Avaliação da abertura bucal em pacientessubmetidos à radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço / Evaluation of mouth opening in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy

A radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço quando direcionada à articulaçãotemporomandibular e músculos da mastigação, pode provocar sequelas como redução daamplitude de abertura bucal e trismo, que, muitas vezes, pode ser irreversível.Objetivo: comparar a amplitude de abertura bucal, antes e após a radioterapia da regiãode cabeça e pescoço.Metodologia: foram selecionados 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de tumores malignos decabeça e pescoço para serem submetidos à mensuração da abertura bucal 30 dias antes daradioterapia, e 90 dias após. Também foram observadas as características gerais comotipo histológico do tumor e dose de radioterapia.Resultados: a idade média da amostra foi de 58 anos, sendo que 80,76% eram do sexomasculino e 19,24% do feminino. Na primeira avaliação encontrou‐se limitação deabertura bucal (35,08±8,74), e 90 dias após a radioterapia houve aumento da limitação deabertura bucal (31,5±10,42), porém, sem mostrar significância estatística (p≤0,061).Conclusão: não houve agravamento da limitação de abertura bucal após três meses deradioterapia...

When temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication are in the fieldof radiation, trismus and restriction of mouth opening are common and often irreversiblesequelae.Aim: compare mouth opening before and after head and neck radiotherapy.Methodology: thirty patients with head and neck malignant tumors were chosen to havetheir mouth opening measured 30 days before and 90 days after radiotherapy. Generalcharacteristics as histological type of the tumor and radiotherapy dose were alsoevaluated.Results: the mean age of the sample was 58 years, 21 subjects (80.76%) were male, and 5(19.24%) were female. At the first evaluation, we found mouth opening restriction(35.08±8.74) and ninety days after radiotherapy the mouth opening increased (31.5±10.42),but without statistical significance (p≤0.061).Conclusion: the mouth opening did not worse after 3 months of radiotherapy...

Age pattern of the occurrence of breast cancer in the northwest of Iran.

Breast cancer represents 27% of the cancers and 19% of the cancer deaths in female population. The aim of this study was to document the age pattern of the incidence of breast cancer in Iranian female population in the northwest region of the country. The study subjects were 1764 patients with breast cancer diagnosed/registered in the six university clinics between 1988 and 2008 in the northwest of Iran. The highest occurrence rates were observed for the birth year cohorts 1940-1949 (for 59-69 years old), 1950-1959 (for 49-58 years old), and 1960-1969 (for 39-48 years old). Among these three cohorts, the highest rate was observed in 1950-1959 birth year cohort (284.38 per 100,000 female populations, 95% CI: 260-310). This rate was significantly higher compared with the similar rates of other birth cohorts. There was no statistically significant difference between various years in terms of the average age at the diagnosis of breast cancer in our study setting. Despite the previous research reports, we found no significant difference between the mean ages at diagnosis of breast cancer from 1988 to 2008 in Iranian female population.

Clinical and pathological response rates of docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer and comparison with anthracycline-based chemotherapies: Eight-year experience from single centre.

Introduction: The administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) prior to local therapy is advantageous for women with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), since it can render inoperable tumors resectable and can increase rates of breast conservative surgeries. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed LABC patients who received NACT from January 2000 to December 2007. Out of 3000 case records screened, 570 (19%) were LABC and 110/570 (19%) treatment-naïve patients started on NACT were analyzed. Ninety-one (37 docetaxel [D], 54 anthracycline [A]) patients were eligible for response and survival analysis. Pathological complete remission (pCR) was defined as no evidence of malignancy in both breast and axilla. Results: Median age of the whole cohort was 45 years (range 25-68 years). Premenopausal were 42% and estrogen receptor + 49.5%. Most (90%) were T4 tumors and 70% were Stage IIIB. Median numbers of preoperative cycles were six and three in the D and A group respectively. Overall clinical response rates for breast primary were 74.3% and 53.7% (CR 28.6% vs. 16.7%, P=0.58) while for axilla ORR were 75.7% vs. 54.8% (51.4% vs. 40.4% CR, P=0.77) respectively for D and A. Corresponding pCR rates were 19% vs. 13% respectively. There was no significant difference in disease-free (three-year 56.84% vs. 61.16%, P=0.80) and overall survival (three-year 70% vs. 78.5%, P=0.86) between the two groups. Conclusions: Although pCR rates were higher with docetaxel-based NACT, it did not translate into superior disease-free survival / overall survival compared to anthracycline-based chemotherapies.

