Infestation rate of the mite Varroa destructor in commercial apiaries of the Vale do Paraíba and Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil / Taxas de infestação do ácaro Varroa destructor em apiários comerciais do Vale do Paraíba e da Serra da Mantiqueira, sudeste do Brasil

Nos últimos anos, grandes perdas de colônias de abelhas melíferas vêm sendo registradas em várias regiões do mundo. Contudo, os motivos desse acontecimento permanecem obscuros. O ácaro ectoparasita Varroa destructor Anderson e Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) pode ser um dos responsáveis por esse fato, principalmente como vetor de vírus. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se as taxas de infestação (TIs) do ácaro V. destructor em abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) e correlacionaram-se os dados com as médias de temperatura de 16 municípios das regiões do Vale do Paraíba e da Serra da Mantiqueira (São Paulo, Brasil), onde a apicultura comercial atua de maneira significativa. Em cada município, um apiário comercial foi selecionado para coleta de amostras de três colônias populosas (padrão Langstroth), totalizando 48 colônias amostradas. Aproximadamente 300 abelhas adultas localizadas na área de cria foram coletadas em cada colônia. As TIs variaram de 0.0 a 5.5%, níveis considerados baixos para causar danos significativos às colônias. As TIs mais baixas foram encontradas em municípios com clima mais ameno durante a estação avaliada (verão). Adicionalmente, cofatores como variações na disponibilidade de alimento entre os municípios e a variabilidade genética das abelhas podem interagir na interação entre parasita e hospedeiro. A variação nas TIs entre os municípios indica que, mesmo presente, a tolerância das abelhas africanizadas ao varroa pode variar drasticamente em uma pequena região, devido à dinâmica multifatorial de infestação do ácaro.(AU)

Molecular Prevalence of Acarapis Mite Infestations in Honey Bees in Korea

Acarapis mites, including Acarapis woodi, Acarapis externus, and Acarapis dorsalis, are parasites of bees which can cause severe damage to the bee industry by destroying colonies and decreasing honey production. All 3 species are prevalent throughout many countries including UK, USA, Iran, Turkey, China, and Japan. Based on previous reports of Acarapis mites occurring in northeast Asia, including China and Japan, we investigated a survey of Acarapis mite infestations in honey bees in Korean apiaries. A total of 99 colonies of Apis mellifera were sampled from 5 provinces. The head and thorax of 20 bees from each colony were removed for DNA extraction. PCR assays were performed with 3 primer sets, including T, A, and K primers. Results indicated that 42.4% (42/99) of samples were Acarapis-positive by PCR assay which were sequenced to identify species. Each sequence showed 92.6-99.3% homology with reference sequences. Based on the homology, the number of colonies infected with A. dorsalis was 32 which showed the highest infection rate among the 3 species, while the number of colonies infected with A. externus and A. woodi was 9 and 1, respectively. However, none of the Acarapis mites were morphologically detected. This result could be explained that all apiaries in the survey used acaricides against bee mites such as Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae which also affect against Acarapis mites. Based on this study, it is highly probable that Acarapis mites as well as Varroa and Tropilaelaps could be prevalent in Korean apiaries.

Taxa de infestação por ácaro Varroa destructor em apiários sob georreferenciamento / Rate of infestation by Varroa destructor in apiaries under geoprocessing

The rate of infestation of Varroa destructor was investigated in 128 swarms of bees, distributed in three distinct apiaries: with (two) and without (one) superposition of the visualized feeding areas, identified by geoprocessing analysis. A higher infestation rate was observed where superposition in the feeding areas was observed (averages 11.0% and 9.3%) in contrast with the swarms in the apiary where there were no common feeding areas (3.3%). This suggests that superposition of visualized feeding areas is associated with the varroatosis occurrence and that it favors the enhancement of the mite infestation rate in the beehives.

Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Costa Rica: population dynamics and its influence on the colony condition of Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The development of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) population dynamics in Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies was monitored from February to July 2004 in Atenas, Costa Rica. A correlation between the mite infestation level and the colony condition was evaluated. For each colony, infestation of varroa in adult bees was measured twice a month. Sticky boards were placed on the bottom boards of each colony to collect fallen mites. The condition of the colonies was evaluated by measuring the amount of brood and adult bees. Our results consistently showed that mite infestation on adult bees increased significantly in the experimental colonies, rising to 10.0% by the end of the experiment. In addition, the mean mite fall increased significantly over the course of the study in the treated (R= 0.72, P<0.05) and untreated colonies (R= 0.74, P<0.05) to a level of 63.8 and 73.5 mites per day, respectively. The increase in varroa infestation coincided with a decrease in the amount of brood. Furthermore, adult bees with deformed wings or even without wings crawling in front of their hive occurred in highly infested colonies (mite infestation = 10.0% or more). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1741-1747. Epub 2008 December 12.

