Adaptation and validation of the Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-HIV) for the Brazilian context / Adaptação e validação do Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-HIV) para o contexto brasileiro / Adaptación y validación del Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-VIH) para el contexto brasileño

Despite significant advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV, adherence remains a challenge. While Brazil has validated scales for treatment adherence, few assess treatment adherence barriers. This underscores the necessity for validated questionnaires on adherence barriers to identify patient-specific challenges and enhance strategies for ART adherence. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-HIV), a 17-item questionnaire assessing the adherence barriers to ART, for the Brazilian context and to evaluate its psychometric properties in HIV patients. A methodological study on the psychometric properties and factorial structure of ABQ-HIV was conducted. The study followed seven steps: consent of the original authors, two translations, synthesis of the translations, expert committee, back-translation, pre-test, and reliability test. A high content validity index (0.93) was achieved with the expert committee. The study sample consisted of 230 adults with HIV, with 37.0 (29.3-45.0) years as the median age (IQR), and 52.2% were male. The exploratory factor analysis with a three subscales structure of 17 items showed good interpretability (Bartlett's sphericity (1167.2 [136]; p < 0.001) and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.602) and internal consistency (α = 0.76; Ω = 0.76). The fit indicators were satisfactory (χ2 = 89.931; df = 88; p > 0.005; RMSEA = 0.010; RMSR = 0.07; CFI = 0.996; GFI = 0.940; AGFI = 0.907; NNFI = 0.995). The Brazilian version of ABQ-HIV is a potential instrument for identifying specific barriers to adherence to ART in adults living with HIV in Brazil.

Apesar dos avanços significativos na terapia antirretroviral (TARV) para o HIV, a adesão continua sendo um desafio. Embora o Brasil tenha escalas validadas para a adesão ao tratamento, poucas avaliam as barreiras de adesão ao tratamento. Isso ressalta a necessidade de questionários validados sobre as barreiras de adesão para identificar os desafios específicos dos pacientes e aprimorar as estratégias de adesão à TARV. Este estudo teve como objetivo adaptar e validar o Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-HIV), um questionário de 17 itens que avalia as barreiras de adesão à TARV, para o contexto brasileiro e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas em pacientes com HIV. Foi realizado um estudo metodológico sobre as propriedades psicométricas e a estrutura fatorial do ABQ-HIV. O estudo seguiu sete etapas: consentimento dos autores originais, duas traduções, síntese das traduções, comitê de especialistas, retrotradução, pré-teste e teste de confiabilidade. Um comitê de especialistas obteve um alto índice de validade de conteúdo (0,93). A amostra do estudo foi de 230 adultos com HIV, com idade média (IQR) de 37,0 (29,3-45,0) anos, e 52,2% eram homens. A análise fatorial exploratória com uma estrutura de três subescalas de 17 itens mostrou boa interpretabilidade (esfericidade de Bartlett (1167,2 [136]; p < 0,001) e Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0,602) e consistência interna (α = 0,76; Ω = 0,76). Os indicadores de ajuste foram satisfatórios (χ2 = 89,931; df = 88; p > 0,005; RMSEA = 0,010; RMSR = 0,07; CFI = 0,996; GFI = 0,940; AGFI = 0,907; NNFI = 0,995). A versão brasileira do ABQ-HIV é um instrumento em potencial para identificar barreiras específicas à adesão à TARV em adultos vivendo com HIV no Brasil.

A pesar de los avances significativos de la terapia antirretroviral (TARV) para el VIH, la adherencia sigue siendo un desafío. Aunque Brasil ha validado las escalas de adherencia al tratamiento, pocas escalas evalúan las barreras de adherencia al tratamiento. Esto subraya la necesidad de cuestionarios validados sobre las barreras de adherencia para identificar los desafíos específicos de los pacientes y mejorar las estrategias de adherencia a la TARV. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el Adherence Barriers Questionnaire for HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ABQ-VIH), un cuestionario de 17 ítems que evalúa las barreras para la adherencia a la TARV para el contexto brasileño, y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas en pacientes con VIH. Se realizó un estudio metodológico sobre las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial del ABQ-VIH. Este estudio consistió en siete etapas: consentimiento de los autores originales, dos traducciones, síntesis de traducciones, comité de expertos, retrotraducción, prueba previa y prueba de confiabilidad. Un comité de expertos obtuvo un alto índice de validez de contenido (0,93). La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada de 230 adultos con VIH, con una edad media (IQR) de 37,0 (29,3-45,0) años, y el 52,2% de ellos son del sexo masculino. El análisis factorial exploratorio con una estructura de tres subescalas de 17 ítems mostró una buena interpretabilidad (esfericidad de Bartlett (1167,2 [136]; p < 0,001) y Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0,602) y consistencia interna (α = 0,76; Ω = 0,76). Los indicadores de ajuste fueron satisfactorios (χ2 = 89,931; df = 88; p > 0,005; RMSEA = 0,010; RMSR = 0,07; CFI = 0,996; GFI = 0,940; AGFI = 0,907; NNFI = 0,995). La versión brasileña de ABQ-VIH es una potencial herramienta para identificar barreras específicas en la adherencia a la TARV en adultos que viven con VIH en Brasil.

