SULF2 promotes tumorigenesis and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through the ERK/AKT signaling pathway

The objective of this study was to explore the role of the SULF2-mediated ERK/AKT signaling pathway in cervical cancer. SULF2 expression was detected in tumor tissues and tumor-adjacent normal tissues from cervical cancer patients. HeLa cells were divided into six groups: control group, NC group, SULF2 siRNA group, SULF2 group, SULF2 + LY294002 group, and SULF2 + U0125 group. In each group, HeLa cells received the corresponding treatment, followed by measurement of the cellular biological characteristics and expression of the ERK/AKT signaling pathway. We also confirmed the effect of SULF2 in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. SULF2 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, which was specifically associated with the clinical stage, histological differentiation, and lymphatic metastasis. Compared to the control group, the SULF2 siRNA group displayed decreased expression of SULF2, concomitant with reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion, but there was an increase in the apoptosis rate of HeLa cells, as well as downregulation of the p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK/ERK, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and cyclin D1. Additionally, tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the xenograft model of nude mice. The results in the SULF2 group were quite the opposite in which SULF2 facilitated the growth of cervical cancer cells, which was reversed by LY294002 or U0126. SULF2 is highly expressed in cervical cancer, and thus, downregulation of SULF2 can inhibit the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways to suppress the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cervical cancer cells while facilitating apoptosis.

Sulfatase 1 mediates the inhibitory effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor inhibitor on angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mediator expression and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: Extracellular sulfatases (Sulfs), sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), play a pivotal role in cell signaling by remodeling the 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface. The present study examined the effects of Sulfs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mediator expression and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).METHODS: Ang II receptors, 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in SHR VSMCs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. VSMCs proliferation was determined by [³ H]-thymidine incorporation.RESULTS: Basal Sulfs mRNAs expression and enzyme activity were elevated in SHR VSMCs. However, Sulfs had no effect on the basal or Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. The inhibition of Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression by blockade of the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT₂ R) pathway was not observed in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHR VSMCs. However, Sulf2 did not affect the action of AT₂ R inhibitor on Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression in SHR VSMCs. The down-regulation of Sulf1 induced a reduction of AT₂ R mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. In addition, the inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation by blockade of the AT₂ R pathway was mediated by Sulf1 in SHR VSMCs.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that extracellular sulfatase Sulf1 plays a modulatory role in the AT₂ R pathway that leads to an Ang II-induced hypertensive effects in SHR VSMCs.

Sulfatase 1 mediates the inhibitory effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor inhibitor on angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mediator expression and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: Extracellular sulfatases (Sulfs), sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), play a pivotal role in cell signaling by remodeling the 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface. The present study examined the effects of Sulfs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mediator expression and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS: Ang II receptors, 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in SHR VSMCs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. VSMCs proliferation was determined by [³ H]-thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: Basal Sulfs mRNAs expression and enzyme activity were elevated in SHR VSMCs. However, Sulfs had no effect on the basal or Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. The inhibition of Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression by blockade of the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT₂ R) pathway was not observed in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHR VSMCs. However, Sulf2 did not affect the action of AT₂ R inhibitor on Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression in SHR VSMCs. The down-regulation of Sulf1 induced a reduction of AT₂ R mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. In addition, the inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation by blockade of the AT₂ R pathway was mediated by Sulf1 in SHR VSMCs. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that extracellular sulfatase Sulf1 plays a modulatory role in the AT₂ R pathway that leads to an Ang II-induced hypertensive effects in SHR VSMCs.

