ARIMA model in predicting of COVID-19 epidemic for the Southern Africa region

Background: Coronavirus pandemic, a serious global public health threat, affects the Southern African countries more than any other country on the continent. The region has become the epicenter of the coronavirus with South Africa accounting for the most cases. To cap the deadly effect caused by the pandemic, we apply a statistical modelling approach to investigate and predict COVID-19 incidence. Methods: Using secondary data on the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases per million for Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) member states from March 5, 2020, to July 15, 2021, we model and forecast the spread of coronavirus in the region. We select the best ARIMA model based on the log-likelihood, AIC, and BIC of the fitted models. Results: The ARIMA (11,1,11) model for the complete data set was finally selected among ARIMA models based upon the parameter test and the Box­Ljung test. The ARIMA (11,1,9) was the best candidate for the training set. A 15-day forecast was also made from the model, which shows a perfect fit with the testing set. Conclusion: The number of new COVID-19 cases per million for the SADC shows a downward trend, but the trend is characterized by peaks from time to time. Tightening up of the preventive measures continuously needs to be adapted in order to eradicate the coronavirus epidemic from the population.

Biological and histopathological investigations of moclobemide on injured ovarian tissue following induction of ischemia-reperfusion in rats

The effects of moclobemide on damaged ovarian tissue induced by is-chemia-reperfusion and damaged contralateral ovarian tissue were investigated in rats, biochemically and histologically. In this experimental study, 40 rats were equally divided into four groups: 10 mg/kg moclobemide, 20 mg/kg moclobemide, ischemia/reperfusion control, and intact control groups. A 2-2.5-cm-long vertical incision was made in the lower abdomen of each rat in order to reach the ovaries, after which a vascular clip was placed on the lower side of the right ovary of each animal in the two treatment groups and the ischemia-reperfusion control group, but not in the healthy [intact control] animal group. The purpose of this procedure was to create ischemia over the course of three hours, then the clips were unclamped to provide reperfusion for the next two hours. At the end of the two hours of reperfusion, all the animals were killed by high-dose anaesthesia and their ovaries were taken and subjected to histological and biochemical [malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glutathione] studies. The obtained results showed that moclobemide suppressed nitric oxide and malondialdehyde production in the ischemia - reperfusion damage area, and prevented the decrease in endogenous antioxidant levels [glutathione] in the rat ovarian tissue. Moclobemide also prevented infiltration of leukocytes to the ovarian tissue. These results showed that moclobemide protected ovarian tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study shows that moclobemide represses malondialdehyde and nitric oxide production in the rat ovarian tissue subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and keeps the endogenous antioxidant glutathione level from decreasing. Moclobemide also inhibits leukocytic migration into ovarian tissue following ischemia-reperfusion injury. From these results, it is suggested that moclobemide can be used in the treatment of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury

Effect of newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazino5,6-bindole-3-thione derivatives on olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the derivatives of 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indole-3-thione for antidepressant activity in olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rats. Out of various derivatives tested for acute tail suspension test, the two derivatives showing prominent action were selected for bilateral olfactory bulbectomy model of chronic depression in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The sub acute effects of 14-day oral pretreatment of two derivatives labeled as 3a (70 mg/kg) and 3r (70 mg/kg), imipramine (20 mg/kg), fluoxetine (30 mg/kg) and moclobemide (15 mg/kg) were evaluated on bilateral bulbectomy induced rise in body weight, hyperphagia, hyperactivity, and on sexual dysfunction. The serum sodium concentration, body temperature, and heart rate were also recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The derivatives 3a and 3r showed reversal of drop in body weight, reversed OBX induced hyperactivity, normalized body temperature, heart rate, and serum sodium concentration. In elevated maze test, moclobemide, 3a, 3r treatment significantly reduced time spent in open arm as compared to OBX rats. 3a and 3r also improved sexual behavior parameters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present study shows promising antidepressant action and provides a proof of concept for the chronic treatment of 3a, 3r to treat depression.</p>