Study of Genetic Diversity in Indian Barnyard Millet Genetic Resources [Echinochloa frumentacea (L.)]

Sixtyfour Indian barnyard millet genetic resources were studied to assess the extent of genetic divergence for 18 quantitative traits using Mahalanobis D2 Statistic. Sixtyfour genetic resources of Indian barnyard millet were evaluated during kharif, 2020 in a lattice square design, replicated twice at Regional Agricultural Research. Based on Tocher’s method, the entire genetic materials were separated into eight distinct and non-overlapping clusters suggesting availability of genetic diversity. Cluster I has highest number of accessions (57) and the remaining were mono genotypic clusters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII containing only one accession each indicating high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes. The widest inter-cluster distance was recorded between clusters IV and VII. Therefore, it is concluded that the genotypes to these clusters has to be intercrossed in order to create more diversity and improving grain yield in barnyard millet. The traits, grain yield per plant and panicle weight contributed maximum towards total divergence has scope of crop improvement through those traits. Diversity of parent paly main role for the successful of any breeding programme. So the crosses can be made among the parents having widest divergence would more likely to yield desirable recombination in segregating generations.

Genetic Diversity for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

In the present investigation, At RARS, Jagtial, 68 genotypes, including three checks were evaluated for genetic diversity for selection of diverse parents. Divergence studies through D2 statistic indicated the presence of substantial diversity by forming large number of clusters with wide range of inter-cluster distance.The 68 genotypes were distributed into eight clusters based on the D2 values. Among the eight clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 30 genotypes followed by cluster II with 22 genotypes and Cluster III and V with six genotypes in each cluster remaining clusters IV, VI, VII, VIII were solitary. The data on character means for eight clusters indicated that, cluster III was having highest mean value for number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight. Cluster VIII for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to maturity and number of branches per plant. The genotypes JCS 2611, JCS 2454, and JCS 3599 have a high cluster distance and might be employed directly used for adaptation or may be used as parents in future hybridization programme.

Factores que influyen en el grado de resección y propuesta de escala preoperatoria para el manejo de meningiomas de base de cráneo / Predictive factors in the extent of resection and proposal of a preoperative scale for the management of skull base meningiomas

Objetivos: identificar factores que intervienen en el grado de resección de los meningiomas de base de cráneo y proponer una escala para calcular la probabilidad de resección total. Materiales y métodos: estudio unicéntrico, observacional, retrospectivo, de pacientes operados en el período 06/2018 ­ 06/2022. Se utilizaron como variables: edad, clínica, localización, tamaño, embolización previa, edema perilesional, calcio intratumoral, características en T2 y T1 e invasión ósea. El grado de resección se midió con la clasificación de Simpson tradicional y también se dividió en resección total (Simpson I, II y III) y subtotal (Simpson IV y V). Con los resultados se propuso una escala teniendo en cuenta las variables con significación estadística (p < 0.05). Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica del tema. Resultados: Se operaron un total de 23 pacientes. Fueron estadísticamente significativas asociadas con el grado de Simpson, la localización (p 0,002) y el tamaño (p 0,001). Asociada con resección total y subtotal, la invasión ósea (p 0,013). Para la escala utilizamos: localización (anterior 1 punto, posterior 2 puntos, medial 2 puntos y medial que involucra seno cavernoso 3 puntos), tamaño (<5 cm 1 punto, >5 cm 2 puntos) e invasión ósea (no 1 punto y si 2 puntos). Realizamos un análisis inferencial y se observó asociación entre la escala realizada y el grado de resección (p 0,005). Conclusión: En nuestro estudio se observó una asociación entre el tamaño, la localización y la invasión ósea con el grado de resección conseguido. Propusimos una escala para medir la probabilidad de resección total(AU)