Human Sulfatase-1 Improves the Effectiveness of Cytosine Deaminase Suicide Gene Therapy with 5-Fluorocytosine Treatment on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2 In Vitro and In Vivo / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Human sulfatase-1 (Hsulf-1) is an endosulfatase that selectively removes sulfate groups from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), altering the binding of several growth factors and cytokines to HSPG to regulate cell proliferation, cell motility, and apoptosis. We investigated the role of combined cancer gene therapy with Hsulf-1 and cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine (CD/5-FC) suicide gene on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, HepG2, in vitro and in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of Hsulf-1 in HCC. Cell apoptosis was observed through flow cytometry instrument and mechanism of Hsulf-1 to enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-FC against HCC was analyzed in HCC by confocal microscopy. We also establish a nude mice model of HCC to address the effect of Hsulf-1 expression on the CD/5-FC suicide gene therapy in vivo.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A significant decrease in HepG2 cell proliferation and an increase in HepG2 cell apoptosis were observed when Hsulf-1 expression was combined with the CD/5-FC gene suicide system. A noticeable bystander effect was observed when the Hsulf-1 and CD genes were co-expressed. Intracellular calcium was also increased after HepG2 cells were infected with the Hsulf-1 gene. In vivo studies showed that the suppression of tumor growth was more pronounced in animals treated with the Hsulf-1 plus CD than those treated with either gene therapy alone, and the combined treatment resulted in a significant increase in survival.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Hsulf-1 expression combined with the CD/5-FC gene suicide system could be an effective treatment approach for HCC.</p>

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus affects lysosomal enzymes in rat liver

It has been previously shown that dextran sulfate administered to diabetic rats accumulates in the liver and kidney, and this could be due to a malfunction of the lysosomal digestive pathway. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and activities of lysosomal enzymes that act upon proteins and sulfated polysaccharides in the livers of diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in 26 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old), while 26 age-matched controls received only vehicle. The livers were removed on either the 10th or the 30th day of the disease, weighed, and used to evaluate the activity, expression, and localization of lysosomal enzymes. A 50-60% decrease in the specific activities of cysteine proteases, especially cathepsin B, was observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Expression (mRNA) of cathepsins B and L was also decreased on the 10th, but not on the 30th day. Sulfatase decreased 30% on the 30th day, while glycosidases did not vary (or presented a transitory and slight decrease). There were no apparent changes in liver morphology, and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of cathepsin B in hepatocyte granules. The decrease in sulfatase could be responsible for the dextran sulfate build-up in the diabetic liver, since the action of sulfatase precedes glycosidases in the digestive pathway of sulfated polysaccharides. Our findings suggest that the decreased activities of cathepsins resulted from decreased expression of their genes, and not from general lysosomal failure, because the levels of glycosidases were normal in the diabetic liver.

Clinical characterization and mutation identification for multiple sulfatase deficiency patients in China / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Multiple sulfatase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of sulfated lipids and acid mucopolysaccharides. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical manifestations, enzyme activities and SUMF1 gene mutations in two Chinese patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>One boy and one girl from two families were studied. Both patients presented with mental retardation, mild coarse facial features, a neurodegenerative course of disease with loss of sensory and motor function after 2 years of age, ichthyosis and skeletal abnormalities (kyphosis or/and scoliosis). Clinical characteristics indicate multiple sulfatase deficiency.Sulfatases activities in blood leucocytes, plasma or cultured fibroblast of the patients were measured.Genomic DNAs were extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes from the patients and their parents. All SUMF1 gene exons and intron-exon boundaries were amplified by PCR and subjected for direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In case 1, five sulfatases activities of blood leucocytes and four sulfatases of cultured skin-fibroblasts were analyzed.In case 2, three sulfatases activities of blood leucocytes were tested.Significantly decreased sulfatases activities confirmed the diagnosis of multiple sulfatase deficiency.On SUMF1 gene, c.793_794 insATG (p. P265X)/ c.1045C>T (p.R349W) in case 1 and c.451A>G (p.K151E)/ c.1046G>C (p.R349Q) in case 2 were detected, respectively. Three novel mutations c.793_794insAGT, c.1046G>C and c.451A>G were identified.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Multiple sulfatase deficiency usually results in multi-organ damage, especially neurologic, skeletal and skin.Sulfatases assay and SUMF1 gene analysis are necessary for the diagnosis. Two Chinese cases with multiple sulfatase deficiency were firstly reported. Three novel mutations were found.It should be considered that the mutation profile of SUMF1 gene in Chinese patients is different from other populations.</p>