Comparison of Treatment Adherence between Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Moclobemide in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder

OBJECTIVE: With respect to the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder (SAD), it has been suggested that treatment duration is an important factor that can significantly predict responses. The present study aimed to compare the treatment adherence of SAD patients who were taking either SSRIs or reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (moclobemide) by measuring treatment duration and all-cause discontinuation rates of pharmacotherapy in a natural clinical setting. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 172 patients diagnosed with SAD. Depending on their medication, we divided the patients into two groups, SSRI (n=54) or moclobemide (n=118). The expected number of all-cause discontinuation every 2 weeks after starting treatment was calculated by life table survival methods. A multi-variable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyze the potential influence of explanatory variables. RESULTS: Treatment duration was significantly longer in the SSRI group [46.41+/-56.96, median=12.0 (weeks)] than in the moclobemide group [25.53+/-34.74, median=12.0 (weeks), Z=2.352, p=0.019]. Overall, all-cause discontinuation rates were significantly lower with SSRIs (81%) than moclobemide (96%, chi2=4.532, p=0.033). CONCLUSION: The SSRI group had a longer treatment duration and lower all-cause discontinuation rate than moclobemide. Further, only the type of medication had a significant effect on all-cause discontinuation rates and therefore, we could predict better treatment adherence with the SSRIs in the treatment of SAD.

MAO-inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) belong to the earliest drugs tried in Parkinson's disease (PD). They have been used with or without levodopa (L-DOPA). Non-selective MAO-I due to their side-effect/adverse reaction profile, like tranylcypromine have limited use in the treatment of depression in PD, while selective, reversible MAO-A inhibitors are recommended due to their easier clinical handling. For the treatment of akinesia and motor fluctuations selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline are recommended. They are safe and well tolerated at the recommended daily doses. Their main differences are related to (1) metabolism, (2) interaction with CYP-enzymes and (3) quantitative properties at the molecular biological/genetic level. Rasagiline is more potent in clinical practise and has a hypothesis driven more favourable side effect/adverse reaction profile due to its metabolism to aminoindan. Both selegiline and rasagiline have a neuroprotective and neurorestaurative potential. A head-to head clinical trial would be of utmost interest from both the clinical outcome and a hypothesis-driven point of view. Selegiline is available as tablet and melting tablet for PD and as transdermal selegiline for depression, while rasagiline is marketed as tablet for PD. In general, the clinical use of MAO-I nowadays is underestimated. There should be more efforts to evaluate their clinical potency as antidepressants and antidementive drugs in addition to the final proof of their disease-modifying potential. In line with this are recent innovative developments of MAO-I plus inhibition of acetylcholine esterase for Alzheimer's disease as well as combined MAO-I and iron chelation for PD.

Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for the Number of Patients Visiting Emergency Departments

PURPOSE: We aimed to develop and validate a prediction model for the number of patients visiting emergency departments. METHODS: Enrolled patients were from eleven regional emergency departments (EDs) (level-1) that inputted information on emergency patients into the National Emergency Department Information System since 2004. We developed the automated regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)-based prediction model using a dataset covering 2005 to 2007. To validate the prediction model, we performed Bland-Altman plot analysis for a new dataset, that of 2008, calculating the agreement rate. RESULTS: The total number of enrolled patients was 1,532,294. Of these, 844,802 (55.1%) were male and mean age was 36.5. The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1) 7 was selected as the best-fit prediction model. When we tested the validity using Bland-Altman plots, the agreement rate was 96.4% (95% CI, 94.0%~98.1%). Non-agreement dates were national holidays (n=9), and the other weekdays (n=4), respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed the ARIMA-based prediction model for emergency patients at regional EDs. The model showed a very high validity.