Objectives: identify factors that intervene in the degree of resection of skull base meningiomas and propose a scale to calculate the probability of total resection. Materials and methods: single-center, observational, retrospective study of patients operated in the period 06/2018 - 06/2022. The following variables were used: age, symptoms, location, size, previous embolization, perilesional edema, intratumoral calcium, characteristics in T2 and T1 and bone invasion. The degree of resection was measured using the traditional Simpson scale and was also divided into total (Simpson I, II, and III) and subtotal (Simpson IV and V) resection. With the results, a scale was proposed taking into account the variables with statistical significance (p < 0.05). A bibliographic review of the subject was carried out. Results: A total of 23 patients were operated. They were statistically significant associated with Simpson's grade the location (p 0.002) and size (p 0.001). Associated with total and subtotal resection, the bone invasion (p 0.013). For the scale we use: location (anterior 1 point, posterior 2 points, medial 2 points and medial involving the cavernous sinus 3 points), size (<5 cm 1 point, >5 cm 2 points) and bone invasion (no 1 point and yes 2 points). We performed an inferential analysis and an association was observed between the scale used and the degree of resection (p 0.005). Conclusion: In our study, an association was observed between the size, location and bone invasion with the degree of resection achieved. We proposed a scale to measure the probability of total resection(AU)

Aplicación móvil para el análisis estadístico en Android / Mobile application for statistics analysis on Android

El uso de dispositivos móviles en la vida moderna es imprescindible debido a las ventajas que brindan al ofrecer nuevas posibilidades e implementar de manera virtual servicios ya establecidos. La mayor existencia de móviles que computadoras en los estudiantes de Cuba nos motivó a la realización de esta aplicación. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la aplicación nombrada Cálculos estadísticos y tasas en salud (Calc. Tasas versión 1.7) construida para realizar cálculos en un curso de Bioestadística, cubriendo gran parte del contenido de esta asignatura en la enseñanza de pregrado de las universidades médicas, así como otros contenidos de interés en esta materia. También incorpora una base de datos con información demográfica y sanitaria de Cuba y sus provincias en el período 2013-2020. Como resultado se logró independencia tecnológica al dejar de usar programas foráneos y se logró una mayor portabilidad pues funciona tanto en móviles como en computadoras utilizando un emulador de Android(AU)

The use of mobile devices in modern life is essential due to the advantages they provide, offering new possibilities and implementing virtual services. The existence of greater number of mobiles phones than computers in Cuban students motivated the realization of this application. The objective of the article is to describe the application Statistical calculations and rates in health (Calc. Rates version 1.7) built to perform calculations in a Biostatistics course, covering a large part of the content of this subject in the undergraduate teaching of medical universities, as well as other content related with this topic. It also incorporates a database with demographic and health information on Cuba and its provinces in the period 2013-2020. As a result, technological independence was achieved by stopping using foreign programs and a greater portability, since it works on both mobile phones and computers through an Android emulator(AU)

Análisis Secundario de Datos Poblacionales en Salud: Consideraciones sobre el Uso de Encuestas / Secondary Analysis of Population Health Data: Considerations on the Use of Surveys

Introducción. El análisis de datos secundarios en salud es importante para el éxito de la salud de la población. El propósito de esta guía práctica es entregar recomendaciones para el análisis adecuado de datos secundarios en salud. Desarrollo. varios problemas asociados con el análisis secundario de los datos de encuestas de salud deben abordarse, estos se relacionan con el diseño de la muestra, la medición de los datos, la falta de respuesta y la pérdida de datos. Para abordar algunos de estos problemas, se sugiere considerar el peso de la muestra, la operacionalización de las variables y la imputación de datos. Discusión. el análisis inapropiado de datos puede dar lugar a conclusiones inexactas y afectar la confiabilidad y validez de evidencia generada. Es importante explorar el conjunto de datos a analizar. Conclusión. es importante ser consciente de las particularidades del análisis secundario para evitar errores previsibles al seleccionar un conjunto de datos y realizar análisis estadístico.

Background. The analysis of population health data is important for the success of population health. The purpose of this practical guide is to provide recommendations for the adequate analysis of secondary health data. Development. There are several issues associated with the secondary analysis of health survey data that need to be addressed, these include relational sample design, data collection, non-response, and missing data. To resolve some of these problems, it is suggested to consider the weight of the sample, the operationalization of the variables and the imputation of data. Discussion. The inappropriate analysis of data can lead to inaccurate conclusions and affect the reliability and validity of evidence produced. It is important explore the data set to analyze. Conclusion. It is important to be aware of the particularities of secondary analysis to avoid foreseeable errors when selecting a data set and performing statistical analysis.

