Ergonomía en endoscopia: visualización de una herramienta indispensable en endoscopia / Ergonomics in endoscopy, visualization of an indispensable tool in endoscopy

Endoscopic ergonomics, the study of the endoscopist's interaction with their work environment, aims to adapt tools and actions to their physical and psychological characteristics. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are highly prevalent among endoscopists (39-89%), mainly due to repetitive movements. This issue is exacerbated by pro- cedures such as EUS, ERCP, and third space endoscopy, which demand more time and instrument use. Despite knowing the risk factors, preventive and modification strategies are scarce in endoscopic centers and the industry. This is concerning, given the impact on health, work disability, and the functioning of endoscopy services. It is crucial to raise awareness and educate on this topic to improve the quality of life of endoscopists and the efficiency of services

La ergonomía endoscópica, que estudia la interacción del endoscopista con su entorno laboral, busca adaptar herramientas y acciones a sus características físicas y psicológicas. Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) son altamente prevalentes en endoscopistas (39-89%), principalmente debido a movimientos repetitivos. Esta problemática se intensifica con procedimientos como la EUS, ERCP y la endoscopia de tercer espacio, que de- mandan más tiempo y uso de instrumentos. A pesar de conocer los factores de riesgo, las estrategias preventivas y de modificación son escasas en centros endoscópicos y en la industria. Esto es preocupante, dado el impacto en la salud, la incapacidad laboral y el funcionamiento de los servicios de endoscopia. Es crucial visibilizar y educar sobre este tema para mejorar la calidad de vida de los endoscopistas y la eficiencia de los servicios

Intervenciones ergonómicas y su impacto en la profesión odontológica / Ergonomic interventions and their impact on the dental profession / Intervenções ergonômicas e seu impacto sobre a profissão odontológica

Introducción: los desórdenes músculoesqueletales tienen una alta prevalencia en la población general y en particular, en el área salud, los profesionales de la odontología representan una población altamente vulnerable, debido a características particulares del ejercicio de su profesión. Es creciente el estudio de diferentes intervenciones ergonómicas y el impacto que estas pueden tener sobre la reducción de la sintomatología muscular y en el desarrollo y/o la perpetuación de estos cuadros disfuncionales. Materiales y método: se realizó una revisión, de tipo narrativa, entre los meses de abril de 2022 y agosto de 2022. Se consultaron base de datos tales como MedLine/PubMed y Scielo, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos diez años. Resultados: se obtuvieron un total de 71 artículos, de los cuales, se excluyeron 30 trabajos, resultando en 41 los artículos incluidos en la presente síntesis cualitativa. Conclusiones: las intervenciones ergonómicas están dirigidas básicamente, a cambios en los ambientes de trabajo de los profesionales y/o a la implementación de programas que tienen como objetivo instruir y concientizar a los profesionales sobre criterios ergonómicos para su incorporación en el desempeño de su trabajo. Ambos enfoques intervencionistas, han sido evaluados con herramientas validadas de autopercepción, exámenes clínicos y evaluaciones instrumentales. Las estrategias que focalizan el problema, en los espacios de trabajo, y aquellas que, incluyen educación y formación en ergonomía, disminuyen el impacto de los desórdenes músculoesqueletales en esta población. Estas últimas, tienen la potencialidad de provocar cambios en los hábitos de los profesionales, con conductas que se mantienen a mediano plazo.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders have a high prevalence in the general population and in particular, in the health area, dental professionals represent a highly vulnerable population, due to the particular characteristics of the practice of their profession. The study of different ergonomic interventions and the impact they can have on the reduction of muscular symptomatology and on the development and/or perpetuation of these dysfunctional conditions is growing. Method: a narrative review was carried out between April 2022 and August 2022. Databases such as MedLine/PubMed and Scielo were consulted, including articles published in the last ten years. Results: a total of 71 articles were obtained, of which 30 were excluded, resulting in 41 articles included in this qualitative synthesis. Conclusions: ergonomic interventions are basically aimed at changes in the working environments of professionals and/or the implementation of programs aimed at instructing and making professionals aware of ergonomic criteria for their incorporation in their work performance. Both interventionist approaches have been evaluated with validated self-perception tools, clinical examinations and instrumental evaluations. Strategies that focus the problem in the workplace and those that include education and training in ergonomics reduce the impact of musculoskeletal disorders in this population. The latter have the potential to provoke changes in the habits of professionals, with behaviors that are maintained in the medium term.