La dinámica poblacional del ácaro Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) en abejas africanizadas, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) fue monitoreada de febrero a julio 2004, en Atenas, Costa Rica. Asimismo, se analizó la relación entre el nivel de infestación de varroa y la condición de la colmena. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor fue evaluada en abejas adultas dos veces al mes. Además, se colocaron trampas adhesivas en el fondo de la colmena para recoger los ácaros que caen naturalmente. La condición de la colmena fue determinada midiendo la cantidad de cría y la población de abejas adultas. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor en abejas adultas aumentó significativamente durante el estudio hasta alcanzar un 10.0%. Igualmente, la caída natural de ácaros se incrementó, tanto en colmenas que fueron tratadas previa-mente con un acaricida químico (R= 0.72, P<0.05) como en colmenas sin tratamiento (R= 0.74, P<0.05), hasta llegar a 63.8 y 73.5 ácaros por día, respectivamente. El aumento de la infestación en las colmenas coincidió con una disminución en la cantidad de cría. La presencia de abejas adultas con alas deformes o sin alas, arrastrándose en frente de la colmena, fue observada en colmenas altamente infestadas con el ácaro de la varroa (infestación superior = 10.0%).

Conopid flies (Diptera: Conopidae) parasitizing Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini) / Conopídeos (Diptera: Conopidae) parasitando Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini)

Parasitas de abelhas adultas são quase exclusivamente moscas e dentre os mais importantes estão os conopídeos. Nesta comunicação relata-se pela primeira vez a associação de espécies de Physocephala (Diptera: Conopidae) com Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius). De uma amostra de 26 fêmeas e nove machos da espécie hospedeira encontrados mortos em ninhos-armadilha vazios, no campus da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, emergiram 35 parasitóides pertencentes a nove espécies de Physocephala. Os dados mostram que C. analis é hospedeiro para várias espécies de conopídeos e sugerem que tais parasitóides podem desempenhar um papel importante na regulação populacional dessa espécie de abelha.

Parasites of adult bees are almost exclusively flies and the most important of them are conopids. This note registers for the first time the association of species of Physocephala (Diptera: Conopidae) with Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius). From 26 females and nine males of the host species found dead inside trap-nests on the campus of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 35 parasitoids were obtained belonging to nine species of Physocephala. The data show that C. analis is a host to several conopid flies, and suggest that such parasitoids can play an important role in population control of this bee species.

Changes in the reproductive ability of the mite Varroa destructor (Anderson e Trueman) in africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in southern Brazil

Varroa destructor has been in Brazil for more than 30 years, but no mortality of honeybee colonies due to this mite has been recorded. Africanized bee infestation rates attained by varroa have been low, without causing measurable damage to Brazilian apiculture. The low reproductive ability of this parasite in Africanized bee worker brood cells has been considered an important factor for maintaining the host-parasite equilibrium. Nevertheless, the possible substitution of the haplotype of the mite Varroa destructor that has occurred recently in Brazil could affected the reproductive ability of the population of this parasite in Brazil. The reproductive ability of worker of the mite females was evaluated in over one thousand 17-18day-old Africanized worker brood cells each of the two periods. The percentage of fertile mites increased from 56 percent in the 1980s to 86 percent in 2005-2006. The difference in the percentage of females that produced deutonymphs, female progeny that can reach the adult stage at bee emergence, was even greater. In 2005-2006, 72 percent of the females that invaded worker brood had left at the least one viable descendant, compared to 35 percent in 1986-1987.

Embora o ácaro Varroa destructor tenha sido introduzido no Brasil há mais de 30 anos, ainda não foram registrados casos de mortalidade de colônias de abelhas. Nas abelhas africanizadas, a taxa de infestação obtida pelo ácaro varroa é baixa, não causando danos à apicultura brasileira. A baixa capacidade reprodutiva do parasita em células de crias de operárias das abelhas africanizadas é considerado um fator importante na manutenção do equilíbrio entre o parasita e o hospedeiro. No entanto, a possível introdução de um novo haplótipo do ácaro Varroa destructor no Brasil, ocorrida recentemente, pode estar aumentando a capacidade reprodutiva desse ácaro. A habilidade reprodutiva das fêmeas do ácaro foi avaliada em mais de mil de células de crias de operárias de abelhas africanizadas aos 17-18 dias de idade, em dois períodos. A porcentagem de fêmeas férteis do ácaro aumentou de 56 por cento nos anos de 1980 a 86 por cento em 2005-2006. A diferença na porcentagem de fêmeas que produziram deutoninfas, descendentes fêmeas que podem alcançar o estágio adulto ao emergir das operárias, foi ainda maior; em 2005-2006, 72 por cento das fêmeas que invadiram células de crias de operárias deixaram pelo menos um descendente viável, comparado com 35 por cento em 1986-1987.

