Infección invasora por Trichosporon asahii en un niño con leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Invasive fungal infection by Trichosporon asahii in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and review of the literature

La enfermedad fúngica invasora (EFI) es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en los pacientes pediátricos inmunocom- prometidos. Los hongos que con mayor frecuencia causan EFI en este grupo de pacientes corresponden a especies de Candida y Aspergillus. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha descrito un aumento de patógenos no clásicos, tales como Fusarium, Scedosporium, Mucorales, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, entre otros. Se presenta un caso de EFI por Trichosporon asahii en un preescolar con una leucemia linfo- blástica aguda en quimioterapia de inducción. Además, se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura especializada, con énfasis en la importancia del diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento antifúngico específico.

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death among immunosuppressed pediatric patients. The fungi that most frequently cause IFD in this group of patients correspond to Candida and Aspergillus species, however, in recent years an increase in non-classical pathogens, such as Fusarium, Scedosporium, Mucorales, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, among others. A case of invasive fungal disease caused by Trichosporon asahii is presented in a preschool patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in induction stage. This review highlights the importance of active search for pathogens in immunosuppressed patients, and proposes a specific treatment.

Emergence of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans (Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans) invasive infections in Latin America

We report the first two cases of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans infections in Latin America. We also conducted a literature review and a microbiological investigation, including that of clinical and environmental isolates. A 30-year-old man with chronic renal failure had disseminated infection after dialysis and a 15-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis (CF) had pulmonary exacerbations with positive respiratory samples. A review of the relevant literature revealed that deep-seated infections were related to immunosuppression or invasive devices, while most of the CF patients showed a decline in lung function after positive cultures. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three distinct circulating genotypes. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis showed similar spectral profiles and correctly identified all strains/isolates. Biofilm production was documented in a bloodstream isolate and biofilm-producing cells showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations against antifungals.

Rare severe mycotic infections in children receiving empirical caspofungin treatment for febrile neutropenia

ABSTRACTEmpirical antifungal therapy is most often given to patients with leukemia. However breakthrough fungal infections under antifungal therapy are not uncommon. Four children, with hematologic malignant disease developed mycotic breakthrough infections while on empirical caspofungin treatment for a median of 14 (range 11-19) days. Trichosporon asahii was detected in the blood culture of two patients and Geotrichum capitatum in the other two (one patient also had positive cerebrospinal fluid culture). Because the patients' clinical situation worsened, voriconazole was empirically added for two patients three and five days before the agent was detected. The first sterile blood culture was obtained 3-7 days of voriconazole treatment. All patients reached clear cultures but one patient died. One patient with central nervous system infection with G. capitatum had severe neurological sequelae. Very severe fungal infections can occur during empirical caspofungin therapy. Therefore, patients should be followed closely.

Infecções urinárias causadas por Trichosporon spp. em pacientes graves internados em unidade de terapia intensiva / Urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon spp. in severely ill patients in an intensive care unit

RESUMOObjetivo:Avaliar a incidência de infecções do trato urinário por Trichosporon spp. em uma unidade de terapia intensiva.Métodos:Estudo descritivo observacional realizado em uma unidade de terapia intensiva no período de 2007 a 2009. Foram analisados todos os pacientes consecutivos que internaram na unidade de terapia intensiva e tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado.Resultados:Vinte pacientes apresentaram infecções do trato urinário por Trichosporon spp. A prevalência foi maior no sexo masculino (65%) e na faixa etária superior a 70 anos (55%). A mortalidade foi de 20%. A média de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 19,8 dias. Seu aparecimento esteve relacionado ao uso pregresso de antibióticos e foi mais frequente no período que compreendeu o outono e o inverno.Conclusão:A infecção por Trichosporon spp. predominou no sexo masculino, de idade acima de 70 anos, com uso de sonda vesical de demora por mais de 20 dias e com uso de antibióticos de amplo espectro acima de 14 dias. Os pacientes que apresentaram a infecção urinária por Trichosporon spp. ficaram internados nos setores de terapia intensiva, com maior frequência, no período de outono e inverno.

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate the incidence of urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon spp. in an intensive care unit.Methods:This descriptive observational study was conducted in an intensive care unit between 2007 and 2009. All consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a confirmed diagnosis were evaluated.Results:Twenty patients presented with urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon spp. The prevalence was higher among men (65%) and among individuals > 70 years of age (55%). The mortality rate was 20%. The average intensive care unit stay was 19.8 days. The onset of infection was associated with prior use of antibiotics and was more frequent in the fall and winter.Conclusion:Infection due to Trichosporon spp. was more common in men and among those > 70 years of age and was associated with the use of an indwelling urinary catheter for more than 20 days and with the use of broadspectrum antibiotics for more than 14 days. In addition, patients with urinary infection due to Trichosporon spp. were most often hospitalized in intensive care units in the fall and winter periods.

Trichosporon inkin, an unusual agent of fungal sinusitis: A report from south India.

The aetiology of fungal sinusitis is diverse and changing. Aspergillus species has been the most common cause for fungal sinusitis, especially in dry and hot regions like India. Trichosporon species as a cause for fungal sinusitis has been very rarely reported the world over. Here, we report a rare case of allergic fungal sinusitis caused by Trichosporon inkin in a 28-year-old immunocompetent woman. Bilateral nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and loss of smell were her presenting complaints. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy showed bilateral multiple polyps. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed and many polyps were removed. Based on mycological and histopathological studies, the pathogen was identified as T. inkin.

Isolation and antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichosporon asahii in Ceará, Brazil / Isolamento e teste de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos de Trichosporon asahii no Ceará, Brasil

Trichosporon spp. are yeasts capable of causing invasive disease, which mainly affect immunocompromised patients. A clinical strain of T. asahii was isolated from the blood cultures of patients admitted to the General Hospital of Fortaleza. Susceptibility tests were conducted by disk diffusion and broth microdilution. The isolated strain of T. asahii was resistant to fluconazole. The patient used amphotericin B and caspofungin in order to facilitate the microbiological cure. It was the first isolation and identification of T. asahii in blood culture in Ceará, Brazil.

Trichosporon spp. são leveduras capazes de causar doença invasiva, que afetam principalmente pacientes imunocomprometidos. Uma cepa clínica de T. asahii foi isolada em hemocultura de paciente internado no Hospital Geral de Fortaleza. Os testes de suscetibilidade foram realizados por difusão em disco e microdiluição em caldo. A cepa isolada do T. asahii foi resistente ao fluconazol, o paciente fez uso de anfotericina B e caspofungina então a cura microbiológica ocorreu. Foi o primeiro isolamento e identificação de T. asahii em hemocultura no Ceará, Brasil.