Impaired functional and hemodynamic response to graded exercise testing and its recovery in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism / Capacidade funcional e hemodinâmica em esforço e na recuperação de pacientes com hipertireoidismo subclínico

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional and hemodynamic responses during exercise and its recovery in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 29 patients on TSH-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for thyroid carcinoma and 35 euthyroid subjects. All volunteers underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill and functional and hemodynamic variables were measured during exercise and its recovery. RESULTS: SCH patients showed impaired functional response to exercise, marked by lower values for oxygen consumption and exercise duration in addition to premature achievement of the anaerobic threshold. Heart-rate and blood pressure recovery immediately after exercise were slower among SCH patients when compared to euthyroid subjects. CONCLUSION: SCH is associated with impaired functional and hemodynamic responses during exercise and its recovery.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade funcional e hemodinâmica em esforço e durante a recuperação em pacientes com hipertireoidismo subclínico (SCH). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo seccional em que participaram 29 pacientes em terapia supressiva de TSH com levotiroxina para carcinoma diferenciado de tireoide e 35 indivíduos sem doença tireoidiana. Todos foram submetidos a um teste cardiopulmonar de esforço em esteira, no qual foram medidas variáveis funcionais e hemodinâmicas durante o exercício e a recuperação. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes apresentaram um comprometimento na capacidade funcional, evidenciado por menores valores de consumo de oxigênio e duração de exercício, além do alcance prematuro do limiar anaeróbio. Imediatamente após o exercício, os pacientes apresentaram uma curva mais lenta de recuperação da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial. CONCLUSÃO: O SCH está associado ao comprometimento na capacidade funcional e hemodinâmica em esforço e na recuperação.

Enfermedad de paget de la mama: reporte de 13 casos / Paget disease of the breast: 13 cases report

Reportar y describir las características clínicas y conducta terapéutica de 13 casos de enfermedad de Paget en el Instituto de Oncología “Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño” en el período comprendido entre 1986-2008. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, descriptivo, de tipo retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas del departamento de dicha institución. Total de casos encontrados: 13, 100 por ciento de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino. La edad promedio de presentación fue de 58 años. 44 por ciento de los casos se presentó con una lesión eccematosa a nivel de pezón y un 14 por ciento se encontraban en estadio I en el momento de diagnóstico. 87 por ciento presentaban extensión centro-mamaria; el tiempo de evolución fue menor o igual a 6 meses en un 50 por ciento de los casos. El síntoma de presentación en un 45 por ciento fue la presencia de un nódulo mamario más lesión ulcerativa del pezón. 25 por ciento cursaba con adenopatía clínicamente palpable. En un 65 por ciento, la conducta quirúrgica fue mastectomía total con vaciamiento axilar en niveles I y II. 37 por ciento recibieron tratamiento adyuvante y en un 72 por ciento el tiempo de sobrevida comprendió entre el rango de 1 a 5 años. La enfermedad de Paget constituye una entidad especial poco frecuente. El grupo etario afectado está entre 50-60 años. El tratamiento terapéutico establecido en la mayor parte de las series publicadas, independientemente de la etapa, ha sido la mastectomía radical.

The objective of this study was report and describes the clinical characteristics and therapeutically conducts in 13 cases of Paget disease view in the Oncology Institute Dr. Miguel Perez Carreño between the years 1986-2008. We realized a study not experimental, descriptive and retrospective. We review the clinical department history of our institution. The total cases found was 13, 100 percent of the patients were female. The average age at the presentation was 58 years old. The 44 percent of the cases were presented with an eczematous lesion in the nipple level, 14 percent of the cases were in stage I at the diagnostic moment. The 87 percent of cases present a center mammalian extension to the diagnostic moment. The evolution time were minor or equal to 6 month in a 50 percent of the cases. The dominant symptom in 45 percent was the presence of a mammalian nodule and an ulcerative lesion in the nipple. In the 66 percent of the cases the surgical conduct was a total mastectomy with axillaries dissection in the level I and II. Only 37 percent receive adjuvant treatment and in a 72 percent the super life were between the 1 and 5 years range. Paget disease is a less special entity. The average groups affected are between the 50 and 60 years old. The established therapeutically treatment in the majority of series published independent of the stage was the surgical.

