Objective Assessment of Visual Field Defects Caused by Optic Chiasm and Its Posterior Visual Pathway Injury / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the characteristics and objective assessment method of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway injury.@*METHODS@#Typical cases of visual field defects caused by injuries to the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual cortex were selected. Visual field examinations, visual evoked potential (VEP) and multifocal visual evolved potential (mfVEP) measurements, craniocerebral CT/MRI, and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed, respectively, and the aforementioned visual electrophysiological and neuroimaging indicators were analyzed comprehensively.@*RESULTS@#The electrophysiological manifestations of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm injuries were bitemporal hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities. The visual field defects caused by optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries were all manifested homonymous hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities contralateral to the lesion. Mild relative afferent pupil disorder (RAPD) and characteristic optic nerve atrophy were observed in hemianopsia patients with optic tract injuries, but not in patients with optic radiation or visual cortex injuries. Neuroimaging could provide morphological evidence of damages to the optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Visual field defects caused by optic chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries have their respective characteristics. The combined application of mfVEP and static visual field measurements, in combination with neuroimaging, can maximize the assessment of the location and degree of visual pathway damage, providing an effective scheme for the identification of such injuries.

Detecção e prevenção das deficiências visuais na infância e sua relação com a educação / Detection and prevention of visual deficiency in childhood and its relationship with education

É um trabalho que trata do Censo Visual realizado em escolares da rede pública, relacionando com a dislexia e distúrbios de aprendizagem e comportamento, baseado em pesquisa efetuada no CEAE (Centro de Atendimento ao Educando) da Secretaria de Educação e Cultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em revisão bibliográfica. Relaciona-se com a educação e a psicologia. Analisa a importância do Censo Visual nas escolas para a prevenção dos distúrbios de aprendizagem e na prevenção da cegueira

This work deals with the Visual Census conducted among public school students. Focused on dyslexia and learning disorders and behavior, the article is based on the research performed in the CEAE (Student Support Center) of the Department of Education and Culture of Rio Grande do Sul and on a literature review. It is related to education and psychology and emphasizes the importance of the Visual Census in schools for the prevention of learning disabilities and blindness

Quality of life among visually impaired elderly at assiut university hospital

Vision impairment is common among older adults and increases with age. About 314 million people are visually impaired worldwide; 45 million of them are blind. Most people with visual impairment are older, and females are more at risk at every age. About 82% of all people who are visually impaired are age 50 years and older [although they represent only 19% of the world's population]. About 87% of visually impaired live in developing countries, [World Health Organization [WHO], 2009]. This study aimed to assess the quality of life among visually impaired elderly patient attending ophthalmic clinic at Assiut University Hospital. Methods: Descriptive, Cross Sectional research design was used in this study. The total number of the study subjects were 275 elders aged 60+ years, Alert, able to communicate and agreed to participate in the study two tools were used to collect the data needed for the study. The first tool was structured interview sheet, it consisted of three parts, and the first one was concerned with personal and socio-demographic characteristics of the study sample. The second part covered the elderly medical history [history of eye disease, onset of visual impairment, first time of eye examination, changes in vision acuity during the last years, onset of changes in vision acuity, measures taken on onset of the disease]. Part Three: it included the other health problems as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, or other diseases. The second tool was Quality of Life Scale: it include information related to the original scale constructed by Lehman [1986] and from WHO [1997]. It consists of [50] items divided into six domains or subscales, the quality of life domains are physical health, self-dependence, psychological status, social relationships, environment, and spiritual/ religion/ personal beliefs. Data was collected during the period from the first of June2009 to the end of May2010. The present study showed that the mean age of the studied sample was 65.95 +/- 6.23 years with directed relation between quality of life scores of the studied sample and their age. Vision impairment was more common in female than male the result of the current study revealed that more than three-fifths of studied sample was female. Regarding to the cause of visually impaired, it noticed that cataract was a relatively frequent cause of visual impairment, more than three-quarter of the studied sample had cataract, visual impairment is associated with a significant decrease in QOL among the studied sample, [14.9%] of the studied sample had low score while three-fifths of them had moderate score. Visual impairment affected QOL domains, such as physical domains, self dependence psychological status, social domains, and environment domains. The results of the present study offer general awareness of the impact of visual impairment on the QOL of elderly patient. This suggests a greater need for eye care services in older populations. Increasing elderly awareness about the importance of regular eye examinations to detect early health deviation to make early detection, treatment, and prevent complications. Screening for all elderly population who suffer from diabetes for early detection of diabetic retinopathy this should be part of the health examination

Advancement of methanol poisoning mechanism research / 法医学杂志

The methanol poisoning by oral intake or skin contact occurs occasionally, which may have serious consequences including blindness and/or death. Methanol and its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid, are associated with metabolic acidosis, visual dysfunction and neurological symptoms. At present, the mechanism of methanol poisoning primarily focuses on the cell hypoxia, the alteration of structure and biological activity induced by free radical and lactic acid. Meanwhile, methanol poisoning causes changes in the balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant capacity and in the proteases-protease inhibitors system, which lead to a series of disturbances.

