha cobrado gran importancia. El ambiente acuático constituye la fuente y el hábitat natural de un gran número de microorganismos, incluyendo bacterias resistentes a antibióticos; así mismo, se considera uno de los principales receptores de antimicrobianos, bacterias resistentes y genes de resistencia a antibióticos provenientes de las actividades humanas. La contaminación del agua con estos contaminantes emergentes tiene implicaciones serias para la salud humana, relacionadas con la diseminación de la resistencia bacteriana y la emergencia de nuevos mecanismos de resistencia. En esta revisión se brinda una descripción global del papel de los ambientes acuáticos en el problema de la resistencia bacteriana, las principales fuentes de contaminación, además del impacto para la salud pública. Ante este panorama, se establece la necesidad de abordar la problemática de la resistencia bacteriana desde la perspectiva de "una salud", donde a la vigilancia tradicional, enfocada a nivel humano y veterinario, se articule la vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental, principalmente basada en aguas residuales.

The alarming increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics globally has diluted sources other than the hospital and community, where water has taken on great importance. The aquatic environment is the source and natural habitat of a large number of microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as well as being considered one of the main receptors for antimicrobials, resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes from human activities. Contamination of water with these emerging contaminants has serious implications for human health related to the spread of bacterial resistance and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. This review provides a global description of the role of aquatic environments in the problem of bacterial resistance, the main sources of contamination, as well as the impact on Public Health. In this context, the need arises to address the problem of bacterial resistance from the perspective of "one health", where traditional surveillance, focused at the human and veterinary level, is articulated with environmental epidemiological surveillance, mainly in wastewater.

O incremento alarmante da resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos no nível global tem revelado outras fontes diferentes do hospital e da comunidade, em que a água tem ganho grande importância. O ambiente aquático constitui a fonte e o hábitat natural de um grande número de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias resistentes a antibióticos; é considerado, também, um dos principais receptores de antimicrobianos, bactérias resistentes e genes de resistência a antibióticos provindos das atividades humanas. A poluição da água com esses poluentes emergentes tem sérias implicações para a saúde humana, relacionadas com a disseminação da resistência bacteriana e a emergência de novos mecanismos de resistência. Nesta revisão oferece-se uma descrição global do papel dos ambientes aquáticos na situação problemática da resistência bacteriana, as principais fontes de poluição, além do impacto para a saúde pública. Diante desse panorama, determina-se a necessidade de abordar a problemática da resistência bacteriana desde a perspectiva de "uma saúde" em que a vigilância tradicional, focada nos níveis humano e veterinário, esteja articulada com a vigilância epidemiológica ambiental, principalmente baseada em águas residuais.

Potentials of Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Wastewater from Cocopeat Production Industry

The cocopeat production industry generates a significant amount of wastewater containing high organic loads and chemical residues, posing environmental challenges and economic concerns. This study aims to assess the potential of constructed wetlands as an innovative and sustainable approach for managing coco peat production industry wastewater. An artificial wetland was created and filled with 30% soil, 40% sand, 10% bio and hydrochar, and 20% gravel along with Canna indica was used as the plant component. Three types of hydraulic loading rates were studied: 5 ml/min, 10 ml/min, and 15 ml/min, with a retention time of 7 days.The results showed that the wastewater contains significant levels of Electrical Conductivity (5.24 – 6.31 dS m-1), Total Dissolved Solids (4190 - 5150 mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (730 - 818 mg/L), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (1825 – 2045 mg/L). The utilization of artificial wetlands along with Canna indica decreased the pollution loads by 42% of Electrical Conductivity, 41% of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand, 45% of Total Suspended Solids, and 55% of Total Dissolved Solids.Based on the above results, constructed wetlands are recognized as a reliable wastewater treatment technique and a good solution for the treatment of coirpith washwater, which is a step towards a greener and more sustainable future. By integrating these natural filtration systems into the wastewater treatment process, industries can foster a harmonious coexistence with the environment, ensuring a balance between economic growth and environmental well-being.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Possible Transmission Routes and Alleviation Strategies