Incidence rate of ovarian cancer in Iran in comparison with developed countries.

Background: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. The present study was designed to compare age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of ovarian cancer in Iran with that in Australia and some other developed countries. Materials and Methods: Data from the Cancer Registry Program of Iran, as a base, were compared with the cancer registry reports of surveillance, epidemiology and end results program in the USA, considering the population of the USA in the year 2000 as the standard population. Results: In all the age groups, ASR of ovarian cancer was much lower in Iran. Overall rates of ovarian cancer in Iran and the USA were 3.9 and 16.2 per 100,000, respectively. Conclusion: Age-standardized ovarian cancer rate in Iran was much lower in comparison with high incidence areas in the world. Encouraging oral contraceptive use and reduction in fat intake may be effective in decreasing the rate of ovarian cancer or keeping its rate constant in Iran.

Role of Ki-67 as a proliferative marker in lesions of thyroid.

Background: Specific criteria are used to diagnose thyroid neoplasms; however, the distinction between certain neoplasms, such as follicular adenoma and carcinoma, could be difficult. Thus, additional diagnostic features that can assist in this distinction would have great clinical usefulness. Aims: To evaluate the role of the proliferative marker Ki-67 in nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the thyroid, with a special emphasis on the distinction between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Settings and Design: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: One hundred cases of thyroid lesions, including 50 nonneoplastic and 50 neoplastic lesions, were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Ki-67 immunostaining was performed by peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and compared with mitotic counts. Results: Ki-67 labeling index (LI) showed a progressive rise from multinodular goiter to benign to malignant neoplasms. A statistically significant difference was observed in Ki-67 counts between multinodular goiter vs papillary carcinoma (P < 0.05) and follicular adenoma vs follicular carcinoma (P < 0.05). The correlation between mitotic counts and Ki-67 LI was found to be significant. Conclusions: In the present study, Ki-67 was found to be useful in differentiating between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma, but since the sample size of our study was small, larger studies are needed to confirm this observation as well as to assign a cutoff value for differentiating benign from malignant tumors.

El tamaño de los tumores suprarrenales ¿está en relación al tiempo de evolución o expresa una diferencia biológica? / Is adrenal tumor size related to evolution time or does it represent a biological difference?

Background: Adrenal tumor (AT) malignancy has been related to tumor size. Since laparoscopic surgery is being used, smaller adrenal tumors are being excised. Aim: To evaluate eventual clinical and histológica! differences between adrenal tumors smaller than 4 cm. and those larger than 6 cm. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of pathological reports and clinical records of patients operated for adrenal tumors, dividing them in two groups. Group 1 had 29patients aged 52 ± 13 years with AT < 4 cm operated during the period 2000-2005, and Group 2 was formed by 52 patients aged 46 ±18 years with AT >6 cm operated between 1984-2005- Tumors between 4 and 6 cm were not included in the study to establish clear cut differences between groups. Results: Tumors were functional in 40 and 41 percent of cases in groups 1 and 2 respectively. Fifty percent of functional tumors of group 1 were pheochromocytomas and the rest secreted aldosterone. In group 2, 66 percent of tumors were phechromocytomas and no aldosterone secreting tumors were found. Fifty two and eight percent of tumors in Groups 1 and 2 were adenomas, respectively (p <0.001). Nineteen tumors of group 2 were malignant, compared with one of group 1 (p <0.001). Conclusions: The tumor size of adrenal cortical tumors may represent biological differences, suggesting two different tumor populations. At time of diagnosis adrenal carcinomas are almost always larger than 6 cm.

Carcinoma nasofaringeo: a propósito de un caso / Nasopharyngeal Carcinma: a case

El carcinoma nasofaríngeo (CNF) es una neoplasia primaria del epitelio nasofaríngeo, excluyendo así a todas las neoplasias faringeas y de glándulas salivales menores. Se reporta el caso del carcinoma nasofaríngeo (CNF), en un paciente masculino de 83 años, quien presentó lesión exofítica que ocupaba un tercio de la cavidad oral, produciendo disfagia progresiva y odinofagia. Se realizan estudios imagenológicos los cuales determinaron la presencia de Ca. de amígdala derecha mon metástasis ganglionar bilateral, posteriormente se le realiza biopsia incisional concluyendo como carcinoma nasofaíngeo (CNF) clasificándolo como estadio IV.

Gastroduodenal dysmotility in patients with gallbladder carcinoma: frequency of occurrence and clinical importance.