Comparison of the efficacy of fluoxetine, phenelzine and moclobemide in rodents using animal models of depression

Fluoxetine, phenelzine and moclobemide are reference antidepressant drugs that are commonly used to treat depression. In a present study we have compared the efficacy of fluoxetine, phenelzine and moclobemide in the rodents using forced swimming test [FST] and the tail suspension test [TST]. All the drugs caused marked reduction in immobility time of rodents in a dose dependent manner in both models of depression but FST appeared to be more sensitive behavioral model than TST, in our study. Moclobemide showed the highest efficacy as it caused 87.7% reduction in immobility time in rats using FST with an efficacy order as moclobemide > phenelzine > fluoxetine. On the basis of IC[30] values for the drugs, fluoxetine appeared to be the most potent in our investigations

Pharmacological Treatments for Dysthymic Disorder and Atypical Depression

OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of depression is based on a highly variable set of symptoms. Therefore, depression should not be viewed as a single disease, but a heterogenous syndrome comprised of different pathophysiologies. There are several subtypes of depression which were already incorporated in DSM-IV. This article provides a systematic review of pharmacological treatments of two recognized subtypes of depression-dysthymic disorder and atypical depression. METHODS: Systematic search of relevant literatures on dysthymic disorder and atypical depression was performed by proposed search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R&D Project. All identified literatures were carefully reviewed and classified according to SIGN grading system and summarized in a narrative manner. RESULT: For the treatment of dysthymic disorder and atypical depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) and moclobemide have more evidence than the other antidepressants. SSRIs and moclobemide showed superior tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants. CONCLUSION: The authors proposed treatment recommendations for dysthymic disorder and atypical depression by the methods of evidence-based medicine(EBM). However, guideline developing methods of EBM also have several inevitable limitations. Therefore, in the absence of clear and significant differences in efficacy, the choice of medication must be individualized for a particular patient based on psychiatrist's own clinical decision.

Effect of Short-Term Treatment of Moclobemide in Patients with Social Phobia: Preliminary Study / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: Although there are a few studies reporting the efficacy of moclobemide in the treatment of social phobia, it has been poorly studied in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short term efficacy of moclobemide in Korean patients with social phobia. METHOD: Sixty six patients with social phobia based on DSM-IV criteria were enrolled to 4-week trial with a flexible-dose regime of moclobemide. Treatment responses were assessed at baseline and week 4 with Liebowits Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE), Mattick's Social Phobia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Sheehan's Disability Scale (SDS). RESULT: Thirty eight of 66 patients completed the 4-week trial. Scores of LSAS, BFNE, and Mattick's Social Phobia Scale at baseline were not significantly reduced after 4-week trial (p=0.084, p=0.537, p=0.283, p=0.111, respectively). But scores of BDI and 3 of 4 Sheehan's Disability Subscale at baseline were significantly reduced (p=0.026, p=0.000, p=0.005, p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Overall results of preliminary study showed that moclobemide could be used for the treatment of depression and functional impairment, but that it was not effective for treatment of anxiety and phobic avoidance of social phobic patients. More controlled, long-term studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of moclobemide for treatment of social phobia.

Uso de moclobemida en el tratamiento de la depresión infantil / The use of moclobemide in treatment of depression in children

Objetivo: La depresión en niños se acompaña por trastornos del humor y la conducta, además de enuresis y encopresis. Se evaluó la utilidad de la moclobemida en niños con depresión. Método: 6 pacientes con depresión fueron evaluados según los criterios de Herzog y Rothbun para depresión infantil. Los pacientes tenían entre 5 y 9 años (promedio 7.6 años). La Impresión Clínica Global (ICG) inicial fue de 4.3. Tres presentaban enuresis, 1 enuresis-encopresis, 1 se autolesionaba y 1 mutismo electivo. Todos presentaron ruptura del vínculo filial y fracaso escolar. Dos varones eran tratados como homosexuales. eL tratamiento con la moclobemida duró de 20 a 480 días de 150 a 450 mg/día. Cuatro habían recibido tratamiento previo. Resultados: Al final del estudio, la ICG fue de 1.6. Hubo mejoría de la conducta y la ansiedad a la primera semana y del humor a la 2a. y 3a. semanas. En todos los casos se controló la enuresis y se atenuó la encopresis. Todos mejoraron conducta y rendimiento escolar. Conclusión: La moclobemida puede ser eficaz en el tratamiento de la depresión infantil.

