Comparative efficacy of prolene and prolene-vicryl composite mesh for experimental ventral hernia repair in dogs

In this study, efficacy of two hernia mesh implants viz. conventional Prolene and a novel Prolene-Vicryl composite mesh was assessed for experimental ventral hernia repair in dogs. Twelve healthy mongrel dogs were selected and randomly divided into three groups, A, Band C [n=4]. In all groups, an experimental laparotomy was performed; thereafter, the posterior rectus sheath and peritoneum were sutured together, while, a 5 × 5 cm defect was created in the rectus muscle belly and anterior rectus sheath. For sublay hernioplasty, the hernia mesh [Prolene: group A; Prolene-Vicryl composite mesh: group B], was implanted over the posterior rectus sheath. In group C [control], mesh was not implanted; instead the laparotomy incision was closed after a herniorrhaphy. Postoperative pain, mesh shrinkage and adhesion formation were assessed as short term complications. Post-operatively, pain at surgical site was significantly less [P<0.001] in group B [composite mesh]; mesh shrinkage was also significantly less in group B [21.42%, P<0.05] than in group A [Prolene mesh shrinkage: 58.18%]. Group B [composite mesh] also depicted less than 25% adhesions [Mean +/- SE: 0.75 +/- 0.50 scores, P

Detection of Wolbachia from field collected Aedes albopictus Skuse in Malaysia.

Background & objectives: Wolbachia-based vector control strategies have been proposed as a mean to augment the existing measures for controlling dengue vector. Prior to utilizing Wolbachia in novel vector control strategies, it is crucial to understand the Wolbachia-mosquito interactions. Many studies have only focused on the prevalence of Wolbachia in female Aedes albopictus with lack of attention on Wolbachia infection on the male Ae. albopictus which also affects the effective expression of Wolbachia induced- cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In this study, field surveys were conducted to screen for the infection status of Wolbachia in female and male Ae. albopictus from various habitats including housing areas, islands and seashore. Methods: Adult Ae. albopictus (n=104) were collected using human landing catches and hand aspirator. Standard ovitraps were also set in the selected areas for five days and the larvae were identified to species level. All the collected Ae. albopictus were screened for the presence of Wolbachia using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene. Results: A 100 per cent positivity of Wolbachia infection was observed for individual Ae. albopictus screened. For pooled mosquitoes, 73 of the 76 pools (female) and 83 of the 87 pools (male) were positive with Wolbachia infection. The wsp gene sequence of the Wolbachia strain isolated from individual and pooled mosquitoes showed a 100 per cent homology with Wolbachia sp. of Ae. albopictus isolated from various geographical regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp gene fragments showed that the isolates were clustered into groups A and B, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The results indicated that Wolbachia infection was widespread in Ae. albopictus population both in female and male Ae. albopictus. All the infected females were superinfected with both A and B strains while the infected males showed a combination of superinfection of A and B strains and single infection of B strain.

[ survey of oral-dental health of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary schools in 2007]

Health fulfillment is based on all effective factors that fulfill it. One of the 11 slogans of 21st century is oral-dental health and it was one of the PHC items before. DMFT is a very simple, fast and reliable index in determining oral-dental health. Grade 3 students of primary school are between deciduous and permanent form dental growth point of view that mixed teeth are observed in this period that make DMFT possible. This study was done to determine oral-dental health status of students with the help of DMFT index in Gonabad city. In this descriptive-cross sectional study, all grade 3 students of primary schools [529 students] were checked for oral-dental health statues and interviewed by a dentist. The used instruments were a checklist, DMFT index, questionnaire, once used mirror a special catather. Data were analyzed by SPSS with T-test, correlative coefficient and variation analyses were analyzed. 51.2% of the samples were male and 49.8% female. 77.3% used tooth-brush and 8.32% used from dental floss. DMFT of students in research was 3.86 +/- 1.11 and DMFT was 1.04 +/- 0.22 that showed no meaningful difference in two semis [p=0.18, p=0.12]. The students that had no caries free tooth were 8.3%. One sided variation analysis showed a meaningful relationship between brushing frequencies with the index. Family size and education had a meaningful relationship with DMFT. The results showed that oral-dental health statues of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary school follow the country model and it is fairly well and CF has no meaningful difference with national index but it is average in accordance with WHO goal. Programmed efforts for KAP improvement and using need resources, administration evaluation, costs efficacy of some measures such as fluoride therapy, etc seems necessary