BACKGROUND: Gastric stasis, common in patients with gall-bladder carcinoma (GBC), results from anatomical obstruction or motor abnormalities. We studied patients with GBC for antroduodenal motor dysfunction using manometry. METHODS: Forty-one patients with GBC without endoscopic gastric outlet obstruction and 10 healthy controls were evaluated using a symptom scoring system for gastric stasis, saline load test and water perfusion antroduodenal manometry. Fasting, post-prandial and post-octreotide motility were recorded and analysed on a computer using GiPC manometry software. RESULTS: Sixteen of 41 patients (39%) with GBC reported recurrent vomiting; patients with vomiting had a higher symptom score (13 [11-17] v. 6 [4-10], p<0.0001] and higher volume of aspirate on the saline load test (460 ml [210-650] v. 160 ml [70-260], p<0.0001) as compared with those without vomiting. Healthy subjects more often had spontaneous fasting migratory motor complex than patients with GBC (9/10 v. 13/41, p=0.002). The amplitudes of contractions in the antrum and duodenum were significantly lower in patients with GBC than in healthy subjects. Patients with GBC had lower fasting (157 [68-284] v. 190.5 [150-284], p=0.01) and post-prandial (200 [96-395] v. 284 [178-395], p<0.0001) antral motor indices than healthy subjects. Patients with GBC and vomiting had significantly lower contraction amplitude and motility indices than those without vomiting. Motility indices correlated inversely with the symptom score and volume of aspirate on the saline load test (Spearman correlation, p = 0.01 for all). CONCLUSION: Antroduodenal motor abnormalities are common in patients with GBC. These may explain the symptoms of gastric stasis and abnormal results of the saline load test in the absence of anatomical obstruction in such patients.

Clinicopathologic profile of gastric carcinomas at the University Hospital of the West Indies / Perfil clínico-patológico de los carcinomas gástricos en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies

The objective of this study was to examine the clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer seen at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) and to compare the findings with other studies. A retrospective study was conducted using data obtained from the surgical pathology reports of all gastrectomies and gastric biopsies during the period January 1993 and December 2002. Additional cases were identified from the Department of Surgery's audit database. Demographic, clinical and pathological features were analyzed. Two hundred and sixteen patients were identified, 126 males and 90 females. One hundred and thirty-six underwent biopsy procedures but no definitive surgery aimed at cancer eradication, while 70 had gastrectomy. The peak age prevalence in both males and females was the 70-79-year age group. While the antrum was the commonest site, there was an overall increase in tumours of the gastro-oesophageal junction and tumours of the entire stomach in the latter five-year period of the review especially in the 50-59-year age group. Epigastric pain and constitutional symptoms were the common presenting features, and the most common gross tumour characteristic was an ulcerating mass, while histologically, the intestinal variety was most common. Lymph node metastases were common. Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) were present in 16.7while chronic multifocal atrophic gastritis was present in 40. This study indicates that the gastric cancer pattern is typical of developing countries. However, the low prevalence of H pylori in the resected specimens may indicate the importance of other risk factors for gastric cancer development in this population. This warrants further study.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los aspectos clínicopatológicos del cáncer gástrico observados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies, y comparar nuestros hallazgos con los de otros estudios. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo usando datos obtenidos de los reportes patológicos quirúrgicos de todas las gastrectomías y biopsias gástricas durante el período de enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2002. Se identificaron casos adicionales de la base de datos de auditoría del Departamento de Cirugía. Se analizaron aspectos demográficos, clínicos y patológicos. Se identificaron doscientos dieciséis pacientes, 126 hombres y 90 mujeres. Ciento treinta y seis fueron sometidos a procedimientos de biopsia, pero no se realizó ninguna cirugía definitiva encaminada a la erradicación del cáncer, en tanto que a setenta se les practicó gastrectomía. La prevalencia de edad pico tanto en hombres como mujeres fue el grupo de 70–79 años. Si bien el antro gástrico fue el sitio más común, hubo un aumento general en tumores de la unión gastroesofágica y tumores de todo el estómago en el último período quinquenal de la revisión especialmente en el grupo de 50–59 años de edad. El dolor epigástrico y los síntomas constitucionales fueron los síntomas más comunes que se presentaron, y la característica más común del tumor macroscópico fue una masa ulcerosa, mientras que histológicamente la variedad intestinal fue más común. Fueron comunes las metástasis del nódulo linfático. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) estuvieron presentes en el 16.7 %, en tanto que la gastritis crónica atrófica multifocal estuvo presente en el 40%. Este estudio indica que nuestro patrón de cáncer gástrico es típico de los países en vías de desarrollo. Sin embargo, la baja prevalencia de H pylori en nuestros especímenes resecados, pueden ser un índice de la importancia de otros factores de riesgo tales como fumar, el uso consuetudinario del alcohol, o la dieta, en relación con el desarrollo del cáncer en nuestra población. Esto merece un estudio ulterior.