Antidepressores de dupla ação: correlação entre mecanismos de ação e emprego clínico / Doubleðaction antidepressants: correlations between mechanisms of action and clinical use

São revistos os princípios básicos que estabelecem ser os antidepressores de dupla ação ð os que interferem na correta utilização neurofisiológica de monoaminas como a serotonina e a noradrenalina ð medicamentos mais potentes que aqueles que bloqueiam exclusivamente a recaptura desta ou daquela monoamina. Uma nova possibilidade de modificação ð a plasticidade neuronal ð é aventada para explicar o período de latência exigido para a aparição dos efeitos terapêuticos dos antidepressores. A potência relativa e a equivalência de efeitos medicamentosos entre o diferentes grupos de substâncias utilizadas no tratamento das depressões são também discutidas. Salientaðse a ausência de um salto qualitativo na síntese de antidepressores, reforçando a idéia de um progresso linear, horizontal, na apresentação de novas substâncias para emprego clínico com a vantagem aparente de uma melhor "tolerabilidade". A revisão bibliográfica aponta serem os tricíclicos com função aminoterciária os mais potentes antidepressores, sendo a limitação de seu uso causada pela quantidade e amplitude dos efeitos colaterais observados quando são usadas doses adequadas e reconhecidamente eficazes. Aparentemente menos eficazes, mas muito mais bem toleradas são as outras substâncias antidepressoras de dupla ação: venlafaxina, mirtazapina e milnacipram. As metanálises revistas demonstram que estas três substâncias apresentam diferenças em seus perfis e índices terapêuticos, podendo ser associados a outros antidepressores ou se revelar particularmente úteis em função do quadro clínico. Com estes medicamentos é possível tratar o episódio depressivo, impedir sua recaída e prevenir sua recidiva, visto que a adesão ao tratamento é inversamente proporcional à incidência de efeitos colaterais e sua gravidade. São feitas considerações a respeito do elevado custo pessoal, social e econômico causado pelas depressões isoladamente ou pela presença de sintomas depressivos em outras condições clínicas, principalmente as que demandam hospitalização. Finalmente, recomendaðse a divulgação interdisciplinar dos estudos que mostram a gravidade das doenças do humor e dos métodos eficazes existentes para seu correto tratamento

Tratamiento del síndrome de déficit atencional, SDA, en niños: evaluación de la moclobemida, una alternativa no psicoestimulante / Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: assessment of moclobemide a non-psichostimulant alternative

La terapia actual del síndrome de déficit atencional (SDA) con psicoestimulantes conlleva riesgos de abuso/mal uso y otras limitaciones. Este estudio evaluó la eficacia y tolerabilidad del antidepresivo moclobemida como alternativa no psicoestimulante de este trastorno en niños. Se estudiaron 21 niños entre 6-13 años de edad sin tratamiento SDA previo, cuyo diagnóstico comprendió: historia clínica según DSM-IV; antecedentes de los progenitores; examen neurológico de inmadurez según edad; información del colegio y la aplicación semanal de: test de Conners, test Maze-Porteus (laberinto), familiar figure matching test (FFMT) e impresión clínica global. Tratamiento: 150 mg moclobemida 2 veces al día durante un mes, controlándoseles semanalmente. El 95 por ciento de los pacientes evidenció descensos de los puntajes de severidad en el test de Conners, convirtiéndose los casos severos en moderados, leves y normales. En el laberinto y FFMT hubo reducciones significativas del tiempo de ejecución y del número de errores cometidos, con mejorías en el 86 por ciento de los niños. Según impresión clínica global, un 63 por ciento normalizó o redujo su cuadro a un SDA leve. No hubo alteraciones cardiovasculares, centrales o del apetito, ni del hemograma, perfil bioquímico o EEG. Una niña refirió sensación de frío. Los resultados indican que la moclobemida puede ser una alternativa eficaz y bien tolerada en el tratamiento del SDA en niños. Estudios de largo plazo podrán confirmar estos hallazgos