Analysis of the spectrum of orbital diseases and diagnosis and treatment experiences in large general hospital outpatient service / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To observe the changes of disease spectrum and characteristics of orbital disease distribution in orbital outpatients, introduce the procedures and methods of diagnosis and treatment of orbital diseases in our hospital and define the work focus and social needs in orbital disease. METHODS: Prospective observational study. A registration form was designed to record the gender, age and diagnosis of orbital outpatients in our treatment group. The orbital diseases were divided into seven categories for statistical analysis. The composition ratio, male to female ratio, age of onset, subtypes of dominant diseases and the top three common diseases were analyzed. This paper introduces the diagnosis and treatment process of the orbital disease specialty clinic of our hospital.RESULTS: A total of 1 059 patients with orbital diseases were registered from April 1 to December 31, 2021. The most common orbital diseases were thyroid-related ophthalmopathy(TAO)in 325 cases(30.7%), followed by orbital tumors in 282 cases(26.6%), orbital trauma in 213 cases(20.1%), orbital inflammation in 205 cases(19.4%). Orbital vascular malformation, congenital and genetic venereal diseases and other orbital diseases were 34 cases(3.2%). Pathological diagnosis: orbital tumors in 150 cases(72.8%)were benign, the first three benign tumors were hemolymphangioma, orbital cyst and neurogenic tumor. Orbital tumors in 56 cases were malignant(27.2%), the first three malignant tumors were orbital lymphoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland and rhabdomyosarcoma. The most common orbital injury was orbital blowout fracture, followed by optic nerve injury and orbital soft tissue injury. Orbital non-infectious inflammation accounted for 89.8% and 10.2% with infectious inflammation.CONCLUSION: The spectrum of orbital diseases has changed, and the most common and dominant diseases are TAO, orbital tumor, orbital trauma and orbital inflammation, accounting for 96.8% of the total, which are the main work content in orbital profession. Medical resources of orbital diseases should be rationally allocated according to the changes of disease spectrum to meet the needs of social development.

Comparison of Modified Rose Method of Thyroid Palpation versus other Methods for the Detection of Retrosternal and Nodular Goitre / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objectives@#This is a diagnostic test research study to evaluate the various existing methods of thyroid examination and their comparison with the novel modified Rose method. It also aims to measure inter-examiner variation in clinical findings based on the level of education and training, as compared to ultrasonography.@*Methodology@#This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with 83 patients presenting to surgery OPD with neck swelling. Each patient was examined by one trained Junior Resident and a Surgery Consultant with all the four methods and with ultrasonography. Data was analysed by Stata-14, agreement between the two categorical variables was assessed by Kappa. In case of continuous variable agreement was assessed by Intra class correlation and Bland-Altman plot.@*Results@#Modified Rose method by the consultant has the highest sensitivity (98%) and diagnostic odds (210) as compared to others but its specificity ranges from 46.7-91.1% to diagnose retro-sternal extension of a goiter. It has 93.98% agreement for identification of nodules. It has a high specificity (Consultant - 100%, Resident - 95.5%) with relatively lower sensitivity (Consultant - 94%, Resident - 86.8%) to diagnose solitary thyroid nodule (STN) but the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing a multinodular goitre (MNG) was high. However, the highest sensitivity to diagnose STN was highest with Crile’s method, but specificity was low. Lahey’s method was a better clinical method to palpate lymph nodes compared to the other three.@*Conclusion@#Examination in modified Rose’s position is a better method of clinical examination of thyroid especially in patients with occult substernal extension. Lahey’s method is a better method to examine cervical lymph nodes.

Análisis temporal del covid-19 en Colombia: indicadores asociados y modelización / Temporal analysis of covid-19 in Colombia: associated indicators and modeling

AbstractIntroduction. This study shows statistical information regarding COVID-19 in Colombia up to this date (March 1-2022). Specifically, the daily, monthly and cumulative evolution of infections and deaths, correlated with the distribution of the population according to age and gender. Objective. Show statistical information about COVID-19 that allows help to plan and design, in future Pandemics, public health policy strategies in Colombia. Methods. Daily information since the official declaration of Pandemic in Colombia (March 16 ­ 2020) was obtained by the National Health Institute (INS) and was organized in a database in order to conduct respective analysis. This information was compared to similar studies obtained based on the bibliographical review. Results and Conclusions. Results and conclusions are similar to those found in the reference literature: most part of those dead by COVID-19 are of senior age and male gender. Regarding Case Fatality Rate (CFR), it notoriously increases with age. The most vulnerable population displays an average age of ≥ 52.8 years. The less vulnerable population are young persons under 30 years of age, but specifically, those within the age range of 10 and 20 years. Gompertz and Logistic models can mathematically simulate the evolution of deaths and the evolution of CFR according to age