Introdução: os distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos são altamente prevalentes na população em geral e, em particular, na área da saúde, os profissionais da odontologia representam uma população altamente vulnerável, devido às características particulares do exercício de sua profissão. O estudo de diferentes intervenções ergonômicas e o impacto que elas podem ter na redução dos sintomas musculares e no desenvolvimento e/ou perpetuação dessas condições disfuncionais está crescendo. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa entre abril de 2022 e agosto de 2022. Bases de dados como MedLine/PubMed e Scielo foram consultadas, incluindo artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos. Resultados: foram obtidos um total de 71 artigos, dos quais 30 foram excluídos, resultando em 41 artigos incluídos nesta síntese qualitativa. Conclusões: as intervenções ergonômicas visam basicamente a mudanças nos ambientes de trabalho dos profissionais e/ou a implementação de programas que visam instruir e conscientizar os profissionais sobre critérios ergonômicos para sua incorporação em seu trabalho. Ambas as abordagens intervencionistas foram avaliadas com ferramentas validadas de autopercepção, exames clínicos e avaliações instrumentais. As estratégias que visam o problema no local de trabalho e aquelas que incluem educação e treinamento em ergonomia reduzem o impacto dos distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos nesta população. Estes últimos têm o potencial de provocar mudanças nos hábitos dos profissionais, com comportamentos que são mantidos a médio prazo.

Comparative analysis of work-related musculoskeletal disorders catalogues / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) refer to musculoskeletal disorders caused by work or work as the main cause, which are characterized by high prevalence and heavy burden of disease as a global problem. The classification and catalog of occupational diseases is of great significance for guiding the prevention and control of occupational diseases and safeguarding the rights and interests of workers. The types of WMSDs included in the list of occupational diseases vary greatly from country to country, and the regulations on specific pathogenic factors are also inconsistent. By sorting out and analyzing the lists and characteristics of WMSDs at home and abroad, and using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) in occupational health to standardize of WMSDs in various countries, which would lay the foundation for future multi-country WMSDs occupational health registration and disease burden research, and provide a reference for China to revise the WMSDs list.

Health problems of basketball referees: a prospective study / Problemas de salud en árbitros de baloncesto: estudio prospectivo / Problemas de saúde em oficiais de quadra de basquetebol: estudo prospectivo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball referees are the authorities responsible for ensuring that rules and regulations are followed and for making decisions. The ability of referees to respond to the physical and physiological demands imposed during the game is essential for good performance on the court. Objective: To understand the context in which health problems faced by basketball referees occur and to outline the epidemiological profile of musculoskeletal injuries. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in which basketball referees were evaluated using a standardized form. The participants were monitored online weekly for 12 weeks using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire to assess health problems, such as diseases (affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive or neurological systems) or musculoskeletal injuries (acute or from overuse). Results: The study sample consisted of 78 referees with a mean age of 36.5 (±9.8) years. Most referees (97.4%) found it important to implement a preventive program. In relation to the health problems reported during follow-up, there was an incidence rate of 23.7 injuries per 1000 hours of play (95% CI 19.5 - 27.9) and the mean weekly prevalence of diseases was 3.2 (95% CI 0.4 - 6.0) and of injuries was 17.4 (95% CI 16.5 - 18.3). Conclusion: Through this study, it was possible to conclude that there was an incidence rate of 23.7 injuries per 1000 hours of play (95% CI 19.5 - 27.9) and a mean prevalence of diseases of 3.2 (95% CI 0.4 - 6.0) and musculoskeletal injuries of 17.4 (95% CI 16.5 - 18.3). The most common health problems that affected basketball referees were musculoskeletal overuse injuries of the lower limbs. Level of evidence I; Prospective cohort study .

RESUMEN Introducción: Los árbitros de baloncesto son las autoridades responsables por garantizar que las reglas y los reglamentos sean cumplidos y por la toma de decisiones. La capacidad de respuesta de los árbitros a las demandas físicas y fisiológicas impuestas durante el juego es fundamental para un buen desempeño en campo. Objetivo: Comprender el contexto en el que ocurren los problemas de salud de los árbitros de baloncesto y trazar el perfil epidemiológico de las lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Métodos: Fue realizado un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en el que los árbitros de baloncesto fueron evaluados por medio de un formulario estandarizado. Los participantes fueron monitorizados semanalmente en línea durante 12 semanas, usándose el cuestionario de Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center para evaluar los problemas de salud, como enfermedades (que afectan a los sistemas respiratorio, cardiovascular, digestivo o neurológico) o lesiones musculoesqueléticas (agudas o por sobrecarga). Resultados: La muestra del estudio fue compuesta por 78 árbitros con promedio de edad de 36,5 (± 9,8) años. La mayoría de los árbitros (97,4%) consideró importante implementar un programa preventivo. Con relación a los problemas de salud durante el acompañamiento, hubo incidencia de 23,7 lesiones a cada 1000 horas de juego (IC 95%: 19,5 - 27,9) y la prevalencia promedio semanal de enfermedades fue de 3,2 (IC 95% 0,4 - 6,0) y de lesiones, 17,4 (IC 95% 16,5 - 18,3). Conclusión: Por medio de este estudio, fue posible concluir que hubo una tasa de incidencia de 23,7 lesiones a cada 1000 horas de juego (IC 95%: 19,5 - 27,9), y prevalencia promedio de enfermedades de 3,2 (IC 95% 0,4 - 6,0) y de lesiones musculoesqueléticas de 17,4 (IC 95% 16,5 - 18,3). Los problemas de salud más comunes que acometieron a los árbitros de baloncesto fueron las lesiones musculoesqueléticas de los miembros inferiores. Nivel de evidencia I, Estudio de cohorte prospectivo .