Communal use of integumental wounds in honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae multiply infested by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor

The ectoparasitic bee mite, Varroa destructor, is highly adapted to its natural and adopted honey bee hosts, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. Adult females perforate the integument of bee pupae in such a way that they and their progeny can feed. We examined the wounds that founder females made, and usually found one, and rarely up to three, integumental wounds on pupae of A. mellifera multiply infested by V. destructor. The punctures were mainly on the 2nd abdominal sternite of the host. These perforations are used repeatedly as feeding sites by these hemolymph-sucking mites and by their progeny. The diameter of the wounds increased during pupal development. In brood cells containing 4-5 invading female mites and their progeny, healing of the wound is delayed, normally occurring just before the imaginal moult of the bee pupa. These wounds are subject to microbial infections, and they are relevant to the evolution of behavioral traits in these parasitic mites and their relations to host bees.

Prevalencia de parásitos en Apis mellifera L en colmenares del secano costero e interior de la VI Región, Chile / Prevalence of parasites in Apis mellifera L. in beehives of dry coastal and interior of VI Region, Chile

Se procesaron un total de 1.418 muestras para determinar la prevalencia de Varroa destructor, Braula coeca, Nosema apis y Malpinghamoeba mellificae durante cuatro estaciones en el Secano Costero e Interior de la Sexta Región, Chile. Se realizó una comparación entre los resultados obtenidos desde colmenas rústicas y modernas. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron una mayor prevalencia de V. destructor en verano, con un 58 ± 7,05 por ciento; la prevalencia obtenida desde colmenas modernas fue significativamente más alta, excepto para primavera de 1999, en la cual no existieron diferencias entre colmenas. B. coeca sólo se detectó en una estación, con un 1,4 ± 1,68 por ciento de prevalencia. Para N. apis los más altos valores se obtuvieron en primavera con un 78,26 ± 5,8 por ciento y para M. mellificae se registró el más alto valor en primavera, con un 8,69 ± 4,03 por ciento, en estas dos enfermedades no existieron diferencias entre colmenas rústicas y modernas.

The influence of brood comb cell size on the reproductive behavior of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in Africanized honey bee colonies

Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazil are tolerant of infestations with the exotic ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae), while the European honey bees used in apiculture throughout most of the world are severely affected. Africanized honey bees are normally kept in hives with both naturally built small width brood cells and with brood cells made from European-sized foundation, yet we know that comb cell size has an effect on varroa reproductive behavior. Three types (sizes) of brood combs were placed in each of six Africanized honey bee colonies: new (self-built) Africanized comb, new Italian comb (that the bees made from Italian-sized commercial foundation), and new Carniolan comb (built naturally by Carniolan bees). About 100 cells of each type were analyzed in each colony. The Africanized comb cells were significantly smaller in (inner) width (4.84 mm) than the European-sized comb cells (5.16 and 5.27 mm for Italian and Carniolan cells, respectively). The brood cell infestation rates (percentage cells infested) were significantly higher in the Carniolan-sized comb cells (19.3) than in the Italian and Africanized cells (13.9 and 10.3, respectively). The Carniolan-sized cells also had a significantly larger number of invading adult female mites per 100 brood cells (24.4) than did the Italian-sized cells (17.7) and the natural-sized Africanized worker brood cells (15.6). European-sized worker brood cells were always more infested than the Africanized worker brood cells in the same colony. There was a highly significant correlation (P<0.01) between cell width and the rate of infestation with varroa in four of the six colonies. The small width comb cells produced by Africanized honey bees may have a role in the ability of these bees to tolerate infestations by Varroa destructor, furthermore it appears that natural-sized comb cells are superior to over-sized comb cells for disease resistance

Comparing data on the reproduction of Varroa destructor

Varroa destructor reproductive success is considered an important character for determining the resistance of honey bees to this mite parasite. However, most of the published data are not comparable due to the different methods of ascertaining and reporting reproduction. A recently published technique that involves reconstructing mite families in older worker brood gives repeatable and reliable parameters. This methodology was used to compare various categories of reproduction of approximately 1,000 V. destructor females in each of three studies on Africanized bees in Brazil and Mexico and European bees in England. The most objective and useful measure was the determination of the number of viable females per female that had invaded the worker brood in singly infested cells, which was denominated the [quot ]effective reproduction rate[quot ]. Viable females are those that can reach the adult stage and have a mate available. The effective reproduction rate in worker brood was 0.64, 0.73 and 1.01 in Brazil, Mexico and England, respectively. Standardization of reproduction determination techniques would make published data comparable and much more useful