Antiplasmodial properties of some Malaysian medicinal plants

Seven Malaysian medicinal plants were screened for their antiplasmodial activities in vitro. These plants were selected based on their traditional claims for treatment or to relieve fever. The plant extracts were obtained from Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The antiplasmodial activities were carried out using the pLDH assay to Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) while the cytotoxic activities were carried out towards Madin- Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells using MTT assay. The concentration of extracts used for both screening assays were from the highest concentration 64 microg/ml, two fold dilution to the lowest concentration 0.03 microg/ml. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (stem extract) showed more than 60% growth inhibition while Goniothalamus scortechinii root and stem extract showed a 90% and more than 80% growth inhibition at the last concentration tested, 0.03 microg/ml. The G. scortechini (leaves extract) showed an IC50 (50% growth inhibition) at 8.53 microg/ml, Ardisia crispa (leaves extract) demonstrated an IC50 at 5.90 +/- 0.14 microg/ml while Croton argyratus (leaves extract) showed a percentage inhibition of more than 60% at the tested concentration. Blumea balsamifera root and stem showed an IC50 at 26.25 +/- 2.47 microg/ml and 7.75 +/- 0.35 microg/ ml respectively. Agathis borneensis (leaves extract) demonstrated a 50% growth inhibition at 11.00 +/- 1.41 microg/ml. The study gives preliminary scientific evidence of these plant extracts in line with their traditional claims.

Eurycoma longifolia extract-artemisinin combination: parasitemia suppression of Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice

Eurycoma longifolia, locally known as 'Tongkat Ali' is a popular local medicinal plant that possess a lot of medicinal properties as claimed traditionally, especially in the treatment of malaria. The claims have been proven scientifically on isolated compounds from the plant. The present study is to investigate the anti malaria properties of Eurycoma longifolia standardized extract (root) (TA164) alone and in combination with artemisinin in vivo. Combination treatment of the standardized extract (TA164) with artemisinin suppressed P. yoelii infection in the experimental mice. The 4 day suppressive test showed that TA164 suppressed the parasitemia of P. yoelii-infected mice as dose dependent manner (10, 30 and 60 mg/kg BW) by oral and subcutaneous treatment. By oral administration, combination of TA164 at 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg BW each with artemisinin respectively showed a significant increase in the parasitemia suppression to 63, 67 and 80 percent as compared to artemisinin single treatment (31%). Using subcutaneous administration, at 10 mg/kg BW of TA164 in combination with 1.7 mg/kg BW of artemisinin gave a suppression of 80% of infection. This study showed that combination treatment of TA164 with artemisinin gives a promising potential anti malaria candidate using both oral and subcutaneous route, the later being the most potent.

Antimalarial properties of Goniothalamin in combination with chloroquine against Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei growth in mice

Malaria is a disease which is still endemic and has become a disastrous scourge because of the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. A new approach in addressing this is in developing a combination drug. This study is to show the enhancement of antimalarial properties, when single compound, goniothalamin combine with standard drug, chloroquine. Based on 4 Day Test, percentage of parasite growth on treated infected mice were determined. Oral treatment with 1 mg/kg BW of chloroquine on experimental mice suppressed 70% and 76.7% of both Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. The infection of P. berghei in mice was inhibited less than 50% by goniothalamin individual treatment at all doses in this study. About 27.8% and 18.5% inhibition of infection were observed in P. yoelii infected mice treated with 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin respectively and the suppression exceed more than 50% at higher doses (90 and 120 mg/kg). Combination of 1 mg/kg chloroquine with either 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin decreased the parasitemia of P. yoelii infected mice more than 90% and prolong the survival up to 100% after treatment. Similar treatment to P. berghei infected mice only shows about 60% reduction of parasitemia. The study findings showed that antimalarial property of goniothalamin was enhanced by combination with chloroquine at lower dose of each drug.