Postnatal and prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types IIIA, B, C, D are a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in one of four genes which encode enzyme activities required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate. MPSIIIA and MPSIIIB involve deficiencies of heparan N-sulfatase (SGSH) and alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU). MPS IIIA and MPS IIIB are more common than MPS IIIC and IIID. The present study aimed to establish two enzyme assay methods for SGSH and NAGLU activities for carrying out postnatal and prenatal diagnosis of MPSIIIA and IIIB by means of SGSH and NAGLU activity assay on plasma, leukocyte, uncultured chorionic villi (CV) and cultured amniotic fluid cells (AF cell) using two newly synthesized substrates. Mutation analysis of SGSH gene was also performed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two fluorigenic substrate (4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-N-sulphoglucosaminide.Na and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminide) were used for the assay of SGSH and NAGLU activity. SGSH activity in leukocyte was determined for diagnosis MPSIIIA proband. NAGLU activity was determined in plasma for diagnosis of MPSIIIB proband. Twelve cases with MPS III were enrolled in this study, 4 were female and 8 were male, age 3 - 10 years and were from 10 unrelated families. Eight exons of SGSH gene were amplified by PCR. The mutations of the patients were characterized by direct sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments. Prenatal diagnosis in 3 pregnancies at risk was carried out according to NAGLU activity on uncultured CV at 11th week or on cultured AF cell at 18th week of gestation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The SGSH activities in leukocyte of normal controls were 4.4 - 8.1 nmol/(17 h.mg protein). The NAGLU activity in plasma of normal controls was 33.3 - 62.4 nmol/(4 h.ml). The NAGLU activities were 44.9 - 91.7 nmol/(17 h.mg protein) and 53.2 - 82.2 nmol/(17 h.mg protein) in CV and cultured AF cells respectively. Five cases of MPS IIIB and 7 cases of MPS IIIA were diagnosed. The mutation analysis of SGSH gene showed 6 mutations (G191R, D235N, R377C, E447K, R233X and D219Wfs264X), only one of which (D219Wfs264X) has not been previously reported. Prenatal diagnosis was performed on 3 pregnancies at risk. NAGLU activity of one affected fetus was 1.5 nmol/(17 h.mg protein) in AF cell.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The method using synthesized fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl-substrates were sensitive, rapid and convenient assay of SGSH and NAGLU activity and were reliable for early prenatal diagnosis. Mutation analysis on MPS IIIA patients suggests new possibilities for molecular diagnosis of the disease.</p>

Moduladores seletivos de enzimas estrogênicas - ações na mama / Selective estrogen enzyme modulators - actions on breast

O Tecido mamário canceroso contém todas as enzimas (estrona sulfatase, 17beta-hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase, aromatase) envolvidas nos últimos passos da biossíntese do estradiol. Este tecido também contém sulfotransferase para a formação de sulfatos de estrogênio biologicamente inativos. Nos últimos anos, demonstrou-se que vários progestágenos (promegestona, acetato de nomegestrol, medrogestona), bem como a tibolona e seus metabólitos são potentes inibidores das atividades da sulfatase e da 17beta-hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase. Mostrou-se, também, que promegestona, acetato de nomegestrol, medrogestona ou tibolona podem estimular a atividade da sulfotransferase para a produção local de sulfatos de estrogênio. Todos estes dados, em adição a numerosos agentes que podem bloquear a ação da aromatase, levam ao novo conceito dos moduladores seletivos de enzimas estrogênicas (SEEM), o qual pode ser amplamente aplicado ao tecido mamário canceroso. A exploração de vários progestágenos e outros agentes ativos em trials com pacientes com câncer de mama, mostrando efeito inibidor na sulfatase e 17 beta-hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase, ou efeito estimulador na sulfotransferase, irá proporcionar nova possibilidade no tratamento desta doença