RESUMO Introdução: Os oficiais de quadra de basquetebol são considerados autoridades oficiais responsáveis pelo comprimento das regras e tomada de decisões. A capacidade de resposta dos oficiais às exigências físicas e fisiológicas impostas durante o jogo é fundamental para um bom desempenho em quadra. Objetivo: Compreender o contexto pelo qual ocorrem os problemas de saúde enfrentados por oficiais de quadra de basquetebol. E a partir disso, traçar o perfil epidemiológico de lesões musculoesqueléticas. Métodos: Estudo coorte prospectivo no qual foi realizado uma avaliação dos oficiais de quadra de basquetebol através de um instrumento de avaliação. Em seguida, foi realizado o acompanhamento semanal online por 12 semanas utilizando o questionário Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center para avaliar os problemas de saúde, sendo eles doenças (acometem sistema respiratório, cardiovascular, digestivo ou neurológico) e lesões musculoesqueléticas (agudas e sobrecarga). Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 78 oficiais de quadra com média de idade de 36,5 (±9,8) anos. A maioria dos oficiais (97,4%) consideram importante a implementação de um programa preventivo. Em relação aos problemas de saúde durante o acompanhamento, houve uma taxa de incidência de 23,7 lesões a cada 1000 horas de jogo (IC 95% 19,5 - 27,9) e uma prevalência média semanal de doenças foi de 3,2 (IC 95% 0,4 - 6,0) e de lesões foi de 17,4 (IC 95% 16,5 - 18,3). Conclusão: Por meio deste estudo, foi possível concluir que houve uma taxa de incidência de 23,7 lesões a cada 1000 horas de jogo (IC 95% 19,5 - 27,9) e prevalência média de doenças de 3,2 (IC 95% 0,4 - 6,0) e de lesões musculoesqueléticas de 17,4 (IC 95% 16,5 - 18,3). Os problemas de saúde mais comuns que acometeram os oficiais de quadra de basquetebol foram as lesões musculoesqueléticas por sobrecarga em membros inferiores. Nível de evidência I; Estudo de coorte prospectivo .

Evaluación ergonómica del puesto de trabajo ayudante de mesa de baja presión en una empresa cervecera / Workstation ergonomic evaluation of alow pressure table assistant position in a brewery

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con enfoque ergonómico, para determinar riesgos de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas, en el puesto de trabajo "Ayudante de mesa de baja presión", en una empresa cervecera en la ciudad de Cagua, Venezuela. Diez hombres conformaron la muestra en la fase I, y dos en la fase II: bachilleres, sedentarios, 30,1 años de edad promedio, laborando en turnos rotativos de lunes a viernes, en las tareas: encajonar, quitar chapas, posicionar, arrumar, traslado y paletizar. Mediante entrevista personal y colectiva (utilizando la guía DEPARIS) se conocieron sus características socio-demográficas y opiniones respecto a problemas de salud, vinculados al puesto de trabajo. Los riesgos de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas fueron identificados con el método MODSI y Ecuación de NIOSH. Dicha evaluación indicó que en las tareas "encajonar, "quitar chapas", el riesgo es de nivel "medio", y en "posicionar", "arrumar", "traslado", y "paletizar", el riesgo es alto. En situaciones de "posicionar" y "traslado", fue considerado "muy alto", debido a factores como: bipedestación prolongada, movimientos de torsión de tronco, extensión de hombros, codos y brazos, lateralización de muñecas, flexión de espalda y cuello, y relativa fuerza. La organización del trabajo amerita cambios: aplicar un plan para disminuir las botellas rechazadas, diseñar herramientas de mano para destapar las botellas, instalar una silla para la alternabilidad de posturas, junto a un plan preventivo de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos, pausas activas y accidentes de trabajo, dotar de equipos de protección personal, ampliar los espacios de trabajo e incorporar ayuda mecánica adecuada a las características de las tareas y la necesidad de los trabajadores(AU)