Sixty cases with eyes injuries degree in forensic medicine / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To discuss the characteristics and main problems of eye injuries in forensic identification.@*METHODS@#Sixty cases of eye injury in forensic expertise were retrospectively analyzed according to sex, age, employment, trauma-causing instrument and injury type, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Of the 60 cases there are 61.7% being peasants and workers, 85.0% suffering from blunt trauma and 63.3% suffering from simple contusion.@*CONCLUSION@#Eyes injuries was mostly caused by blunt trauma. Pathological change of fundus was an important factor affecting the vision function. The injury-causing instruments, injury sites and medical history of eyes should be considered while evaluating the vision.

Neuro-oftalmologia. Sistema sensorial - parte II - Revisäo 1997 - 1999 / Neuro-ophthalmology. Sensorial system - part II - review 1997 - 1999

Esta é a segunda parte de urna revisäo da literatura do sistema visual sensorial. O autor seleciona artigos publicados na literatura entre os anos de 1997 e 1999 relacionados aneurorretinites; neuropatia óptica compressiva, tumores do nervo óptico, pseudotumor cerebral, neuropatias ópticas hereditárias, hipoplasia do nervo óptico, drusas do disco óptico, neuropatia óptica tóxica, neuropatia óptica traumática, outras neuropatias ópticas e doenças retinianas, doenças do quiasma óptico e do trato óptico, assim como alteraçöes geniculares e retrogeniculares, incluindo os distúrbios visuais corticais. Os artigos säo apresentados e comentados quanto às suas conclusöes, alcance e relaçöes com o conhecimento previamente estabelecido.

Relationship between optic nerve head parameters of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma

To investigate the correlation between optic nerve head configuration and visual field defects, optie nerve head analysis using confocal scanning laser tomography (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, HRT) and automated static threshold perimetry using a Humphrey Field Analyzer (program C3O-2) were performed on 81 eyes of 44 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. The optic nerve head parameters-rim area, rim volume, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, height variation contour, and third moment in contour were measured by HRT and were analyzed for correlation with visual field indices-mean deviation, and corrected pattern standard deviation. All optic nerve hend parameters except HVC correlated significantly with the visual field indices; the highest correlation was between rim area and mean deviation (r = 0.6172, p < 0.O0001). The rim area of the superior and inferior quadrants correlated significantly with the visual field defects in corresponding sectors. Structural optic disc measurements by HRT correlated significantly with funetional optic nerve head damage in POAG

Probability of global indices in low tension glaucoma

To know the pattern of visual field (VF) defect of low tension glaucoma (LTG), its diffuse and localized VF defects were compared using the significance values (p-value) of mean deviation (MD) and corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD), which are calculated with STATPAC in Humphrey Visual Field Analyser. Sixteen eyes of LTG were enrolled and 34 eyes of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) were used as controls. The degree of VF defects in LTG and POAG was relatively mild with the p-value of MD equal to or greater than 1%. Neither mean MD nor mean CPSD of LTG was significantly different from each of POAG (p > 0.8 and p > 0.2, respectively). Comparing the p-values of MD and CPSD, many patients showed more significant p-value of MD in LTG and POAG (62.5% and 61.8%, respectively). However, relatively more severe defect of CPSD tended to occur more frequently in LTG than in POAG (25% and 5.9%, respectively, chi-square = 4.964, p < 0.09). The relation between p-values of MD and CPSD was not significantly influenced by the intraocular pressure, MD or vertical cup to disc ratio in either LTG or POAG.

Complicaciones neuro-oftalmológicas de los procedimientos radiológicos invasivos

Se presentan 13 pacientes con complicaciones neuro-oftalmologicas de procedimientos radiológicos invasivos con el objeto de definir su etiopatogenia y espectro clinico. Ocho pacientes fueron sometidos a angiografía cerebral, 4 a coronariografía y uno a mielografía. La mayoría de pacientes tenían uno o más factores de riesgo para desarrollar este tipo de complicaciones, las cuales fueron de tipo permanente en 11 casos, transitoria en uno y reversible en el paciente restante. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron la disminución de agudeza visual, los defectos campimétricos y las alteraciones en la motilidad acular. El desprendimiento de émbolos de material ateromatoso hacia las arterias cerebrales y retinianas fue el mecanismo de lesión más frecuente encontrado (7 casos). Otros factores fueron vasoespasmo en 3 pacientes, e hipotension arterial, efecto tóxico del medio de contraste y complicaciones sistémicas en un paciente cada uno. Se concluye que los procedimientos radiológicos invasivos son causa potencial de lesión neuro-oftalmológica, especialmente en sujetos con factores de riesgo. Algunas de estas complicaciones pueden ser evitadas si estos procedimientos se realizan con técnica adecuada o si, en pacientes con factores de riesgo, se los solicitan exclusivamente si su utilidad diagnóstica supera a sus potenciales riesgos.