Purifiçäo e caracterizaçäo de uma sulfatase do molusco Tagelus gibbus envolvida no metabolismo de glicosaminoglicanos / Sulfatase acting upon p-nitrophenylsulfate and sulfated glycosaminoglycans was isolated from the mollusc Tagelus gibbs

Nosso trabalho consistiu no isolamento e caracterização de uma sulfatase, presente em tecidos do molusco Tagelus gibbus plebbeus Inicialmente, identificamos a presença de exo- e endoglicosidases extratos enzimáticos precipitados por sulfato de amônio e acetona utilizando glicosaminoglicanos, fucanas de algas marinhas e substratos sintéticos p-nitrofenil derivados de açúcares e de sulfato. A fração F-90 da precipitação por acetona, foi fracionada numa série de quatro cromatografias, e ao final do processo, obtivemos uma purificaçào da sulfatase em cerca de 6.000 vezes. Determinamos um peso molecular aproximado para a sulfatase entre 65.000 e 68.000 Daltons, este valor foi estimado relacionando-se s volume de eluição em cromatografia em gel filtração, com sua migração e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Nos estudos cínéticos realizados, encontramos valores ótimos de p 5,0, temperatura de 60 ºC, e um valor de Km aparente de 2,25 mM com um Vmáx de 72,7 mmoles de sulfato liberado/hora. Detectamos que os íons divalentes bário e magnésio, ativam atividade suffatásica, agindo como cofatores enzimáticos; e que sais d fosfato e sulfato, inibem a hidrólíse do p-nitrofenjl sulfato, possuindo ambos um tipo de inibição não competitiva simples, com constantes de inibição respectivamente de, O,7 e 2,3. Visto altas concentrações de substrato inibirem a atividade enzimática, e este fenômeno ser revertido por magnésio, concluímos que o verdadeiro substrato da enzima é o complexo substrato-cátion. Na hidrólise do p-nitrofenil sulfato pela sulfatase, grupamentos de sulfidríla, histidina e arginina, provavelmente são importantes. Encontramos que heparam sulfato e condroitim 4-sulfato, são os compostos que mais interferem na catálise do p-nitrofenii sulfato e do heparam [35S]-sulfato

Análisis bioquímico y molecular de pacientes con ictiosis ligada al X y detección de portadoras / Biochemical and molecular analysis of patients and carriers of X-linked ichthyosis

La ictiosis ligada al X es una genodermatosis causada por la deficiencia de la sulfatasa esteroidea. Tiene una frecuencia de 1 por 2,000-6,000 recién nacidos vivos masculinos. Se inicia al nacimiento y se caracteriza por presentar escamas oscuras, adherentes, regulares con predominio en tronco y estremidades. El diagnóstico diferencial se realiza con la ictiosis vulgar, que tienen una frecuencia de 1 por 250 recién nacidos vivos. La determinación de la sulfatasa esteroidea clasifica a pacientes y portadoras con ictiosis ligada al X. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer el diagnóstico correcto de pacientes y detección de portadoras en 10 familias con ictiosis ligada al X, amplificando mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa los extremos 5' y 3' del gen de la sulfatasa esteroidea y determinando la actividad de esta enzima en leucocitos utilizando el sulfato de 7-[3H]-dehidroepiandrosterona como substrato. Ningún paciente amplificó los extremos 5' y 3' del gen de la sulfatasa esteroidea, indicando la pérdida del gen en todos los casos. La determinación de la actividad de la sulfatasa esteroidea clasificó adecuadamente a pacientes (0.0 pmol/mg proteína/h) y portadoras (0.20 ñ 0.06 pmol/mg proteína/h versus 0.84 ñ 0.10 de controles sanos y pacientes con ictiosis vulgar) de ictiosis ligada al X. De esta manera, se establece la necesidad de realizar el ensayo de la sulfatasa esteroidea para el diagnóstico correcto de ictiosis ligada al X y para diferenciarla de la ictiosis vulgar e identificar a posibles portadoras de ictiosis ligada al X