We carried out a two-phase descriptive ergonomic evaluation of the low pressure table assistant job position in a brewery in Cagua, Venezuela to determine the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. There were 10 single men in phase I and two men in phase II, with an average age of30.1 years, working in rotating shifts from Monday through Friday. Tasks consisted of boxing, removing plates, positioning, cleaning up, transfers and palletizing. We used individual and group interviews (DEPARIS guide) to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and opinions regarding job-related health issues. Risk of musculoskeletal injury was measured using the MODSI method and NIOSH Equation. This evaluation identified a medium risk for boxing and removing plates; it was high for positioning, arranging, moving, and palletizing. For tasks involving positioning and transfers, the risk was very high due to prolonged standing, trunk twisting, extension of the shoulder, elbow and forearm, lateralization of the wrists, back and neck flexion, and relative force. We also recommended some changes in how the work was organized. Among these implementing a plan to reduce rejected bottles, designing hand tools to open bottles, installing a multi-position chair to allow changes in posture, developing a preventive plan for musculoskeletal disorders, work breaks and accident prevention, providing personal protective equipment, expanding work spaces and incorporating mechanical assist devices appropriate to the characteristics of the tasks and worker needs(AU)

Percepción del beneficio del ejercicio para la prevención de trastornos musculoesqueléticos: una perspectiva del trabajador / Workers' perception of benefit of the exercise for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

Resumen: Distintas modalidades de prevención para disminuir la incidencia de Trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) han sido propuestas, sin embar go, no existe evidencia nacional sobre la valoración que hacen los trabajadores sobre las acciones implementadas por las empresas. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción de los trabajadores sobre el beneficio del ejercicio en el puesto de trabajo (EPT) para prevenir TME. Método: Bajo el contexto de un estudio de evaluación de efectividad del ejercicio en la prevención de TME en trabajadores manu factureros, se le aplicó una encuesta de percepción a la totalidad de los trabajadores (n = 109). Resultados: Un 92.3% de los trabajadores con sidera importante realizar EPT y el 82.8% lo asocia a una conducta saludable, destaca un alto nivel de satisfacción en la práctica grupal de los ejercicios (96%) y estar de acuerdo con implementarla como estra tegia de prevención permanente. Conclusión: Los trabajadores otorgan gran importancia a la aplicación de EPT, independiente de su modali dad, los cuales tienden a relacionarse con la percepción positiva respec to a los efectos beneficiosos para su salud. La aplicación de esta moda lidad de ejercicios tiene una alta aceptabilidad por los trabajadores, facilitando su implementación y logro de objetivos.

Abstract: Different forms of prevention to reduce the incidence of musculoskel etal disorders (MSDs) have been proposed, however, there is no national evidence on the assessment made by workers on the actions implemented by companies. The purpose of this study was to assess workers' perception of the benefit of exercise in the workplace to prevent MSDs. Method: In the context of an evaluation study of exercise effectiveness in the prevention of MSDs in manufacturing workers, a perception survey was applied to all workers (n = 109). Results: 92.3% of the workers considered it important to exercise in the workplace and 82.8% associated it with a healthy behavior, they reported a high level of satisfaction in the group practice of the exer cises (96%) and agree to implement it as a permanent prevention strategy. Conclusion: The workers give high importance to the appli cation of exercise in the workplace, regardless of their modality, which tend to relate to positive perception and beneficial effects for their health.. The application of this type of exercise has a high acceptabil ity by workers, facilitating its implementation and achievement of objectives.

Programa de ergonomía participativa para la prevención de trastornos musculoesqueléticos: aplicación en una empresa del Sector Industrial / Participative ergonomic program for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders application in a company of industrial sector

Se propone como estrategia para el control de los Trastornos Musculoequeléticos (TME) un Programa de Ergonomía Participativa (PEP). La aplicación de este programa se divide en 5 etapas: Análisis de empresa, evaluación de riesgos ergonómicos, construcción del plan de acción, ejecución del plan de acción y verificación de medidas de control. La base que sustenta al PEP es la conformación de un Grupo de Ergonomía en la empresa (Grupo Ergo), quien estará a cargo de la identificación, evaluación e implementación de medidas de control con la asesoría de un profesional de Ergonomía. Las metodologías de evaluación de riesgos a utilizar por el Grupo Ergo serán las indicadas en la Normativa Chilena (Ley 20.001 DS N°63/2005 y Decreto N°4 que modifica el DS N°594) que exigen la aplicación de las herramientas: Manual Asessments Charts (MAC) para identificar y evaluar tareas de Manejo Manual de Carga en Levantamiento-descenso, transporte, levantamiento, descenso en equipo y las tablas de Liberty Mutual para tareas de empuje y arrastre de carga; y, por otra parte, la Norma Técnica de Trastornos Musculoequeléticos de Extremidad Superior (MINSAL, 2011) establece la aplicación de una Lista de chequeo contenida en la Norma ISO 11228-3 para la identificación y evaluación de tareas que involucren movimientos repetitivos, postura, fuerza, tiempos de recuperación y factores adicionales, respectivamente. Se presenta la aplicación del PEP en una empresa del rubro industrial chileno, planteándose como objetivo cumplir con las etapas del programa en un periodo de 4 meses. Se establece como objetivo del PEP lograr implementar un 70% de las medidas consideradas denivel "simples". Los resultados reflejaron el cumplimiento de las etapas, logrando implementar un 79% de las medidas simples y un 27% de las medidas complejas. Pese a que es una experiencia primaria en Chile, se pudieron observar beneficios indirectos en la ejecución del PEP, tales como generar una cultura en la empresa respecto a temas de Ergonomía, lograr el compromiso de los ejecutivos en la implementación de las medidas de control y el cumplimiento de legislación chilena respecto a Ergonomía.