ResumenIntroducción. Este estudio muestra información estadística sobre el COVID-19 en Colombia a la fecha (1 de marzo de 2022). Específicamente, la evolución diaria, mensual y acumulada de contagios y defunciones, correlacionada con la distribución de la población según edad y sexo. Objetivo. Mostrar información estadística sobre COVID-19 que permita ayudar a planificar y diseñar, en futuras Pandemias, estrategias de política de salud pública en Colombia. Metodología. La información diaria desde la declaratoria oficial de Pandemia en Colombia (16 de marzo de 2020) fue obtenida del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) y fue organizada en una base de datos para realizar los análisis respectivos. Esta información se comparó con estudios similares obtenidos a partir de revisión bibliográfica. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados y conclusiones son similares a los encontrados en la literatura de referencia: la mayor parte de los fallecidos por COVID-19 son de edad avanzada y sexo masculino. En cuanto a la tasa de letalidad (CFR), ésta aumenta notoriamente con la edad. La población más vulnerable presenta una edad promedio ≥ 52.8 años. La población menos vulnerable son los jóvenes menores de 30 años, pero específicamente, los que se encuentran en el rango de edad de 10 y 20 años. Los modelos Gompertz y Logistic pueden simular matemáticamente la evolución de las muertes y la evolución de la CFR según la edad.

A computational tool for hydrosedimentological and statistical calculations / Ferramenta computacional para cálculos hidrossedimentológicos e estatísticos

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new computational tool called NH SEDIMENT AND STATISTIC which performs hydrosedimentological and statistical calculations using Visual Basic. This computational tool was developed for studies related to calculations of sediment transport in rivers. The tool includes hydrosedimentological methods for calculating suspension loads, bed loads, and total solid discharge. In addition, it provides the user with the possibility of performing statistical tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, F test and χ2 test of variance, Student's t-test, non-parametric Wilcoxon test, and statistical parameter calculations. The NH SEDIMENT AND STATISTIC automatically calculates and provides the main results for each of the methods, allowing the user to draw their own conclusions. This proposed computational tool supports hydrosedimentological studies, and is reliable and easy to use, contributing to the reduction of sediment-related problems in the areas of hydraulic engineering, geology, and soil and water conservation. Furthermore, this tool may be used in transdisciplinary scientific areas for complete planning and management of water resources.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma nova ferramenta computacional chamada NH SEDIMENT AND STATISTIC, que realiza cálculos hidrossedimentológicos e estatísticos usando o Visual Basic. Essa ferramenta computacional foi desenvolvida para estudos relacionados a cálculos de transporte de sedimentos em rios. A ferramenta inclui métodos hidrossedimentológicos para calcular cargas de suspensão, cargas de leito e descarga total de sólidos. Além disso, fornece ao usuário a possibilidade de realizar testes estatísticos, como o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste F e teste de variância do χ2, teste T de Student, teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e cálculos estatísticos de parâmetros. O NH SEDIMENT AND STATISTIC calcula e fornece automaticamente os principais resultados para cada um dos métodos, permitindo que o usuário tire suas próprias conclusões. Essa ferramenta computacional proposta suporta estudos hidrossedimentológicos e é confiável e fácil de usar, contribuindo para a redução de problemas relacionados a sedimentos nas áreas de engenharia hidráulica, geologia, conservação de solo e água. Além disso, essa ferramenta pode ser usada em áreas científicas transdisciplinares para um planejamento e gerenciamento completos dos recursos hídricos.

How to use χ2 test correctly——the homogeneity test for the data of a multiway table and the implementation of SAS software / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of the paper was to introduce the methods for the homogeneity test of odds ratio of a special multiway table （i.e g×2×2 table） and its SAS implementation. In the FREQ procedure of SAS/STAT， five approches for the homogeneity tests of odds ratio were introduced in detail. They were "Breslow-Day test""Breslow-Day-Tarone test""Q test""I2 measurement statistic and its uncertainty limit" and "Zelen΄s exact test". In addition， the approaches for "the homogeneity tests of the relative risk and the difference of the risk rate" were also introduced. Combining two examples， the article introduced the concrete content of the homogeneity test for the odds ratio based on SAS software， explained the output results， and concluded the statistical and professional conclusions.