Mucopolysaccharidoses type II: Enzymatic activity and quantitative and qualitative studies of urinary glycosaminoglycans in five patients

Five patients presenting Hunter's syndrome were biochemically studied. Quantification of urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), electrophoretic characterizatio and correlation with ensymatic activity in leucocytes were carried out. In all cases, urinary GAGs/creatinine ratio was increased. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) in four cases (80 perecent), but in the remaining patient, only DS was present. In all patients, deficient enzymatic activity was demonstrated. These results show evidences of biochemical differences in thys syndrome

Estrógeno sulfotransferasa y estrógeno sulfatasa uterinas en la implantación embrionaria / Uterine estrogen sulfotransferase in embryo implantation

La relación estrógenos conjugados/no conjugados, asociada con procesos reproductivos, ha despertado el interés de estudiar el papel biológico y el control de la estrógeno sulfotransferasa y estrógeno sulfatasa que participan en la formación e hidrólisis de los estrógenos 3-sulfato, respectivamente. En este trabajo se determinó la actividad de las dos enzimas a través de la convesión recíproca de estrona sulfato-H3 y estrona-H3 en los sitios de implantación (SI) y áreas no implantadas (SNI) del útero de ratas durante el proceso de implantación embrionaria. En estos tejidos se observó un contraste en las actividades enzimáticas. En tanto que la sulfotransferasa en SI fue mayor que en SNI (0.205) pg vs. 0.144 pmola/mg proteína/h), la actividad de sulfatasa se presentó en forma inversa (1.470 y 1.977 pmolas/ mg proteína/h respectivamente). Estos resultados indican la presencia simultánea de ambas anzimas en el útero de rata y sugieren la existencia en SI de un mecanismo que regula la concentración local de estrógenos libres y sulfoconjugados en el que participan dichas enzimas

Mode of action of iron on arylsulphatases under acute lead acetate treated conditions in rats.

Arylsulphatases A, B and C were found to be inhibited in liver and kidney tissues under lead acetate-treated conditions (both in vivo and in vitro) in rats. When lead acetate-treated animals (in vivo) were supplemented with ferric ammonium citrate (in vivo), a remarkable recovery was found in the activities of all arylsulphatases A, B and C whereas ferric ammonium citrate itself had no effect on the activities of arylsulphatases. When both the in vivo and in vitro lead acetate-treated arylsulphatases were supplemented with the purified ferritins (in vitro) it was observed that lead-induced inhibition of the activities of arylsulphatases was successfully reversed. It was also found that ferritins were able to bind a large quantity of lead. These results indicated that ferritins were directly involved for reactivation of arylsulphatases which were inhibited by lead. It was well established that a response to iron administration in rats was an immediate de novo stimulation of ferritin biosynthesis. Iron might therefore protect the enzymatic activities of arylsulphatases by enhancing the level of ferritin in liver and kidney tissues which is known to bind a large quantity of lead thereby ameliorating their toxic effects in the living system.

Ictiosis ligada al sexo: deficiencia de sulfatasa esteroide. / Ichthyosis related to sex: deficiency of steroid sulfatase

Se estudian dos pacientes con ictiosis ligada al sexo, uno de ellos con la forma clinica negra y el otro con la forma clinica no negra. En ambos casos se observa alteracion de la queratizacion que hoy en dia se sabe causada por deficiencia de la enzima microsomica sulfatasa esteroide, que se determina por cultivo de fibroblastos. Se analiza la fisiopatologia de este mecanismo metabolico que suele dar trastornos en el trabajo de parto. Se estudia tambien el trastorno de la melanogenesis que acompana a la ictiosis negra