Coronavirus disease is a contagious respiratory ailment that has spread significantly around the world. Most cases of COVID-19 are spread from person to person by coming into contact with respiratory droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In this manuscript, we have highlighted the possible transmission of COVID-19 through food, water, air and paper. In the case of food, we have extensively covered the transmission of COVID-19 through meat, frozen foods, food packaging and food market along with the incidences worldwide. In the nextsection, we have highlighted the different components of air which are responsible for the transmission and also covered its relation with PM 2.5 incidence. The SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from sewage water/wastewater of various countries namely the United States, India, Australia, Netherlands and France signifying that wastewater can be a mode of virus transmission. The paper circulation by the infected COVID-19 patients can also be a virus conveyance route. It can be concluded that SARS-CoV-2 can therefore be transmitted indirectly through food via the workers involved in food packing or food marts.By following general safety precautions (wearing masks, using hand sanitisers, cleaning and disinfecting contact surfaces, and avoiding close contact), heating and using chemicals like ethanol (67-71%), sodium hypochlorite (0.1%) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) on environmental surfaces, along with vaccination, it is possible to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

COVID-19 surveillance via wastewater:Introduction of wastewater-based epidemiology / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 global pandemic in 2019, monitoring COVID-19 infection status and trend through wastewater, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), has been widely used in many countries and regions. WBE consists of five steps:wastewater sample collection, viral concentration, viral nucleic acid extraction, quantification of virus using quantitative RT-PCR, and dissemination of the wastewater surveillance results. This method could be used for early warning of COVID-19 outbreak in a population, monitoring COVID-19 distributions and epidemic trend, prediction of COVID-19 prevalence rate, understanding of temporal trend of SARS-COV-2 variants, and simultaneous surveillance of multiple pathogens. WBE and clinical surveillance can be used concurrently and the former is a good complement to the latter.

Pyridine degradation characteristics of Rhodococcus sp. LV4 under high salinity conditions / 生物工程学报

Biodegradation of pyridine pollutant by microorganisms is one of the economical and effective methods to solve the environmental pollution of pyridine under high salinity conditions. To this end, screening of microorganisms with pyridine degradation capability and high salinity tolerance is an important prerequisite. In this paper, a salt-resistant pyridine degradation bacterium was isolated from the activated sludge of Shanxi coking wastewater treatment plant, and identified as a bacterium belonging to Rhodococcus on the basis of colony morphology and 16S rDNA gene phylogenetic analysis. Salt tolerance experiment showed that strain LV4 could grow and degrade pyridine with the initial concentration of 500 mg/L completely in 0%-6% saline environment. However, when the salinity was higher than 4%, strain LV4 grew slowly and the degradation time of pyridine by strain LV4 was significantly prolonged. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cell division of strain LV4 became slower, and more granular extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was induced to secrete in high salinity environment. When the salinity was not higher than 4%, strain LV4 responded to the high salinity environment mainly through increasing the protein content in EPS. The optimum conditions for pyridine degradation by strain LV4 at 4% salinity were 30 ℃, pH 7.0 and 120 r/min (DO 10.30 mg/L). Under these optimal conditions, strain LV4 could completely degrade pyridine with an initial concentration of 500 mg/L at a maximum rate of (29.10±0.18) mg/(L·h) after 12 h adaptation period, and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency reached 88.36%, indicating that stain LV4 has a good mineralization effect on pyridine. By analyzing the intermediate products in pyridine degradation process, it was speculated that strain LV4 achieved pyridine ring opening and degradation mainly through two metabolic pathways: pyridine-ring hydroxylation and pyridine-ring hydrogenation. The rapid degradation of pyridine by strain LV4 in high salinity environment indicates its application potential in the pollution control of high salinity pyridine environment.

Bacterial contamination from selected catfish pond farm and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents

Aims@#The aquaculture industry has been identified as one of the sources for the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study aimed to determine the level of bacterial contamination from selected catfish pond farming at Jasin, Melaka and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. The correlation between the sampling points’ Water Quality Index and the level of bacterial contamination was also determined. @*Methodology and results @#Sampling was carried out at six sampling points of the river as well as selected catfish pond farming. Microbial counts were assessed using the membrane filtration and isolates were further identified by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using the disk diffusion method. Results showed that the total bacterial count obtained was not significantly different (P>0.05) between sampling points with an average of 4.47 ± 0.41 log CFU/mL. A total of 27 different bacterial species were identified where 63% were identified as Gram-negative bacteria. A medium negative correlation (r=-6.16, P<0.01) was found between the sampling points’ Water Quality Index and the level of bacterial contamination. Among bacterial species identified, 18 species are pathogenic strains.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study @#Antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that only 4 isolates showed resistance to antimicrobials tested and the study shows the potential cross contamination between fishponds and Kesang River, Melaka. Thus, public health concerns are tangible, and prevention of the cross contamination is crucial for the farm.