It is proposed as a strategy to control Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) Participatory Ergonomics Program (PEP). The implementation of this program is divided into 5 stages: Company Analysis, ergonomic risk assessment, construction of the action plan, implementation of the action plan and verification of control measures. The base that sustains the PEP is the creation of a Group of Ergonomics in the company (Ergo Group), who will be responsible for the identification, evaluation and implementation of control measures with the assistance of a professional ergonomics. The risk assessment methodologies to be used by Ergo Group shall be indicated in Chilean law (Law 20,001 DS No. 63/2005 and Decree No. 4 amending DS No. 594) that requires the application of tools: Manual assessments charts (MAC) to identify and evaluate tasks Burden Handling Manual lifting-lowering, transport, lifting, lowering team and Liberty Mutual tables to pushing and load dragging tasks, and, moreover, the Technical Regulations Musculoskeletal disorders Upper Extremity (MINSAL, 2011) establishes the application of a checklist contained in ISO 11228-3 for the identification and evaluation of tasks that include repetitive movements, posture, strength, recovery times and additional factors, respectively. The implementation of PEP is presented in a company of the Chilean industrial sector, setting out as objective to comply with the program steps over a period of 4 months. It sets the objective of achieving PEP implement 70% of the measures consider of "simple" level. The results showed compliance with stages, achieving 79% implement simple measures and 27% of complex measures. Although it is a primary experience in Chile, indirect benefits could be observed in the implementation of PEP, such as a culture in the company on issues of ergonomics, to achieve the commitment of the executive in the implementation of control measures and compliance with Chilean legislation on Ergonomics.

Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists: A Review.

Dental professionals are facing a variety of occupational hazards. Technological advancements in the field of dental equipment and materials have not fully eliminated the musculoskeletal problems of dentists. When practicing, dentists sometimes are forced to adopt unhealthy postures that depend mainly on factors related to the working conditions. These lesion starts to appear at beginning of clinical practice as a student, and it will persist as they acquire independent posture and working habits during the professional life. Th e pervasive of musculoskeletal complaints among dentists is high and well documented. Based on the relevant literature, the present manuscript discusses the musculoskeletal problems of dental professionals.

Identificación de riesgos biomecánicos de los/as trabajadores en plantas de proceso de salmón para la prevención de disfunción dolorosa de extremidad superior (DDES) / Identification of biomechanical risks / as workers salmon processing plants for the prevention of upper extremity painful dysfunction (DDES)

Investigación realizada en 3 plantas procesadoras de Salmón de la Provincia de Chiloé, Chile. Se obtuvo una muestra de 150 trabajadores sanos, de ambos sexos, los que fueron grabados en 2 planos y 2 ciclos de trabajo. Los datos que se obtuvieron fueron analizados a través de CheckList-OCRA y procesados estadísticamente mediante el Software IBM SPSS Statistics. Los resultados indican que en las tareas realizadas por los trabajadores los factores de riesgo biomecánicos más críticos y que tienen mayor importancia en el valor del índice intrínseco (CheckList OCRA) son: Postura (valores de correlación 0,89 y 0,87 para la extremidad superior derecha e izquierda, respectivamente); Fuerza (valores de correlación 0,86 y 0,87 para la extremidad superior derecha e izquierda, respectivamente); y, Frecuencia (valores de correlación 0,81 y 0,71 para la extremidad superior derecha e izquierda, respectivamente). Por otra parte, de un total de 21 puestos evaluados, un 67% (14) presentan un nivel de riesgo "alto" (valores de índice intrínseco sobre 22,5). De estos, la mayor cantidad de trabajadores se concentra en los puestos de Despinado Manual y Decorado (70% del total de la muestra). Las conclusiones de la investigación apuntan a que los mayores esfuerzos de prevención se debieran enfocar en los puestos críticos (nivel de riesgo alto-medio), principalmente hacia aquellos que involucran a una mayor masa de trabajadores (Despinado Manual y Decorado). Estas indicaciones debiesen estar dirigidas al mejoramiento de la técnica de trabajo, eliminación de acciones técnicas inútiles, perfeccionamiento de herramientas, rediseño de la línea de producción y layout, además de rotación de funciones.