Carcinoma de paratiróide: características clínicas e anátomo-patológicas de cinco casos / Parathyroid carcinoma: clinical and anatomo-pathological characteristics of 5 cases

O carcinoma de paratiróide é uma entidade rara, havendo cerca de 535 casos descritos na literatura. Neste trabalho, revisamos a nossa casuística de 5 pacientes com carcinoma de paratiróide avaliadas no período de 1983 a 1998 no serviço de Doenças Osteo-Metabólicas da Universidade Federal de Säo Paulo, analisando critérios diagnósticos, conduta terapêutica e a avoluçäo destes pacientes e comparando os nossos dados com os achados de literatura. Entre os nossos pacientes 4 eram do sexo feminino e 1 do sexo masculino, com mediana ao diagnóstico de 52 anos de idade, variando de 10 a 77 anos. As queixas iniciais incluíam presença de dores ósseas acompanhada de perda de peso em 4 pacientes, presença de fratura näo traumática em 3 pacientes e traumática em 2 e clínica de nefrolitíase em 1 paciente. Todos apresentavam nódulo palpável em regiäo cervical, níveis de cálcio total bastante elevadas com média (+/- DP)de 14,9 +/- 1,7mg/dl. PTH também se encontrava muito elevado, refletindo a magnitude da severidade da doença. Todos foram submetidos à exploraçäo cirúrgica cervical com retirada da massa tumoral, que foi coincidente com o achado palpatório de nódulo cervical. O exame anátomo-patológico de nódulo cervical. O exame anátomo-patológico revelou o diagnóstico de carcinoma de paratiróide em todos estes casos. No seguimento, 2 pacientes apresentaram recidiva tumoral e evoluíram para óbito por complicaçöes da hiperparatireoidismo. Os outros 3 casos encontram-se em acompanhamento ambulatorial no nosso hospital, sem evidências até o momento de recidiva tumoral.

Angiogênese no carcinoma colorretal - revisäo e perspectivas / Colorectal carcinoma angiogenisis - review and perspectives

Em adiçäo aos sistemas de estadiamento clinicopatológicos comumente utilizados, fatores de risco para a recorrência no carcinoma colorretal têm sido investigados. Entre estes a quantificaçäo da angiogênese e de peptídeos angiogênicos têm demonstrado aplicaçäo clínica na avaliaçäo da sobrevida e recorrência. A angiogênese é o crescimento de novos capilares, estando associada tanto ao desenvolvimento tecidual pré e pós-natal, cicatrizaçäo e reproduçäo como em doenças inflamatórias e neoplasias. Além de permitir o crescimento tumoral, evidências experimentais demonstram que a angiogênese associa-se com o processo metastático, pois maior é a superfície vascular para o escape de células neoplásicas, o que também pode ser facilitado pela imaturidade dos novos vasos. Neste artigo de revisäo discute-se o processo de formaçäo de vasos capilares, associado ao crescimento tumoral e ao surgimento de metástases hematogênicas, bem como uma revisäo de literatura abordando angiogênese e carcinoma colorretal e o seu papel como um possível alvo terapêutico