Study on endpoint determination method of tablet coating based on 3σ criteria and logic regression / 中国中药杂志

This paper explores the statistical distribution characteristics of coating film thickness, so as to present a new method for determining coating endpoint based on 3σ criterion and logic regression. Firstly, the spectrum and thickness of 4 batch samples were collected. Secondly, the spectral range of normal products was obtained by 3σ criterion, with the spectral feature NI as the number of test spectrum in the above range. Then, the model based on 3σ criterion and logic regression was built according to the best condition in K-fold cross-validation and the determined threshold of qualified rate in the coating endpoint. Finally, the qualified rate of test set samples at different time points was calculated by the above model, and the above change trend and the threshold value were combined to determine the coating endpoint. The results of KS analysis showed the distribution of thickness of the qualified products followed the normal distribution(P=0.081>0.05). The accuracy of the coating endpoint determination was as high as 100% by the model based on 3σ criterion and logic regression when the determined threshold of qualified rate was 90%. Therefore, the 3σ criterion was feasible to the research of coating eligibility. This paper reveals certain random phenomena in the coating process, and the method features a high accuracy, quick analysis and a good interpretability, which provides a reference for online detection and qualify evaluation in future.

Técnicas estadísticas para identificar posibles relaciones bivariadas / Statistical techniques for possible identification on bivariate relations

Introducción: La mayoría de los problemas en la investigación biomédica son de naturaleza causal. El análisis en estos estudios debe comenzar por la búsqueda de asociación entre las variables que representan la causa y el efecto y solo si la asociación es significativa, continuará el análisis de inferencia causal. Objetivo: Sistematizar las diferentes técnicas estadísticas que verifican una relación bivariada según el tipo de variable. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema en las bases de datos biomédicas alojadas en la Internet. Se organizó el contenido por subtemas y se elaboró un material con una síntesis crítica de los aspectos más importantes, en el cual se plasmó además la experiencia de las autoras. Resultados: Se expone, según tipo de variables, información básica de los coeficientes, pruebas de hipótesis y gráficos empleados en cada caso, las medidas de asociación para estudiar el riesgo, los atributos que aseguran la validez de una asociación, el azar y el sesgo como los errores que pudieran cometerse en el proceso de investigación y que pueden invalidar la existencia de una asociación. También se presenta la forma de analizar la asociación en el análisis estadístico implicativo. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los estadísticos para verificar una relación entre variables y la selección de técnicas estadísticas es esencial para llevar a cabo el proceso inicial de inferencia causal(AU)

Introduction: Most of the problems in biomedical research are of causal nature. The analysis of these studies should begin with the search for an association between the variables that represent the cause and the effect, and only if the association is significant will the causal inference analysis continue. Objective: To systematize the different statistical techniques that verify a bivariate relationship according to the type of variable. Methods: An exhaustive bibliographic review on the subject was carried out in the biomedical databases hosted in the Internet. The content was organized by sub-topics and a material with a critical synthesis of the most important aspects was elaborated, in which the experience of the authors was also expressed. Results: According to the type of variables, we have presented basic information about the coefficients, hypothesis tests, and graphs used in each case, the association measures to study risk, the features that ensure the validity of an association; chance and bias are also exposed as the mistakes that could be made in the investigation process and that could invalidate the existence of an association. The way of analyzing the association in the implicative statistical analysis is also presented. Conclusions: The knowledge of statisticians to verify a relationship between variables and the selection of statistical techniques is essential for carrying out the initial process of causal inference(AU)

The efficient of beds used based on graphic Barber Johnson at Semen Padang Hospital in 2017

Background: Quality of hospital services can be seen from the bed usage. Statistical analysis of efficiency bed usage can be mesured based on inpatient medical records. To determine the efficiency requires four parameters namely bed occupancy rate (BOR), average length of stay (ALoS), turnover interval (TI), and bed turnover (BTR). parameters can be presented using Graphic Barber Johnson. This study aims to determine the efficiency of bed usage at Semen Padang Hospital in 2017.Methods: This research was conducted at Semen Padang Hospital, West Sumatera, Indonesia from January to December 2017. The study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data was collected from medical records department. The population is all abstraction data of in-patient medical record in 2017, 9796 medical record used total sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by calculating the values of ALoS, BOR, BTR, and TI. Data will be presented based on graphic Barber Johnson. Excel 2010 and graphic Barber Johnson method were applied for data analysis.Results: Number of daily inpatient censuses in 2017 are 31227 and number of service days are 31362. Number of beds 144. Statistical analysis results obtained total BOR 60%, BTR 67 times, TI 2 days and ALoS 3 days. The highest value of bed occupancy rate is 66% on August.Conclusions: Based on statistical, value of bed occupancy rate (60%) and turnover interval (2 days) are efficient at Semen Padang Hospital in 2017. Average length of stay (3 days) and bed turnover rate (67 times) are not effici