Recent advances in the structure and function of microbial community in anaerobic granular sludge / 生物工程学报

Anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS), a self-immobilized aggregate containing various functional microorganisms, is considered as a promising green process for wastewater treatment. AnGS has the advantages of high volume loading rate, simple process and low excess sludge generation, thus shows great technological and economical potentials. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances of the microbial community structure and function of anaerobic granular sludge, and discusses the factors affecting the formation and stability of anaerobic granular sludge from the perspective of microbiology. Moreover, future research directions of AnGS are prospected. This review is expected to facilitate the research and engineering application of AnGS.

Biosensors for waterborne virus detection:Challenges and strategies / 药物分析学报

Waterborne viruses that can be harmful to human health pose significant challenges globally,affecting health care systems and the economy.Identifying these waterborne pathogens is essential for preventing diseases and protecting public health.However,handling complex samples such as human and waste-water can be challenging due to their dynamic and complex composition and the ultralow concentration of target analytes.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest breakthroughs in waterborne virus biosensors.It begins by highlighting several promising strategies that enhance the sensing performance of optical and electrochemical biosensors in human samples.These strategies include optimizing bioreceptor selection,transduction elements,signal amplification,and integrated sensing systems.Furthermore,the insights gained from biosensing waterborne viruses in human sam-ples are applied to improve biosensing in wastewater,with a particular focus on sampling and sample pretreatment due to the dispersion characteristics of waterborne viruses in wastewater.This review suggests that implementing a comprehensive system that integrates the entire waterborne virus detection process with high-accuracy analysis could enhance virus monitoring.These findings provide valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of waterborne virus detection,which could have sig-nificant implications for public health and environmental management.

Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban effluents in south-east Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 2020 to March 2022 / Presencia del SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales urbanas del sudeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina, de mayo del 2020 a marzo del 2022 / Presença de SARS-CoV-2 em águas residuais urbanas no sudeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina, de maio de 2020 a março de 2022

ABSTRACT Objectives. To implement and evaluate the use of wastewater sampling for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in two coastal districts of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Methods. In General Pueyrredon district, 400 mL of wastewater samples were taken with an automatic sampler for 24 hours, while in Pinamar district, 20 L in total (2.2 L at 20-minute intervals) were taken. Samples were collected once a week. The samples were concentrated based on flocculation using polyaluminum chloride. RNA purification and target gene amplification and detection were performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for clinical diagnosis of human nasopharyngeal swabs. Results. In both districts, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in wastewater. In General Pueyrredon, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in epidemiological week 28, 2020, which was 20 days before the start of an increase in coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the first wave (epidemiological week 31) and 9 weeks before the maximum number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases was recorded. In Pinamar district, the virus genome was detected in epidemiological week 51, 2020 but it was not possible to carry out the sampling again until epidemiological week 4, 2022, when viral circulation was again detected. Conclusions. It was possible to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus genome in wastewater, demonstrating the usefulness of the application of wastewater epidemiology for long-term SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Aplicar y evaluar la utilización de muestreos de aguas residuales como método para la detección del coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo de tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2) en dos distritos costeros de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Se utilizó un dispositivo de muestreo automático para tomar muestras de 400 mL de las aguas residuales de 24 horas en el distrito de General Pueyrredon, mientras que en el distrito de Pinamar se tomaron muestras de 2,2 L a intervalos de 20 minutos hasta un volumen total de 20 L. Los muestreos se realizaron una vez por semana. Las muestras se concentraron mediante floculación con policloruro de aluminio. La purificación del ARN y la amplificación y detección del gen diana se llevaron a cabo mediante la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con retrotranscripción para el diagnóstico clínico a partir de hisopados nasofaríngeos. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de SARS-CoV-2 en las aguas residuales de ambos distritos. En General Pueyrredon, el SARS-CoV-2 se halló en la semana epidemiológica 28 del 2020, es decir, 20 días antes del inicio del aumento de casos de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) registrado en la primera ola (semana epidemiológica 31) y nueve semanas antes de que se alcanzara el número máximo de casos de COVID-19 con confirmación de laboratorio. En el distrito de Pinamar se detectó el genoma viral en la semana epidemiológica 51 del 2020, pero solo se pudo volver a realizar el muestreo en la semana epidemiológica 4 del 2022, en la que se volvió a detectar la circulación del virus. Conclusiones. Se pudo detectar el genoma del virus SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales, lo que muestra la utilidad de la aplicación de la epidemiología de aguas residuales como método para la detección y el seguimiento del SARS-CoV-2 a largo plazo.