Effect of Eurycoma longifolia extract on the Glutathione level in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes in vitro

In the present study we examined the effect of E. longifolia methanol extract (TA164) on the GSH levels of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and uninfected erythrocytes. Our study on parasite growth shows the IC50 and IC75 values of TA164 to be 0.17 g/ml and 6 g/ml respectively while for BSO was 25.5 g/ml and 46.5 g/ml respectively. About 95% to 100% growth inhibition of P. falciparum infected erythrocyte was observed when treated with TA164 and BSO at 16 g/ml and 64 g/ml respectively. The study on GSH contents indicated that non-infected erythrocytes treated with 6 g/ml (IC75 values) of TA164 at 24 hours incubation showed less GSH content as compared to non-treated erythrocytes. A similar observation was seen on treated trophozoite infected erythrocyte (10% parasitemia) when treated with 6 g/ml at 3 hours incubation. Analysis of the GSH contents of parasite compartments treated with TA164 at the same concentration (6 g/ml) for 3 hours incubation indicated a reduction of GSH contents. At the same concentration, TA164 did not affect the GSH contents of enriched trophozoite infected erythrocytes (60-70% parasitemia). TA164 did affect the GSH content of non-infected erythrocyte at 24 hours (accept IC50 value) as well as the parasite compartments (trophozoite infected erythrocyte and parasite itself) but fails to affect the GSH content of enriched trophozoite infected erythrocyte.

Isolation, identification and occurrence of medically important keratinophilic fungi from soil of taluka Dokri, district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi with some exceptions is reported everywhere in soil hitch may be more or less pathogenic to man causing dermal infections. This presentation is based on the total percentage of these keratinophilic fungi from various talukas of district Larkana. Forty-five samples of surface soil, 10 cm. and 20 cm, depth from various locations of taluka Dokri were collected and examined for the occurrence of medically important keratinophilic fungi. Our results revealed the highest percentage of Aspergillus jlavus followed by Aspergillus wentii, Microsporum nanum, Botlytis cinerea and Trichophyton equinum respectively. Their variation is based on the physical and chemical properties of soil. Laboratory investigation revealed large macular skin and mild hair infection in lab. Animals caused by Microsporum nanum and Trichophyton equinum as pathogenic fungi. General survey of the occurrence of dermatomycosis in taluka Dokri revealed 42% in old age [above 50 years] and 21% in children [up to 15 years]

routine analysis of freshwater and waterlogged area of Manchar Lake

Manchar Lake water is one of the sources of irrigation in the rural areas of District Dadu, Sindh. The quality of this water has been devalued due to the chemical and microbiological impurities, which affected the aqua culture [fish] and the human beings. Our investigations revealed the presence of enterotoxinogenic bacteria and cyanobacteria which are the cause of skin infections and severe gastrointestinal problems resulting in death

Do private doctors follow national guidelines for managing pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan?

As private medical practitioners play a major role of in providing care to pulmonary tuberculosis [TB] patients, a survey was made of knowledge and practice in 2 cities in Pakistan. Only 1 of the 245 physicians was aware that cough > 3 weeks alone is the main symptom suggesting pulmonary TB. The majority diagnosed [80%] and treated [83%] cases themselves without referral. Less than 1% relied on sputum microscopy alone for diagnosis. None of the practitioners were following National TB Control guidelines for prescribing drugs and none ensured compliance with anti-TB treatment under supervision of a doctor/health worker. Only 3% kept records of pulmonary TB patients. None of the physicians assessed the effectiveness of treatment with sputum microscopy alone; the majority [76%] used only clinical assessment

Prevalence of HCV antibodies in haemodialysis population of Multan - Pakistan

To study the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in the serum of haemodialysis population of Multan. Design: Study of the HCV antibodies in the maintenance hemodialysis population. Setting: Hemodialysis units of Nishtar Hospital Multan and Shifa Medical Complex Multan. Thirty-two patients who were on maintenance haemodialysis at these centres were included in the study. In thirty-two patients who were on maintenance haemodialysis, second generation ELISA was performed to detect the HCV antibodies. Out of these 32 patients 12 [37.5%] were anti HCV positive. There was significant positive correlation between prevalence of anti HCV and duration of haemodialysis. About 2/3 were being dialysed for more than 20 months. There was higher prevalence among the group having blood transfusions. This group also showed positive correlation between the number of transfusions and sero-positivity. Conclusions:- There is substantial anti HCV positivity in haemodialysis population.- There is positive correlation between anti HCV and duration of dialysis suggesting that factors within the dialysis unit might contribute to the spread of virus. Boold transfused group is dangerously exposed to the virus because the non HCV containing non-screened blood was transfused