Using Mapping Knowledge Domains to analyze research status, hotspots and frontier evolution of school health in China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To reveal intuitively the micro and macro structure of school health research in China, in order to lay a solid foundation for further study.@*Methods@#Statistical analyses the current status of 864 high-level journal papers in the field of school health in China by EXCEL and SATI software, author cooperation and organization cooperation, research hotspots and frontier trend knowledge maps were drawn by Citespace.@*Results@#The research in the field of school health in China shows a wavy growth trend, the contribution of Chinese Journal of School Health is the biggest(757). Ma Jun, Tao Fangbiao, Wang Zhiyong, Liu Wei, Duan Jiali, Xu Yong are high-yield authors, Peking University, Anhui Medical University, Dalian City and Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention are high-yield institutions. Author cooperation and institutional cooperation are relatively loose, and Duan Jiali et al. and Peking University institute of child and adolescent health, respectively, form the largest cooperation community. Status, supervision, rural area, management, surveillance, health education, epidemiology, nutrition, environmental health, infectious diseases, common diseases, and influencing factors, etc. are hot topics in the field.@*Conclusion@#Cross-boundary exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened to promote regional coordinated development. Health risk behaviors of children and adolescents, environmental health surveillance and epidemiology of infectious diseases of primary and secondary schools, the school health personnel present situation investigation, children nutrition health and common diseases prevention and control, rural school health supervision and health education countermeasures, and school health management model were the hot topics, prevention of child injury, Internet addiction, and physical and mental health promotion were the leading directions. The commnunication and cooperation between different fields should be strengthened to improve the reginal development.

Assessing the Optimal Cutpoint for Tumor Size in Patients with Lung Cancer Based on Linear Rank Statistics in a Competing Risks Framework

PURPOSE: In clinical studies, patients may experience several types of events during follow up under the competing risks (CR) framework. Patients are often classified into low- and high-risk groups based on prognostic factors. We propose a method to determine an optimal cutpoint value for prognostic factors on censored outcomes in the presence of CR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We applied our method to data collected in a study of lung cancer patients. From September 1, 1991 to December 31, 2005, 758 lung cancer patients received tumor removal surgery at Samsung Medical Center in Korea. The proposed statistic converges in distribution to that of the supremum of a standardized Brownian bridge. To overcome the conservativeness of the test based on an approximation of the asymptotic distribution, we also propose a permutation test based on permuted samples. RESULTS: Most cases considered in our simulation studies showed that the permutation-based test satisfied a significance level of 0.05, while the approximation-based test was very conservative: the powers of the former were larger than those of the latter. The optimal cutpoint value for tumor size (unit: cm) prior to surgery for classifying patients into two groups (low and high risks for relapse) was found to be 1.8, with decent significance reflected as p values less than 0.001. CONCLUSION: The cutpoint estimator based on the maximally selected linear rank statistic was reasonable in terms of bias and standard deviation in the CR framework. The permutation-based test well satisfied type I error probability and provided higher power than the approximation-based test.

Epidemiologic features and space-time clustering analysis of human schistosomiasis in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

To investigate the space-time patterns of schistosomiasis after the stage of transmission controlled in Hubei Province, so as to provide the reference for precise controlling.The data of human schistosomiasis cases in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 and basic information of human schistosomiasis cases and serum antibody titer of human schistosomiasis cases in 2016 were collected and analyzed. The spatial clustering of human schistosomiasis was detected by the Flexible spatial scan statistics and Kulldorff circular scan statistic, respectively.Totally 64 819 serological positive cases from 51 counties and 1 504 stool hatching positive cases from 17 endemic counties were reported in Hubei Province in 2015, and 39 365 serological positive cases were reported from 48 counties in 2016. All of them were identified as the research objects. No stool hatching positive cases were reported from the routine work in the whole province in 2016. There were 1 603 cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more), with the proportion of 4.07%. According to the results of Kulldorff spatial clustering analysis, there were eight and six spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were eight and five in 2016, respectively. According to the results of Flexible spatial clustering analysis, there were three and two spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were two and one in 2016, respectively.The distribution of human schistosomiasis cases is not balanced, and there is spatial clustering in Hubei Province. So the key area for prevention and control is on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the future.