RESUMO Objetivos. Implementar e avaliar o uso de amostragem de águas residuais na detecção do coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) em dois distritos costeiros da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. No distrito de General Pueyrredon, amostras de 400 mL de águas residuais foram coletadas ao longo de 24 horas com um amostrador automático; já no distrito de Pinamar, foram coletados 20 L no total (2,2 L a intervalos de 20 minutos). As amostras foram coletadas uma vez por semana e concentradas por floculação com cloreto de polialumínio. A purificação do RNA e a amplificação e detecção de genes-alvo foram realizadas por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa para diagnóstico clínico de esfregaços nasofaríngeos humanos. Resultados. Detectou-se presença de SARS-CoV-2 em águas residuais dos dois distritos. Em General Pueyrredon, o SARS-CoV-2 foi detectado na semana epidemiológica 28 de 2020, ou seja, 20 dias antes do início de um aumento no número de casos da doença provocada pelo coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) na primeira onda (semana epidemiológica 31) e 9 semanas antes de se registrar o número máximo de casos de COVID-19 confirmados em laboratório. No distrito de Pinamar, o genoma viral foi detectado na semana epidemiológica 51 de 2020, mas não foi possível realizar a amostragem novamente até a semana epidemiológica 4 de 2022, quando a circulação do vírus foi novamente constatada. Conclusões. Foi possível detectar o genoma do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em águas residuais, demonstrando a utilidade da aplicação da epidemiologia baseada em águas residuais para detectar e monitorar o SARS-CoV-2 em longo prazo.

Analysis and study of the bioelectric production potential of actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater using a microbial fuel cell

A microbial fuel cell (MFC), a novel technology, is a biochemical catalyzer system that can convert the chemical energy of materials to bioelectric energy. This system can serve as a unique device for the treatment of wastewater. Based on this knowledge, we decided to study the bioenergy production ability of Actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater as the decomposers of organic materials in this wastewater and the generation of Voltage and current in two batches and fed-batch conditions. At the most favorable condition maximum of 1.08 V (current 3.66 mA and power density 2.88 mW/m2), 81.2% chemical oxygen demand was obtained for a fed-batch system. Also, the outcomes of MFC's essential parameters, for example, pH and TDS, were studied before and after the performance of MFC. The results showed a significant decrease after the operation of the MFC. To realize which Actinomycete were the most powerful bioelectric microorganism, the growth curve and electricity performance of three kinds of Actinomycete was selected. Results showed that the C2 would be more potent because its Voltage of 0.224 V and current of 1.187 mA possessed by it would result in an excellent power density of 141.42 mW/m2.

Detección y cuantificación de SARS-CoV-2 en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales de diferentes ciudades de Chile: hacia la implementación de una vigilancia centinela permanente / Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater treatment plants from different cities in Chile; towards to a permanent sentinel surveillance

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cuantificación de SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales es una herramienta que permite determinar la tendencia de la circulación viral en un área geográfica determinada. OBJETIVO: Cuantificar el virus SARS-CoV-2 en 15 plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en diferentes ciudades de Chile para establecer una comparación con las variables de: i) casos activos por cada 100.000 habs.; ii) positividad diaria (casos nuevos); y iii) fases del plan de confinamiento. METODOLOGÍA: SARS-CoV-2 se concentró a partir de muestras de aguas residuales. Para obtener el número de genomas del virus por litro se realizó una cuantificación absoluta utilizando qRT-PCR. RESULTADOS: Entre enero y junio de 2021 se procesaron 253 muestras, siendo todas positivas para la presencia del virus. Asimismo, se logró determinar que la tasa de casos activos por cada 100.000 habs. es la variable que mejor se ajusta a las tendencias obtenidas con la cuantificación de la carga viral en las aguas residuales. CONCLUSIONES: La cuantificación de SARS-CoV-2 en las aguas residuales de manera permanente es una herramienta eficiente para determinar la tendencia del virus en un área geográfica determinada y, en conjunto con una vigilancia genómica, puede constituirse en una vigilancia centinela ideal generando alertas sobre futuros brotes.