Fulminant hepatic failure in multan: five years experience

Four hundred sixteen patients of fulminant hepatic failure [FHF] with a prevalence of 31.39% out of AVH patients were studied, who were admitted in Medical Unit II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan during January, 1987 to December, 1991. There were 323 male [77.64%] and 93 [22.36%] female patients. A progressive rise in number of FHF patients were noted during this period. Mean age was 40.31 +/- 16.84 years, male pts. Higher than female patients [42.33 +/- 17.18 and 35.35 +/- 15.51 years respectively]. In FHF patients hospital stay was shorter [6.18 +/- 6.06 V 7.95 +/- 1.65 days], disease was more acute [16.71 +/- 13.05 V 23.45 +/- 14.54 days], temperature higher [99.02 +/- 1.52 V 98.63 +/- 1.15 F], vomiting less frequent [12.73% V 17.82%], HbsAg positive rate higher [76.36% V 69.31%], serum bilirubin higher [9.67 +/- 5.87 V 5.7 +/- 4.83mg/dl], SALT higher [439.16 +/- 377.91 V 192.55 +/- 172.66 u/l], prothrombin time more prolonged [26.2 +/- 11.43 V 21.03 +/- 7.34sec.] and serum potassium lower [3.73 +/- 0.75 V 4.05 +/- 0.57 mmol/l] than in Non-FHF patients. Complications like ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hypoprothrombinemia were more common in FHF [P<0.001]. Extremes of age [female<30years, P<0.001; male>60 years, P<0.01], short hospital stay [P<0.001] acute illness [P<0.001], higher temperature [P<0.001], serum bilirubin >10mg/dl [P<0.001], SALT>400u/l [P<0.01 in male, P<0.001 in female], were associated more frequently with FHF patients than Non-FHF patients. Overall mortality rate in FHF patients was very high [in total 61.3 V 4.5%, in male 53.5% V 6.9%, in female 88.2% V zero] as compared to Non-FHF patients. In male patients older age, short hospital stay, acute illness [all with P<0.001], high serum alkaline phosphatase, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, prolonged prothrombin time and coma grade V [all with P<0.01] were associated with higher mortality and can be considered as poor prognostic factors. While coma grade I in both sexes [P<0.001] was associated with better survival. Such prognostic factors were of no value in female patients

Frequency of acute viral hepatitis cases in Nishtar hospital Multan

Acute viral hepatitis [AVH] is a major public health problem in Pakistan. To know its frequency, clinical and biochemical presentation, we studied 1325 patients of AVH admitted in Medical Unit - II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, from January 1987 to December 1991, with a rate of 11.03% of total admission in the Unit and 0.41% of total admissions in the hospital. Nine-hundred and seventeen [69.21%] were male and 408 [30.79%] were female patients [male:female ratio was 2.25:1]. The mean age was 41.02 +/- 14.20 years. A total of 946 [71.4%] patients were HBsAg positive and there were 296 [22.34%] deaths. The Age <30 years in female patients; <60 years in male patients, a short hospital stay [<3 days], short duration of illness [<7 days]; hepatomegaly <3 cm, hepatic encephalopathy; HBsAg positive status; serum bilirubin <10 mg/dl; Fasting blood sugar <80 mg/dl in and serum ALT > 400 IU/L in females and a prolonged prothrombin time [> 10 sec. as compared to control] were all significantly associated with poor prognosis i.e. high death rate [P< 0.001]. Acute viral hepatitis in Multan area appeared to be more aggressive in type, was associated with high death rate and high frequency of hepatitis B infection, as compared to the studies from Peshawar; Rawalpindi and Karachi and was consistant with a study from Upper Sindh