A Forecasting Model for the Epidemic of Nationally Notifiable Communicable Diseases in Korea / 한국역학회지

PURPOSES: The authors derived two forecasting models which can be used as objective tools for detecting epidemics and predicting the future frequencies of communicable diseases. METHODS: In this study, regression analysis using trigonometric functions, Box and Jenkins's seasonal ARIMA model were applied to the monthly accumulated data of five nationally notifiable communicable diseases from January 1987 to December 1998 in Korea. RESULTS: Between two forecasting models, seasonal ARIMA model gives more precise predicted frequencies than regression model in the neighborhood of the current time points and future time, but the regression model is better in overall agreement between the predicted and observed frequencies during 7 years(1992-1998). CONCLUSIONS: These forecasting models can be usefully applied in deciding and carrying out a national policy in preventing epidemics in the future, and graphic program is much helpful to understand the present status of disease occurrence.

The Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on the beta-Amyloid-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: Amyloid beta protein(Abeta) has been regarded to be toxic to neurons in vitro. However, the mechanism of action leading to neuronal death remains unknown. In this study, we report the effects of psychotropic drugs, that are often prescribed for the improvement of psychotic and depressive symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer's type, on the beta-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells. METHODS: We treated antipsychotics(chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and risperidone) and antidepressants(amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and moclobemide) at 0.1-10 microM concentrations before application of Abeta(10 microM), and compared with control in the absence of psychotropic drugs in cultured PC12 cells. RESULTS: 1) Chlorpromazine, haloperidol and risperidone significantly reduced Abeta-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. 2) Amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and moclobemide significantly reduced Abeta-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that psychotropic drugs in the treatment of dementia of Alzheimer's type may protect the neural cells as well as control neurotransmitter activities.

A Case of Mianserin Treatment in the Patient with Antidepressant-Induced Erectile Dysfunction / 대한정신약물학회지

A 53 year-old male patient with major depressive disorder visited due to various depressive symptoms. According to his past medical history, he had no definite medical problems including hypertension, diabetes mellitus or arteriosclerosis, which affect on sexual function. When his first visit to our outpatient clinic, we administered imipramine and moclobemide and subsequently tried various antidepressants including fluoxetine, paroxetine, and venlafaxine. During the treatment the patient was continuously suffered from erectile dysfunction but he had not notified his erectile dysfunction. Incidentally, after his discontinuation of prescribed antidepressant, he was recovered from his erectile dysfunction and so, he thought his erectile dysfunction was due to antidepressants. After 3 year treatment of antidepressant, the patient and doctor realized his erectile dysfunction was caused by antidepressants. Although the prescribed antidepressant was change to venlafaxine which was known to have less sexual side effects, the patient's erectile dysfunction was continued. But venlafaxine was substituted with mianserin which is 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist, the patient's erectile dysfunction was improved dramatically in 20 days after mianserin administration. It is necessary to assess various side effects of antidepressant regularly and intensively. We recommend that antidepressant should be changed instantly when serious sexual side effects occur or should be considered with administration of 5-HT 2 antagonist which is known to have less sexual dysfunction like as mianserin or some other new antidepressants considered to have little sexual dysfunction.

Effects of aurorix in management of depression

No abstract available.