BACKGROUND: The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is a tool that allows determining the trend of viral circulation in a particular geographical area. AIM: To quantify the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 15 wastewater treatment plants in different Chilean cities to establish a comparison with the variables of: i) Active cases per 100,000 inhabitants; ii) daily positivity (novel cases); and iii) phases of the lockdown strategy. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 was concentrated from wastewater samples. To obtain the number of virus genomes per liter, absolute quantification was performed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Between January and June 2021, 253 samples were processed, all of which were positive for the presence of the virus. Likewise, it will be determined that the rate of active cases per 100,000 inhabitants is the variable that best fits the trends obtained with the quantification of the viral load in wastewater. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater as a continuous strategy is an efficient tool to determine the trend of the viral circulation in a delimited geographical area and, combined with genomic surveillance, it can constitute an ideal sentinel surveillance alert on future outbreaks.

Avaliação do perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos em cepas de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus spp. no canal do Marambaia em Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina / Evaluation of the antimicrobial resistance profile of isolated strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. in the Marambaia river in Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina

Introdução: Durante as últimas décadas, diversos micropoluentes orgânicos foram liberados no meio ambiente como resultado de atividades antropogênicas. Entre eles, se destacam os antibióticos, substâncias pouco biodegradáveis e muito persistentes que, ao se  acumularem nos sistemas aquáticos, proporcionam um ambiente favorável à seleção e proliferação de microrganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos em cepas de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus spp., isoladas no rio Marambaia e na praia adjacente, em Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina. Método: A amostragem foi dividida em seis coletas, totalizando 36 amostras e abrangendo todas as estações do ano. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas fenotípicas, incluindo morfologia e testes de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos. A análise de dados foi realizada com o auxílio dos softwares Excel e Past, versão 4.03, através de análise explorativa e descritiva. Resultados: Foi verificada a presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, em todos os pontos amostrais, indicando a influência da desembocadura do rio na praia, além disso, a concentração de E. coli encontrada nos pontos amostrais está em desacordo com a Resolução Conama n° 357/2005, exceto para os pontos Marambaia 1 e Praia 3. De forma geral, cinco cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos três antibióticos, sendo a mais expressiva a ampicilina, com 14 cepas resistentes. O índice MAR para Staphylococcus spp. mostrou altos riscos para multirresistência, não apresentando diferenças para os fatores momento e local de coleta, sendo que 96 cepas apresentaram resistência para pelo menos um antibiótico. Foi encontrado um  número maior de cepas resistentes aos antimicrobianos eritromicina e clindamicina. Conclusões: A presença de E. coli é preocupante por se tratar de um coliforme termotolerante, indicativo de contaminação fecal recente. A existência de mecanismos de resistência nessas bactérias pode modificar a microbiota local, colocando em risco a saúde da população. Quanto aos Staphylococcus spp., através da avaliação dos dados do índice MAR, verificou-se riscos altos de multirresistência para a maioria dos locais amostrados e em qualquer momento das coletas. Além disso, poucas cepas foram sensíveis para todos os antibióticos testados. A análise do antibiograma revelou que 96 cepas apresentaram resistência para pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobiano. Os mecanismos de resistência que ocorrem em Gram-positivos, apesar de divergirem daqueles ocorridos em Gram-negativos, são igualmente preocupantes, seja do ponto de vista  icrobiológico ou em questões de saúde pública.