Temporal-spatial analysis of bacillary dysentery in the Three Gorges Area of China, 2005-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the spatial and temporal distributions of bacillary dysentery in Chongqing, Yichang and Enshi (the Three Gorges Area) from 2005 to 2016, and provide evidence for the disease prevention and control. Methods: The incidence data of bacillary dysentery in the Three Gorges Area during this period were collected from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System. The spatial-temporal scan statistic was conducted with software SaTScan 9.4 and bacillary dysentery clusters were visualized with software ArcGIS 10.3. Results: A total of 126 196 cases were reported in the Three Gorges Area during 2005-2016, with an average incidence rate of 29.67/100 000. The overall incidence was in a downward trend, with an average annual decline rate of 4.74%. Cases occurred all the year round but with an obvious seasonal increase between May and October. Among the reported cases, 44.71% (56 421/126 196) were children under 5-year-old, the cases in children outside child care settings accounted for 41.93% (52 918/126 196) of the total. The incidence rates in districts of Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nanan, Yubei, Chengkou of Chongqing and districts of Xiling and Wujiagang of Yichang city of Hubei province were high, ranging from 60.20/100 000 to 114.81/100 000. Spatial-temporal scan statistic for the spatial and temporal distributions of bacillary dysentery during this period revealed that the temporal distribution was during May-October, and there were 12 class Ⅰ clusters, 35 class Ⅱ clusters, and 9 clusters without statistical significance in counties with high incidence. All the class Ⅰ clusters were in urban area of Chongqing (Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nanan, Beibei, Yubei, Banan) and surrounding counties, and the class Ⅱ clusters transformed from concentrated distribution to scattered distribution. Conclusions: Temporal and spatial cluster of bacillary dysentery incidence existed in the three gorges area during 2005-2016. It is necessary to strengthen the bacillary dysentery prevention and control in urban areas of Chongqing and Yichang.

Research on risk control of hematodialysis equipment based on statistical data of failure / 中国医学装备

Objective:To investigate various risk factors that influence the safety of using hemodialysis equipment, and carry out risk control and reduce risk of using equipment through analyzed the statistical result of failure data of equipment.Methods:Based on all kinds of fault messages record in 2016, the failure data of 390 cases were carried out classified statistic analysis by using Microsoft Excel.Results: Through the statistic analysis of failure rate of 2016 year, there were four main factors were obtained. Aimed at the three higher percent factors that were equipment fault(85.1％), material(11.2％) and human reason(3.7％), respectively., the current management system of hemodialysis equipment was optimized and operation process was standardized from three aspects that included equipment management, material management, and the training and check for staff.Conclusion: Based on the analysis and research for the failure types of hemodialysis equipment purchased from different years, and the analysis of relevant reasons, the corresponding countermeasure of quality management is established, and the main body of responsibility is clarified, and the operative risk of hemodialysis equipment is effectively reduced.

Temporal-spatial analysis of bacillary dysentery in the Three Gorges Area of China, 2005-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal distributions of bacillary dysentery in Chongqing,Yichang and Enshi (the Three Gorges Area) from 2005 to 2016,and provide evidence for the disease prevention and control.Methods The incidence data of bacillary dysentery in the Three Gorges Area during this period were collected from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System.The spatial-temporal scan statistic was conducted with software SaTScan 9.4 and bacillary dysentery clusters were visualized with software ArcGIS 10.3.Results A total of 126 196 cases were reported in the Three Gorges Area during 2005-2016,with an average incidence rate of 29.67/100 000.The overall incidence was in a downward trend,with an average annual decline rate of 4.74％.Cases occurred all the year round but with an obvious seasonal increase between May and October.Among the reported cases,44.71％ (56 421/126 196) were children under 5-year-old,the cases in children outside child care settings accounted for 41.93％ (52 918/126 196) of the total.The incidence rates in districts of Yuzhong,Dadukou,Jiangbei,Shapingba,Jiulongpo,Nanan,Yubei,Chengkou of Chongqing and districts of Xiling and Wujiagang of Yichang city of Hubei province were high,ranging from 60.20/100 000 to 114.81/100 000.Spatial-temporal scan statistic for the spatial and temporal distributions of bacillary dysentery during this period revealed that the temporal distribution was during May-October,and there were 12 class Ⅰ clusters,35 class Ⅱ clusters,and 9 clusters without statistical significance in counties with high incidence.All the class Ⅰ clusters were in urban area of Chongqing (Yuzhong,Dadukou,Jiangbei,Shapingba,Jiulongpo,Nanan,Beibei,Yubei,Banan)and surrounding counties,and the class Ⅱ clusters transformed from concentrated distribution to scattered distribution.Conclusions Temporal and spatial cluster of bacillary dysentery incidence existed in the three gorges area during 2005-2016.It is necessary to strengthen the bacillary dysentery prevention and control in urban areas of Chongqing and Yichang.