Moclobemida: una revisión / Moclobemide: a revision

Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de la Moclobemida Inhibidor de la Monoamonoxidasa (IMAO) de la última generación. Se brinda una información general dando a conocer sus características, mecanismos de acción y algunos resultados de su aplicación clínica. Se considera un psicofármaco útil en depresiones de elección en ancianos y en pacientes que no toleran otra terapia antidepresiva. Es una alternativa en el tratamiento de cambios cognitivos y fobias sociales

Pharmacological treatment versus cognitive behavioral therapy in social phobia: a comparative study between moclobemide, paroxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy

Sixty-four patients with generalized social phobia were randomly assigned to Moclobemide, Paroxetine and cognitive behavior therapy groups for twelve weeks. The pattern of response was assessed. Response rate was 47.8, 50 and 23.4% for Moclobemide, Paroxetine and cognitive behavior therapy groups, respectively. Moclobemide was superior in reducing the somatic symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity. Paroxetine was superior in reducing global anxiety symptoms and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Both groups were superior to cognitive behavior therapy in reducing avoidance behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy was superior to Paroxetine in reducing interpersonal sensitivity

Efficacy and Tolerability of Moclobemide Compared with Amitriptyline in Dysthymic Disorder

BACKGROUND: Since dysthymia begins in late childhood or adolescence and has a chronic course, long-term pharmacotherapy may be required. New generation antidepressant, moclobemide, with more acceptable side effect profiles, is effective in the treatment of dysthymia. The main objective of this study was to determine whether they exhibit comparable efficacy and tolerability in dysthymia to amitriptyline. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The efficacy and tolerability of the moclobemide and amitriptyline, were compared in a eight-week single-centre double-blind study in patients(n=37) with dysthymia using he HAMD-17, the Clinical Global Impression Scale(CGI), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS), Efficacy Index-Therapeutic Index(EITE), 4-point Index Side Effect Scale(4-PISES), and Efficacy Index-Side Effect Scale(EISE). RESULTS: A total of 37 patients entered the study, 19 were randomly assigned to the moclobemide group and 18 to be amitriptyline group. Demographic and illness characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no significant difference between two groups at the total 17-HDRS score, the HAMD-17% improvement, the total MADRS score, CGI response, and the EITE. In the comparison of EISE between two groups, the scores of the moclobemide group were relatively lower than the amitriptylinen group in full treatment. And the differences were significant(moclobemide group 1.39+/-0.61 ; amitriptyline group 2.00+/-0.85, p<.001). At the 4-PISE. There was no serious or treatment threatening side effects. And there was no specific difference in side effects between two groups. The moclobemide group reported higher EIR scores than the amitriptyline group at every follow up day, but the differences were not significant. And there was no significant differences in the scores of five HRQOL subcategories which is compared between two groups at every follow up days. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of 17-HDRS and MADRS, moclobemide and amitriptyline are equally effective at least in allevating dysthymic symptoms. But moclobemide tended to be less troubling and better tolerated than amitriptyline. Therefore, moclobemide treatment can be used as a safe, and higher satisfactory treatment strategy for the dysthymia.

Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) on the Vasoconstriction of Isolated Rat Aorta

BACKGROUND: One of the most common side effects of antidepressant medication is orthostatic hypotension, which can be caused by impaired vasoconstriction. This study was designed to compare the inhibitory effects of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), on the contractile responses to alpha1-adrenergic receptor activation and depolarization in isolated rat aorta. METHODS: Vascular rings were suspended for the measurement of isometric tension in a water-jacketed bath filled with Tyrode solution. After pretreatment with antidepressant for 20 min, vasoconstriction induced by norepinephrine (NE) or 35 mM K+ was measured and compared to the control response. RESULTS: Whereas trazodone and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) selectively inhibited NE-induced vasoconstriction, SSRIs inhibited depolarization-induced vasoconstriction more potently. The IC50 value of fluoxetine on depolarization- induced vasoconstriction was 3.29 microM, which is consistent with the previous results on L-type Ca2+ currents of cardiac myocyte. Moclobemide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, had no effect on vasoconstriction induced by either alpha- adrenergic receptor activation, or depolarization. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SSRIs, different from TCAs and trazodone, have potent inhibitory actions to depolarization-induced contraction that may be due to blocking Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channel.