Introduction: During the last few decades, various organic micropollutants, including antibiotics, have been released into the environment because of anthropogenic activities. These drugs are poorly biodegradable and very persistent, such that when they accumulate in aquatic systems, they provide a favorable environment for the selection and proliferation of resistant microorganisms. Objective: Evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of isolated strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp taken from the Marambaia river and its adjacent beach, in Balneário Camboriú, in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. Method: The sampling was divided into six collections, with a total of thirty-six samples, across all seasons of the year.  Subsequently, microbiological analyses and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed. Data analysis was performed using the software programs Excel and Past, version 4.03, through exploratory and descriptive analyses. Results: The results showed the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms at all sampling points, indicating the influence of the river outflow on the beach. Moreover, the concentrations of E. coli found in the sampling points are not compliant with Conama Resolution 357/2005,  except for the points Marambaia 1 and Praia 3. The MAR index for Staphylococcus showed high risks for multidrug resistance, with no differences for the time and place of collection. Ninety-six strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The isolated strains showed greater resistance to antibiotics erythromycin and clindamycin. Conclusions: The presence of E. coli is worrisome because it is a thermotolerant coliform, indicative of recent fecal contamination. The presence of resistance mechanisms in these bacteria can modify the local microbiota, putting the health of the population at risk. As for Staphylococcus spp., through the evaluation of the MAR index, high risks of multidrug resistance were found for most of the sampled locations and at any time of collection. In addition, few strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The resistance mechanisms that occur in Gram-positives, despite differing from those that occur in Gram-negatives, are equally worrisome, whether from a microbiological point of view or in terms of public health.

Circulación de genes de virulencia asociados a Escherichia coli diarrogénica en aguas residuales del Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica / Circulation of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli associated virulence genes in Costa Rican Great Metropolitan Area wastewaters

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad diarreica es una de las principales causas de muerte en niños menores de cinco años. Uno de los agentes etiológicos bacterianos más reconocido es Escherichia coli, que puede causar infecciones a través de diversos mecanismos asociados a la adquisición de genes de virulencia. Metodología: se recolectaron muestras de aguas residuales en los afluentes y los efluentes de cinco plantas de tratamiento de la Gran Área Metropolitana, durante tres días consecutivos, en los meses de marzo, mayo, octubre y diciembre del año 2013, a fin de cuantificar la concentración de E. coli, mediante la técnica de fermentación en tubos múltiples, y evaluar la presencia de los genes de virulencia aatA, bfpA, eaeA, ipaH, lt, st, stx1 y stx2, vinculados con patotipos de E. coli diarrogénica, con la técnica de PCR punto final. Resultados: el estudio reveló niveles de E. coli similares a los encontrados en afluentes de otras regiones del mundo, en cambio, los efluentes presentaron concentraciones superiores a los 4 Log10 NMP/100 mL. La circulación anual de genes de virulencia fue relacionada con los patotipos enterotoxigénica, productores de toxina Shiga/enterohemorrágica, enteroagregativa y enteropatógena. No se detectaron genes referentes a la variedad enteroinvasora. Además, se determinó que no todas las plantas de tratamiento remueven significativamente la carga de E. coli. Conclusiones: el flujo de E. coli diarrogénica es común en nuestro país y su diseminación en el ambiente es posible cuando los efluentes se descargan en cuerpos de aguas superficiales

Abstract Introduction. Diarrheic disease is one of the most important diseases causes in children under five years. One of the most recognized etiological agents is Escherichia coli. This bacterium has the capacity of causing infections by multiple mechanisms associated with the acquisition of different virulence genes. Methodology: water samples were collected from the affluents and effluents of five wastewater treatment plants located in the Costa Rican Great Metropolitan Area, during three sequential days, in March, May, October, and December from 2013. The aim was to quantify E. colis concentration by multiple tubes fermentation method and to evaluate the presence of aatA, bfpA, eaeA, ipaH, lt, st, stx1, and stx2 virulence genes, related with diarrheagenic E. coli, by PCR end-point method. Results: The study revealed that the levels of E. coli into the affluents are similar to those reported in other world regions. The effluents concentration presented higher than 4 Log10 NMP/100 mL level of E. coli. A year-round circulation of virulence genes was demonstrated, and it was associated with enterotoxigenic, Shiga-toxin producers/ enterohemorrhagic, enteroaggregative, and enteropathogenic pathotypes. Genes related to enteroinvasive variety did not were detected. Not all wastewater treatment plants removed E. coli efficiently. Conclusions: Diarrheagenic E. coli circulation is common in our county with the possibility of dissemination to the environment by effluents wastewater discharge in surface water bodies.