Research conducted in 3 salmon processing plants in the province of Chiloé, Chile. A sample of 150 healthy workers of both sexes was obtained, which was recorded in 2 planes and 2 cycles. The data obtained were analyzed through CheckList-OCRA and processed statistically using IBM SPSS Statistics Software. The results indicate that the tasks performed by workers factors most critical biomechanical risk and that are most important intrinsic value index (CheckList OCRA) are: Posture (correlation values 0,89 and 0,87 for the tip upper right and left, respectively); Strength (correlation values 0,87 and 0,86 for the upper right and left end, respectively); and frequency (correlation values 0,81 and 0,71 for the right upper extremity and left, respectively). Moreover, a total of 21 seats tested, 67% (14) have a level of "high" (values intrinsic rate of 22,5) risk. Of these, the largest number of workers are concentrated in positions of despinado Manual and Scenery (70% of total sample). The research findings suggest that older Prevention efforts should focus on critical positions (middle-level high risk), mainly to those involving a greater mass of workers (despinado Manual and decorado). These indications are slated to be aimed at improving technical work, elimination of unnecessary technical actions, improved tools, redesigning the production line layout, plus rotation functions.

Evaluación de riesgos de manipulación repetitiva a alta frecuencia basada en análisis de esfuerzos dinámicos en las articulaciones sobre modelos humanos digitales / Risk assessment of high frequency repetitive handling based on dynamic stress analysis in joints of Digital human Models

El nuevo método desarrollado está dirigido a evaluar el riesgo derivado de la realización de tareas repetitivas a alta frecuencia. Utiliza un sistema de captura de movimiento basado en sensores inerciales, utilizable en los propios puestos de trabajo, que nos permite trasladar el movimiento a un modelo biomecánico de antropometría similar al sujeto observado. Incorpora un motor de cálculo de esfuerzos en las articulaciones, que tiene en cuenta las dimensiones antropométricas, las fuerzas externas, las reacciones en los puntos de apoyo, así como las fuerzas de inercia derivadas de las aceleraciones lineales y angulares alcanzadas durante la tarea. El resultado es un método predictivo de riesgo musculoesquelético que, a diferencia de otros métodos que requieren un trabajo muy minucioso (UNE 1005-3) a la hora de definir las acciones técnicas, reduce drásticamente el proceso de análisis ya que el proceso es automático, y no está influenciado por la subjetividad del evaluador.

The new method developed is aimed at assessing the risk from repetitive tasks at high frequency. It uses a motion capture system based on inertial sensors for use in their own jobs, which allows us to transfer the movement to a biomechanical model similar to the observed subject anthropometry. Incorporates a calculation engine of efforts in joints, considerating the anthropometric dimensions, external forces, the reactions in the support points, as well as the inertial forces arising from linear and angular accelerations encountered during the task. The result is a musculoskeletal risk predictive method which, unlike other methods that require a very thorough job (UNE 1005-3) for defining the technical actions, dramatically reduces the analysis process because the process is automated, and is not influenced by the subjectivity of the evaluator.

[Interventional ergonomic study to correct and improve working postures and decrease discomfort in assembly workers of an electronic industry]

Musculoskeletal disorders [MSDs] are a major cause of time loss, costs and work force injuries in the workplace. Awkward working posture is a main risk factor for developing MSDs. This study was conducted among assembly workers of an electronic industry with the objective of implementing an interventional ergonomic program to reduce postural stress on neck and trunk and to minimize awkward working postures. This interventional study was conducted on 81 assembly workers of an electronic industry. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was used to determine prevalence of MSDs. Numeric rating scale was applied to evaluate body discomfort before and after the intervention [using a magnification lenses to improve visibility of the parts]. Statistical analysis including independent t-test was performed using SPSS [version 16] software. The results showed that MSDs occurred among assembly workers at high rate in neck, lower back, and shoulder/upper arm regions [more than 75%]. After intervention, significant discomfort decrement was observed in neck, shoulder/upper arm, lower back, elbows and lower arm regions together with the whole body [p<0.05]. More than 90% of the assemblers reported that using the magnification lenses facilitated assembly operation and was comfortable. After the intervention, 89% of the workers evaluated working conditions better as compared with that of before the intervention. It was indicated that using magnification lenses reduced discomfort in different body regions as well as the whole body. It could, therefore be expected that its application of magnification lenses would decrease MSDs of different body regions in long term. Findings showed assemblers satisfaction when using the lenses as well as effectiveness of the lenses application in manufacturing process.