Decreased flight performance and sperm production in drones of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) slightly infested by Varroa destructor mites during pupal development

We developed a bioassay to measure the flying power of drone, in order to determine which drones could reach a drone congregation area. A wind tunnel was used to test unparasitized drones and drones slightly parasitized by one or two mites during pupal development, and counts were made of the number of spermatozoa that they produced. Drones parasitized with one mite flew as long as control drones ( = 6Æ55ö and 6Æ48ö, respectively, P = 0.512); however, those that had been infested by two mites flew significantly less ( = 2Æ16ö, P<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) between flight duration and the number of spermatozoa per drone in control group (r = 0.53), and in both the one mite (r = 0.43) and two mite (r = 0.54) groups. Drones infested during development with one or two mites produced 24 and 45% fewer sperm, respectively.

Varroa-tolerant Italian honey bees introduced from Brazil were not more efficient in defending themselves against the mite Varroa destructor than Carniolan bees in Germany

In Europe and North America honey bees cannot be kept without chemical treatments against Varroa destructor. Nevertheless, in Brazil an isolated population of Italian honey bees has been kept on an island since 1984 without treatment against this mite. The infestation rates in these colonies have decreased over the years. We looked for possible varroa-tolerance factors in six Italian honey bee colonies prepared with queens from this Brazilian island population, compared to six Carniolan colonies, both tested at the same site in Germany. One such factor was the percentage of damaged mites in the colony debris, which has been reported as an indicator of colony tolerance to varroa. A mean of 35.8 of the varroa mites collected from the bottoms of the Italian bee colonies were found damaged, among which 19.1 were still alive. A significantly greater proportion of damaged mites were found in the Carniolan bees (42.3) and 22.5 were collected alive. The most frequent kind of damage found was damaged legs alone, affecting 47.4 of the mites collected from debris in Italian bees, which was similar to the amount found in Carniolan colonies (46). The mean infestation rate by the varroa mite in the worker brood cells in the Italian bee colonies was 3.9 in June and 3.5 in July, and in drone brood cells it was 19.3 in June. In the Carniolan honey bee colonies the mean infestation rates in worker brood cells were 3.0 and 6.7, respectively in the months of June and July and 19.7 in drone brood cells in June. In conclusion, the 'Varroa-tolerant' Italian honey bees introduced from Brazil produced lower percentages of damaged mites (Varroa destructor) in hive debris and had similar brood infestation rates when compared to 'susceptible' Carniolan bees in Germany. In spite of the apparent adaptation of this population of Italian bees in Brazil, we found no indication of superiority of these bees when we examined the proportions of damaged mites and the varroa-infestation rates, compared to Carniloan bees kept in the same apiary in Germany

Effect of two plant oil extracts on brood infestation with the parasitic bee mite, varroa jacobsoni oudemans

Brood infestation with the parasitic bee mite, Varroa jacobsoni oudemans, and the impact of two plant oil extracts on infestation were studied in the Nubareya region, Egypt. Drone broad infestation ranged between 12.44 +/- 2.9 and 21.67 +/- 3.9%, while the worker's ranged between 6.44 +/- 1.5 and 10.4 +/- 1.9%. The highest infestation was recorded during August for both drone's and worker's brood. The application of eucalyptus oil extract showed a positive reduction in the percentage of infestation. The maximum effect was observed after 21 days and was maintained till day 30. The effect of matricary oil extract application was faster. Its maximum effect was strongest between days 7 and 15. Eucalyptus highest effect on worker's brood was after 30 days, while the highest effect of matricary was after 15 days. Both applications on drone and worker broods showed a significant infestation reduction, especially by the end of the experiment

Anew Record of phoretic mites on honey bee apis mellifera L in Egypt

Five species of mites, belonging to different families, were found infesting honeybee workers, Apis mellifera L., in different apiaries in Gharbia Governorate, Nile Delta. All the identified species, except Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans [Varroidae], are new records for the phoretic bee mites in Egypt. They include Neocypholaelaps indica Evans [Ameroseiidae], Pediculochelus raulti Lavoipiere [Pediculocheliadae], Tarsonemus indoapis Lindquist [Tarsonemidae] and Chaetodactylus osmiae [Dufour] [Chaetodactylidae]. The host parasite relationship was discussed. A brief diagnosis with diagrammatic illustrations was given

unusually severe bee-sting allergic reaction in a beekeeper boy

Honey bee sting allergy is not a new problem, nor is venom immunotherapy a new solution. Advances in scientific and immunologic theory and technology have solved many problems. This paper reported an unusually severe bee sting allergy in a son of a bee keeper