Adrenocortical tumors in children

Childhood adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are rare. In the USA, only about 25 new cases occur each year. In Southern Brazil, however, approximately 10 times that many cases are diagnosed each year. Most cases occur in the contiguous states of Sao Paulo and Paraná. The cause of this higher rate has not been identified. Familial genetic predisposition to cancer (p53 mutations) and selected genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome) have been associated with childhood ACT in general but not with the Brazilian counterpart. Most of the affected children are young girls with classic endocrine syndromes (virilizing and/or Cushing). Levels of urinary 17-ketosteroids and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which are abnormal in approximately 90 percent of the cases, provide the pivotal clue to a diagnosis of ACT. Typical imaging findings of pediatric ACT consist of a large, well-defined suprarenal tumor containing calcifications with a thin capsule and central necrosis or hemorrhage. The pathologic classification of pediatric ACT is troublesome. Even an experienced pathologist can find it difficult to differentiate carcinoma from adenoma. Surgery is the single most important procedure in the successful treatment of ACT. The role of chemotherapy in the management of childhood ACT has not been established although occasional tumors are responsive to mitotane or cisplatin-containing regimens. Because of the heterogeneity and rarity of the disease, prognostic factors have been difficult to establish in pediatric ACT. Patients with incomplete tumor resection or with metastatic disease at diagnosis have a dismal prognosis. In patients with localized and completely resected tumors, the size of the tumor has predictive value. Patients with large tumors have a much higher relapse rate than those with small tumors.

Transformación de carcinoma papilar a anaplásico: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Transformation of papillary carcinoma to anaplasic: presentation of a case and review of the literature

Ocasionalmente se presenta un abrupto cambio del curso de la enfermedad, el cáncer que presenta por varios años sin progresión e invasión notable muestra un rápido crecimiento. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con tumoración a nivel tiroideo y en donde la biopsia reporta carcinoma papilar, por lo que es programada para tiroidectomía total y exploración de cuello. Los hallazgos transoperatorios reportan tumoración tiroidea que desplaza la tráquea hacia la derecha de aproximadamente 10 x 5 x 8 cm bilobulada, el cual toma nervio laríngeo recurrente izquierdo y mediastino anterior y hacia la cara anterior de esófago cervical aproximadamente 4 cm, se realiza tumorectomía, sacrificando nervio laríngeo recurrente izquierdo, esofagectomía cervical y fístula mucosa esofágica, traqueostomía y gastrostomía tipo Stamm. El reporte patológico de la tumorectomía fue tumor anaplásico de tiroides asociado a carcinoma papilar de tiroides con patrón folicular que invade cápsula y tejidos adyacentes.El tratamiento quirúrgico de estos tumores presenta diversas modalidades. Es frecuente que este tipo de tumores altamente invasivos envuelva sitios críticos, vasos sanguíneos de importancia, nervios y tráquea por lo que el cirujano se debe limitar a su resección y protección de la vía aérea.El paciente, motivo de este informe, es un ejemplo de transformación de histología de carcinoma papilar a carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides, el cual ha sido documentado por otros autores. La coexistencia de carcinomas bien diferenciados y otros indiferenciados, con cambios microscópicos transicionales, junto con un cambio abrupto en el curso clínico, apoya el concepto de progresión a partir de carcinomas bien diferenciados.

Carcinoma endometrial asociado a ovarios poliquisticos: presentacion de dos casos en mujeres menores de 40 años / Endometrial carcinoma with polycystic ovaries: presentation of two cases in women under 40 years old

El carcinoma endometrial es raro en mujeres menores de 40 años. Su incidencia es 1 por ciento a 8 por ciento de todos los cánceres de endometrio. Las mujeres con alto riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma endometrial, como resultado de una excesiva estimulación estrogénica, son aquellos con ovarios poliquísticos, terapia estrogénica prolongada, tumores funcionantes de células granulosas y tecomas. Presentamos dos mujeres jóvenes con carcinoma endometrial y poliquistosis ovárica (síndrome de Stein-Leventhal).

Efecto fisico de calculos biliares en la patogenia del cancer de vesicula biliar / Physical impact of gallstones in the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer

Se investigo el comportamiento de claculos biliares unicos y multiples para explicar su dinamica en la patogonia del cancer de vesicula biliar, los mismos fueron introducidos en vejigas experimentales de latex con presiones de contraccion controlada entre 20 a 250 mm H2O y vaciado de 6-60 minutos. Se observo que calculos multiples , aparentemente similares en volumne, densidad y tamaño se distribuyen de diferente manera, porque algunos se localizan indistintamente en la parte superior o inferior de las vejigas. Ello debido a que en su estructura interna se encontraron espacios vacios, demostrando que en su formacion participaron bacterias productoras de gas. Al finalizar la contraccion las paredes se unene a los calculos, reteniendo la bilis en espacios cerrados, el contacto continuo a alta presion, con cambios fisico-quimicos modifica el gradiente osmotico, conductancia y permeabilidad de membrana produciendo reiterada modificacion de la estructura celular en el proceso hiperplasia-displasia-cancer.