Role of nanomaterials in catalytic reduction of organic pollutants

Developing innovative technologies for the effective treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants is of extreme importance across the globe. The organic pollutants such as dyes and nitrophenols are the common hazardous pollutants known for their adverse effects on humans and aquatic organisms. Various methods have been used for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater but they suffer limitations such as high cost, time consuming removal process and production of sludge or toxic by-products. In recent years, chemical reduction method is becoming popular for removal of organic pollutants using various nanomaterials as catalysts. Nanomaterials show great potential for removal of organic pollutants due to large surface area which provides high catalytic activity. In the present review, current studies on catalytic reduction of organic pollutants (dyes and nitrophenols) using four different types of nanomaterials specifically carbon nanotubes, silica, metal oxide and chitosan polymer based have been explored. The factors affecting the catalytic process and mechanism of catalysis is explained in detail.In addition, a critical discussion about the pros and cons of each nano-catalyst have also been included for developing better understanding of the choice of catalyst.

Evaluación del desempeño de una celda de combustible microbiana con electrodo de grafito modificado para el tratamiento de agua residual del procesamiento del café / Evaluation of the performance of a microbial fuel cell with modified graphite electrode for the treatment of wastewater from coffee processing / Avaliação do desempenho de uma célula combustível microbial com eletrodo de grafite modificado para o tratamento de águas residuais do processamento de café

Resumen La actividad cafetalera en Costa Rica procesa aproximadamente 69.000 toneladas de café mediante la técnica de beneficiado húmedo. Esta actividad conlleva un alto impacto ambiental debido a la generación de8Lde agua residual/kg de café oro producido. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo utilizar el agua residual del procesamiento de café como sustrato en celdas combustibles microbianas (CCM), con el propósito de generar energía eléctrica a través de su uso y, a la vez, disminuir la carga orgánica del residuo. La CCM empleó un cátodo modificado con ftalocianinas de hierro (FePc), generó una eficiencia coulómbica de 0,7% y una densidad de potencia de 89 UW/ cm2 en un ciclo de operación de cinco días. Además, se determinó que la CCM disminuye la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) del residuo hasta en 27% bajo las condiciones de operación nativas del sustrato, a temperatura ambiente, sin mediadores químicos para la reacción anódica y con el uso de electrodos de platino para el cátodo. El estudio confirma la oportunidad de emplear el sustrato con una flora microbiana nativa apta para la operación de la tecnología de la CCM, y así perfilar el dispositivo como una opción novedosa para el tratamiento de este residuo en Costa Rica.

Abstract In Costa Rica coffee production is the most traditional agroindustrial activity, each year approximately 69,000 tons of coffee are processed through the technique of wet processing. The process has a high environmental impact since it generates eight liters of wastewater/kg of produced coffee. Consequently, the main goal of this research was to evaluate the electric generation of a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) with two chambers, using coffee wastewater as a substrate, which would generate a sustainable solution with an added economic value to this waste in Costa Rica. The MFC with a cathode modified with iron phthalocyanines (FePc) generated a coulombic efficiency of 0.7% and a power density of 89 -uW/cm2 in a 5-day operation cycle. In addition, it was determined that the MFC decreases the COD of the waste by up to 27% under native substrate conditions, without the use of high temperatures, or chemical mediators for the anodic reaction and platinum electrodes for the cathode chamber. The efficiency of the device can be improved with changes at design level that reduce the ohmic internal resistance and improve electrical generation, the study confirms the potential of the substrate with a native microorganism suitable for the use of MFC technology, shaping the device as a novelty option for the treatment of the waste in Costa Rica.

Resumo A indústria do café na Costa Rica processa cerca de 69 000 toneladas de café por meio da técnica de moagem úmida, o que acarreta um alto impacto ambiental devido à geração de 8 L de água residual / kg de café dourado. O objetivo deste trabalho era usar águas residuais do processamento do café como substrato em Células de Combustível Microbianas (CCM) a fim de gerar energia elétrica por meio do seu aproveitamento e ao mesmo tempo reduzir a carga orgânica do resíduo. CCM usando cátodo modificado com ftalocianinas de ferro (FePc) gerou uma eficiência coulômbica de 0,7% e uma densidade de potência de 89 uW/cm2 em um ciclo operacional de cinco dias. Além disso, foi determinado que o CCM reduz a Demanda Química de Oxigénio (DQO) do resíduo em até 27% nas condições nativas de operação do substrato, à temperatura ambiente, sem mediadores químicos para a reação anódica e com a utilização de eletrodos de platina para o cátodo. O estudo confirma a oportunidade de utilizar o substrato com flora microbiana nativa adequada para o funcionamento da tecnologia CCM e, assim, delinear o dispositivo como uma nova opção para o tratamento desses resíduos na Costa Rica.