Prevalence of upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorders among dental students and professionals in Ajman, United Arab Emirates: an observational study

This study aims to find the prevalence of upper quadrant musculoskeletal problems among dental students and professionals. Across sectional study was carried out among dental professionals in Ajman. A self-reported questionnaire was distributed to 72 dental students and 30 dental care practitioners from the College of Dentistry at Gulf Medical University, Dental Department of Gulf Medical College Hospital and the College of Dentistry of Ajman Institute of technology. The frequent musculoskeletal problem sex experienced by dental professionals were pain in the upper back [30%], shoulder problems [24.5%], and pain in the wrist [20.6%]. The results of this study suggest that the dental professionals have a high prevalence of developing upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorders. As such, the dental profession will need to carefully consider preventive strategies to help minimize the impact of this important occupational health hazard on the next generation of dental professionals

[Assessment of body work condition by RULA method in a motor vehicle industry in order to design an effective exoskeleton system]

Physical activities in occupations like handling, static and dynamic postures, sudden movements, and repetitive postures are amongst most important risk factors of Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders [WMSDs]. There are many ergonomic methods for assessing WMSDs which can be used in different cases, but these assessments and analyses can't be beneficial by themselves and should be promoted with usable, practical suggestions to improve the work condition. This quality is brought to this research paper by first assessing ergonomic risks level, resulted by postural stresses, with special emphasis on improper postures, forces and repeating and then using these information to design assisting device called exoskeleton for improving work condition and industrial tasks. For assessing and analyzing upper body work condition, postures in 17 different tasks were analyzed by RULA [Rapid upper limb assessment] method and a set of 60 worksheets were created out of them. Also biomechanical movement observation during normal tasks was done. Then HONDA company's exoskeleton for lower body was analyzed and some design elements were extracted from it, to design an upper body exoskeleton based on the same design language. This Research shows that none of tasks were completely acceptable, and neck, trunk and legs were more affected by improper postures. There was no meaningful difference between right and left hand conditions in overall task and posture assessment. Research also shows dominant effect of force and repeat risk factors in tasks being harmful for upper body. Analyzing HONDA company's exoskeleton shows the likelihood of success in upper body exoskeleton for improving work conditions and minimizing WMSDs. Although redistribution or regular rotation of personnel, changing and optimizing work cycles and proper training might reduce WMSDs and improve work condition, but using an assisting device such as exoskeleton can minimize WMSDs and have a more desirable effect from ergonomic and physiological perspectives. Assisting devices like HONDA company's lower body assisting exoskeleton have clearly shown the statement to be true

Incidência cumulativa anual de doenças musculoesqueléticas incapacitantes relacionadas ao trabalho em uma área urbana do Brasil / Cumulative annual incidence of disabling work-related musculoskeletal disorders in an urban area of Brazil

Estimou-se a incidência cumulativa anual (ICA) das doenças musculoesqueléticas incapacitantes que acometem a região cervical e/ou membros superiores (DMEMS) relacionadas ao trabalho, entre trabalhadores do Regime Geral da Previdência Social (RGPS) de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Trabalhadores que receberam benefícios por incapacidade temporária por DMEMS relacionadas ao trabalho foram considerados casos, em 2008. Os dados provêm dos sistemas administrativos do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS) e do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). A ICA foi de 15 por dez mil trabalhadores. Mulheres, os de menor renda e aqueles que trabalhavam no ramo de atividades financeiras e indústria de transformação tinham maior ICA-DMEMS do que os seus referentes. Mulheres com o menor rendimento (um salário mínimo: R$ 415,00) tiveram a maior ICA-DMEMS, de 123 casos por dez mil. Isso sugere desigualdade na ocorrência dessas enfermidades, indicando a necessidade de priorizar não só ações de prevenção, com foco na ergonomia e organização do trabalho, como também o diagnóstico precoce, tratamento e reabilitação profissional.

This study focused on the annual cumulative incidence (ACI) of disabling work-related musculoskeletal disorders affecting the neck and/or upper limbs (ULMSD) among workers covered by the National Social Insurance System in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Cases were workers who received disability compensation benefits when unable to work due to ULMSD, during the year 2008. The data were obtained from the administrative systems of the National Social Insurance Institute and Ministry of Labor and Employment. ACI was 15 per 10,000 workers. Increased ACI of ULMSD was associated with female gender, lower income, and work in financial activities or manufacturing. Women earning the minimum wage (US$ 64.00 per month) or less had the highest ACI of ULMSD (123 per 10,000), suggesting inequalities in the occurrence of these disorders. The study indicates the need to prioritize preventive actions focusing on ergonomics and work organization, early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Awareness among Indian dentist regarding the role of physical activity in prevention of work related musculoskeletal disorders.