Acute hepatitis B in adults 5-years experience

Total 946 patients were HBs Ag positive, out of 1325 patients admitted with Acute Viral Hepatitis, in Medical Unit II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan during Jan. 1987 to Dec. 1991, with an incidence of 71.4%. There were 632 males [66.8%] and 314 females [32.2%] patients. Mean age was 40.73 +/- 15.49 years, with male of slightly older age than female patients [41.29 +/- 15.50 and 38.93 +/- 15.68 years]. Clinical and laboratory features were unable to differentiate between HbsAg positive and negative patients. Serum bilirubin [7.31 +/- 5.71 V 6.77 +/- 5.00] SGPT [285.51 +/- 203.97 V 263.11 +/- 202.55], serum alkaline phosphatase [262.37 +/- 167.06 V 244.39 +/- 149.55] and fasting blood sugar [100.35 +/- 56.09 V 95.09 +/- 35.09] were slightly higher in HbsAg positive as compared to HbsAg negative patients. Various complications noted like bleeding [P<0.0001] ascites [P<0.0001 in males P<0.001 in females], hepatorenal syndrome [P<0.001] in males and deaths [P<0.0001 in females] were significantly more common in HbsAg positive patients. Hepatic encephalopathy was more common in female patients [P<0.01] only. Similarly extremes of ages, high temperature, small liver, very high s. bilirubin and enzymes, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia and prolonged prothrombin time [P<0.01 to <0.0001] were commonly seen in female patients. While high temperature, high serum enzymes hypokalemia and prolonged prothrombin time [P<0.01 to P<0.0001] were more common in male HbsAg positive patients. There were total 19.13% deaths, while in male patients death rate was 22.15% and in female HbsAg positive patients deaths were 13.05%. Excluding patients with hepatic encephalopathy, total death rate was just 3.80% and in male HbsAg positive patients death rate was 6.22%. There was no death in female HbsAg positive non-comatosed patients. Overall death rate was higher in HbsAg negative [30.34%] patients as compared to HBs Ag positive [19.13%] patients

Acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy

Total 91 pregnant women with AVH were admitted in Medical Unit II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan from January 1987 to December 1991. Incidence of female AVH patients was 22.3%, while hospital-based frequency was1: 3540. Mean age was 27.5 +/- 5.01 in pregnant women in contrast to 43.07 +/- 15.43 years in non-pregnant females. Younger age, short hospital stay brief illness, high temperature, high serum bilirubin, high serum ALT, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia [all with P<0.0001], high serum phosphatase [P<0.001], and small liver [P<0.01], were significantly more requent in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. Bleeding from GIT [P<0.001] and ascites [P<0.001] were significantly more common in non-pregnant patients. While higher death rate, prolonged prothrombin time and hepatic encephalopathy [all with P<0.0001] were more frequently noted in pregnant AVH patients. The death rate in pregnant AVH patients was 58.24% in contrast to 9.15% in non-pregnant AVH patients. Out of pregnant AVH patients pregnancy was associated with 68% death rate and abortion / delivery was associated with 32% death rate. Poor prognosis was associated with short hospital stay [P<0.01], small liver [P<0.02], HBsAg positive [P<0.02], high serum alkaline phosphatase [P<0.001], pregnant AVH patients

Pseudo-Hypo-Parathyroidism [PHP] and Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy[AHO], review and two case reports

Pseudo-hypo-parathyroidism and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy are rare but important diseases as they represent the only human disease states in which G protein function is disrupted. Decreased function of Gs alpha of adenylate cyclase results in receptor resistance to not only to PTH but to some other hormones as well. Case reports of two young females are reported. One had PHP-Ia along with a rare manifestation of the oligomenorrhea; while the other has PPHP with spinal cord compression, again a rare complication

Effect of gram on blood sugar

The effect of wheat bread and whole gram on postprandial blood glucose levels was studied in 25 healthy individuals and 25 diabetic patients. The values of blood glucose levels obtained were compared with blood glucose levels after glucose load. Blood glucose levels decreased after gram meal more than wheat bread and glucose in both healthy and diabetic subjects