A Real-Time Investigation on Public Health Consequences of Chromium Laden Effluent from the Leather Industries

Background: Extensive evidence of elevated chromium (Cr) in the surface and groundwater exists. However, the importance of exposure toward Cr?associated health risks in areas with tanneries is still often neglected. These situations prompted an independent research study to investigate the views of those close?knit communities who are being directly affected by this tannery village. Objectives: To establish an understanding of the local demographics and; exploratory data analysis (EDA) to discover patterns in the occurrence of diseases; measure the awareness of residents of the presence of Cr and its harmful health effects. Methods: The EDA technique was used to conduct survey studies on data to uncover patterns, identify anomalies, test hypotheses, and validate assumptions using summary statistics and graphical representations. Results: Out of 14 diseases directly linked to high Cr toxicity, the study reported high levels of diarrhea, epigastric pain, and moderate?to?severe cases of vertigo among those aged more than 22 years. With over 90 active tanneries and toxic Cr released to the environment in a town of <78 km2 area (1.2 tannery/km), there are only 15 hospitals (0.2 hospitals/km) for the population currently accommodating more than a quarter?million people daily (3205 people/km). Conclusion: New mitigation strategies must be put forth to alleviate the negative impacts of the tanneries on the residents and nature most affected as well as the population as a whole.

Exploring integrated methodology for phytoremediation and biofuel production potential of Eichhornia crassipes

Eichhornia crassipes (EC) is a well-known invasive weed in different aquatic ecosystems. Its effective and complete eradication remains a challenge. The plant is a heavy metal (HM) hyperaccumulator in water bodies; however, studies regarding its biomass utilisation post-phytoremediation remain limited. The abundant growth rate and biochemical composition make EC a promising lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuel production; hence could be a deterministic approach for solving the twin problems of water pollution and higher energy demand, which are the global pressing issues in today’s scenario. The present study aimed at evaluating the phytoremediation potential of EC followed by proximate and biochemical analysis to investigate its suitability for biofuel production. After two weeks, the EC removed above 90% of Lead (Pb) and 60% of Cadmium (Cd) at all experimental doses. Lower doses of HMs, especially Pb, showed stimulatory effects on E. crassipes leaf biomass (ECLB). The recovered ECLB from Pb contaminated water (1 mg L?1) was further analysed for moisture (89.23±0.86%), dry matter (10.77±0.60%), ash (11.91±1.20%), organic carbon (51.56±1.08%), cellulose (21.89±0.64%), hemicellulose (26.50±1.13%), lignin (5.62±0.83%), total carbohydrate (32.00±1.58%), and protein (20.83±0.52%) content. SEM imaging of harvested ECLB confirmed compact and rigid structure. The recorded peaks in FTIR-spectra (1015.21, 1153.71, 1246.01, 1339.63, 1419.71, 1540.71, 1646.80, 1736.73, 2933.03, and 3263.72 cm?1) indicate the presence of lignocellulosic biomass. XRD peak at 21.55? confirmed the crystalline fraction of cellulose in ECLB. The results of theoretical yields of H2 and CH4 co-generation (HMG) (210.85 mLH2/g DW and 150.28 mL CH4/g DW) and Bioethanol (0.278 g/g DW) derived from cellulose and hemicellulose content of ECLB were comparable to those in reported studies. Overall, this work demonstrates an integrated methodology of phytoremediation followed by biofuel production from the recovered phytobiomass.

Biomass and essential oil production of basil at recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents

Considering the growing water crisis, using wastewater helps reduce the pressure on good-quality water consumption. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the growth, production, and essential oil content of Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla basil genotypes with a DFT (deep flow technique) hydroponic system adapted to PVC tubes at different recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla basil genotypes analyzed individually. It was a completely randomized design with four replicates in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme: two types of water (public-supply water and wastewater) and three recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions (2, 4, and 6 hours). At 35 days after transplanting, the study evaluated plant height, stem diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, water consumption, water use efficiency, and essential oil content and yield. The types of water did not significantly influence the variables of growth, production, and essential oil content of the basil genotypes. Basil cultivation with the DFT system in tubes is technically feasible with nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents and recirculation every 2 and 6 hours for Grecco a Palla and Alfavaca Basilicão genotypes, respectively. The means of essential oil content were 1.6 and 1.7% (v/m) for Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla genotypes, respectively.