Background: The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal complaints in dentists is high and the past two decades have witnessed a sharp rise in the incidence of various disorders. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain ranges between 64% and 93%. The most effected regions have been back and neck. Various studies have been done to record stress levels and health-related behaviors of dentists in other countries but limited data is available among the Indian dentists. Materials and Methods: Therefore a questionnaire survey was carried out among 102 Indian dentists belonging to different fields having at least one musculoskeletal disorder in last 6 months. Results: The total sample consists of 80 males and 22 females. Out of the 102 over 97 of dentists had sought medical advice for these disorders during the previous 06 months and 74 of them also consulted the physiotherapist for exercises and ergonomic advice. The number of sessions taken for regular physical exercises was minimum 6 till 44 the most. The percentage of improvement in symptoms varied between 20% and 80%. Conclusions: A significant direct correlation between the number of sessions taken for physical activity and the self-perceived improvement in the symptoms was found using the Pearson correlation test. The work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists not only decrease their efficiency but also is a major concern among them. Self-awareness and benefits of regular exercise is the need of the hour.

[ effects of an educational intervention on knowledge, attitude and ergonomic behaviors]

Obviously, decreasing the work-related musculoskeletal disorders is well achieved through the application of ergonomic design principles however, there are occasions in which the existence of some barriers [technical and economical] can preclude ergonomic improvement and therefore, some organizations rely on correct task performance methods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of educational intervention on worker's knowledge increase, attitude change, and ergonomic habits promotion. In this interventional study, workers were randomly assigned to one of the two study groups: a case group receiving the ergonomic training [n=75], and a control group [n=75]. Ergonomic training program composed of five sessions of 30-45 minutes duration containing issues such as ergonomic science, human body mechanic, upright and awkward postures, pros and cons of upright posture maintenance, and solutions for removal of obstacles, stretch exercise for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, and workstation adjustment. Data were gathered before and 3 months after intervention by self-reporting questionnaire and checklist. Reliability was assessed by test-retest method and the internal consistency evaluated by Cronbach's Alpha. Statistical analysis was performed using X[2] test, McNemar test, independent t-test, and paired t-test. Worker's knowledge significantly increased from 7.97 +/- 2.91 to 14.07 +/- 1.98 and the attitude change from 14.29 +/- 6.5 to 21.63 +/- 4.7 three months after educational intervention [p> 0.05]. No significant change was observed in control group. Regarding the ergonomic risk factors, our findings were indicative of significant change in general body and feet posture, trunk, neck, and wrist and hands postures while other ergonomic risk factors remained unchanged Results from this study emphasize on necessity of integrated educational-managerial and engineering approach to promote the workplace ergonomic condition as well as considering the substantial role of psychosocial factors such as knowledge and attitude and focusing on personal skills for improving ergonomic habits to achieve a higher level of health promotion among human power

practical method for school furniture design to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among pupils

Design of school furniture is one of the contributing factors to back pain among pupils. Research has implicated that mismatch between school furniture and body size may be regarded as a causative factor for muculoskeletal disorders amongst pupils. To investigate the fitness between school furniture and pupils this study was designed and implemented in Hamadan City, west of Iran. This descriptive study was done on 1580 pupils from 11 to 18 years old including both genders, using cluster sampling. Anthropometrical dimensions including height and weight were measured and demographic data collected. According to ISO 5970 procedure, all studied pupils, divided into four groups. In the first group, including both genders in first grade of secondary school, size 3 was purposed for redesign of school furniture. In the second group, including boys in second and third grade of secondary school, size 4 was purposed for redesign of school furniture. Accordingly, in the third group including girls from second grade of secondary school to end of high school, size 4 was purposed for redesign of school furniture. In forth group including high school boys, size 5 was purposed for redesign of school furniture. Current design of school furniture is not compatible with the pur-posed dimensions. In most cases, the same size furniture was in use from secondary schools to high schools

Health promotion for middle-aged Isan women, Thailand: a participatory approach.

It is increasingly clear that non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis, are important not only for the developed but also the developing world. Prevention efforts depend on community-based interventions and for these to be successful a participatory approach is necessary. The present paper describes experiences with middle-aged females living in a village in Isan, the Northeastern area of Thailand, focusing on the steps necessary to develop trust between researcher and subjects, the actual conditions of the women involved and their problems. From this base a number of interventions are planned taking into account the wishes of the villagers themselves, including a project to facilitate participation in physical exercise, a prime measure for prevention of cancer and other NCDs.