Immotile cilia syndrome

Thirteen patients of immotile cilia syndrome [ICS] were admitted over a period of 5 years to Medical Unit II, Nishtar Medical College/Hospital, Multan Pakistan. They included 3 female and 10 male patients, ranging in age from 17-55 years [mean 28.84 years]. The diagnosis of the syndrome was made on clinical grounds, radiological features, and semen analysis. More elaborate investigations such as Saccharin test and electron microscopy of nasal scrapings or spermatozoa were not performed, as facilities for these were not available. All patients presented with chronic sinopulmonary infections or infertility or both. The average duration of cough and expectoration was 23.7 years. Kartagener's syndrome was found in 6 of the 13 patients [46.15%] affecting all the females and three of the males. Sinusitis was seen in 11 [84.61%] and bronchiectasis in 9 [69.23%] patients. Asthenozoospermia with normal sperm count was seen in all the males, and all the 8 married men were infertile; so were both the married women. Cor-pulmonale was noted in 5 [38.46%] patients

Clinico-epidemiological study of leukemia in Multan

In order to find out the clinico-epidemiological aspect of leukaemia, 105 patients of leukaemia admitted in three Departments of Medicine, as well as Department of Paediatric Medicine and Oncology of Nishtar Hospital, Multan between November, 1982 and June, 1986 were studied. Out of 105 cases of leukaemia, 63 patients [60%] had chronic leukaemia, 38 patients [36.19%] had acute, leukaemia and 4 cases [3.81%] belonged to miscellaneous group [multiple myeloma]. The commonest type leukaemia seen was chronic non-lymphocytic leukaemia or myeloid type [CML], which constituted 47.8% of total cases; 22.9% were acute lymphoblastic leukaemia [ALL]; 13.3% had acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia [ANLL/AML] 12.4%; had chronic lymphocytic leukaemia [CLL] and 3.6% belonged to miscellaneous group. Among males, half of the cases of leukaemia, both acute and chronic, were seen in 11-40 years of age groups, while in females, half of the cases were in 21-40 years of age group. Out of acute leukaemias, ALL was common in first decade and ANLL/AML in the second decade. Out of chronic leukaemias, CLL was seen in all the age groups, while.-CML was not seen in the first decade. Majority of the patients [91.9%] belonged to low income group, 8% to middle class, while remaining had a higher social status. The exact cause of leukaemia in this area is not clear. The disease is common in poor population and in the males. Not a single case of leukaemia belonged to area of Dera Ghazi Khan where uranium deposits are reported Although leukaemia is reported in those persons who are exposed to non-ionizing radiations from electromagnetic fields and metal fumes, yet only one case of the present series had this type of profession. The role of drugs in the pathogensis of leukaemia in the present series is not clearly established. Majority of cases of leukaemia were from Multan and Sahiwal Districts, where no uranium deposits are reported. Out of 38 cases of acute leukaemia, Total Leucocytic Count [TLC], was less than 100,000/ul in 36 patients, while in only 2 cases of ALL, TLC was above 100,000/ul. In 70% cases of CML and 50% cases of CLL, TLC was 100, 000 and 400,000/ul. Platelets in all cases of chronic leukaemia were more than 100,000/ul except 2 cases, who were in blastic crisis and their platelet count was very low. Both of them had bleeding tendency. Raised serum uric acid leves were seen in 7 out of 50 cases of CML and one out of 13 cases of CLL. Serum uric acid level was normal in all cases of acute leukaemias except in 2 cases of ALL, who had raised serum uric acid level. The common clinical features in acute leukaemias included fever, bleeding tendencies, while masses in the neck and axillae, pains and aches, weakness, mouth ulcers and pallor was also seen. In CLL, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, fever, lymphadenopathy, masses in the abdomen were seen in this order of occurrence while in CML, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver and spleen, enlarged lymph noes and anaemia were seen. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were the methods of treatment. Since most of the drugs are costly and not supplied by the hospital, it was at times not possible to give full chemotherapy as majority. Complete follow up of the cases could not be possible due to non-cooperation of the patients and their relatives. Prognosis was bad, especially in: cases of AML as bone marrow transplantation facility does not exist in this country