Modulating effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oils in infectious bursal disease immunocompromised chickens

The immunomodulatory effect of peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils in broiler chickens immunoconmpromised by either infection or vaccination with infectious bursal disease virus [IBDV] was investigated. No significant difference in HI titers was observed in volatile oils treated group over their untreated one at any interval. However, the protection percentage reached 35% in treated group and was 25% in untreated one as Compared with 0% in unvaccinated control group when challenged with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus [vvNDV]. Significant increase in Bursa / body weight ratios was observed between IBDV vaccinated treated group as compared with untreated one at 3 and 10 days post-vaccination [PV]. In addition, significant increase was observed between IBDV infected treated birds versus infected untreated group at 3 days Post-infection [PI]. These findings indicate that treatment with volatile oil ameliorated the immunocompromised effects of IBDV vaccine or infection on immune system of treated birds. The positive effect of volatile oils on cell mediated immunity of treated birds revealed significant increase in phagocytic%, lysozyme and nitric oxide activities at 14 and 28 days of age in IBDV vaccinated and treated birds as compared with IBDV vaccinated and untreated birds. Moreover; the phagocytic index was higher in IBDV infected and treated birds over non treated ones at 42 days of age. Histomorphological examination of the major immune organs clarified lymphocytic necrosis and depletion, hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial cells, vacuolations of lymphoid follicles, interfollicular lyinphocytic cells infiltration and interfollicular connective tissue proliferation of bursa of Fabricius [B,F]. Lymphocytic depletion and hyperplasia of reticular cells of spleen. Lymphocytic necrosis, depletion, focal hemorrhage of thymus glands. Necrosis and depletion of caecal tonsils. The sum lesion scores were 0, 0, 2 and 1, 1, 5 in volatile oils treated and untreated chickens at 3, 7 and 10 days PV respectively. While the sum lesion scores reached 21, 23, 14 and 21, 23, 20 in volatile oils treated and untreated chickens at 3, 7 and 10 days PI respectively. On the other hand there was lymphoblast activation reached 1 score in BF in volatile oils treated group only at 3 and 7 days PV. No histopathological changes all over the experimental period could be detected in blank control group. In conclusion our study reveals that eucalyptus and peppermint oils have a potent immunomodulatory effects and are able to evoke the immune response in IBDV vaccinated or infected chickens

Effect of wheat germ oil and ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of broiler chicks to ND vaccines

In the present study, the effect of wheat germ oil as source of vitamin E and ascorbic acid as source of vitamin C on the immune response of broiler chicks to ND vaccine was determined. Four groups of chicks were used. Group 1 was vaccinated with 2 doses of ND vaccines [Hitchner then Lasota] and simultaneously supplemented with wheat germ oil via oral administration for 15 days. Group 2 was vaccinated with 2 doses of live ND vaccines [Hitchner then Lasota strains] and simultaneously supplemented with ascorbic acid via oral administration for 15 days. Group 3 was vaccinated with 2 doses of ND vaccines [Hitchner then Lasota strains]. Group 4 was kept non-vaccinated as control chicks. All birds were monitored weekly for the humeral and cellular immune response then challenged with the virulent NDV at 35 days of age. HI test for titration of antibodies for NDV, phagocytic activity, Nitric oxide, Lysozyme activity and total antioxidant in serum were used to determine the immune response of the chicks. Protective immunity induced in the vaccinated groups was varied. 80 and 60% protection were obtained in chicks vaccinated and supplemented with wheat germ [group 1] and ascorbic acid [group 2]; respectively. Live ND vaccinated group showed 60% protection. The present study reports the effect of supplementation of wheat germ [vitamin E] as immunostimulant in augmentation of the immune response ND vaccines

Protective immunity induced by co-injection of mixture of Mannan and B-glucan immunostimulant substances with the inactivated Bivalent Al-ND vaccine in broiler chickens

In the present study, the effect of a mixture of some immunostimulant substances on the immune response of broiler chicks to bivalent Al-ND vaccine was determined. Four groups of chicks were used. Group .1 was vaccinated with one dose of Al-ND vaccine and simultaneously injected with the mixture of immunostimulant substances. Group 2 was vaccinated with one dose of the bivalent AI.-ND vaccine. Group 3 was vaccinated with 2 doses of live ND vaccines [Hitchner then Lasota drains] and group 4 was kept none vaccinated control chicb. All birds were monitored weekly for the humoral and cellular immune response then challenged with the virulent NDV at 35 days of age. HI test was used for titration of antibodies for both AIV and NDV, phagocytic activity, Nitric oxide; Lysozyme activity and total antioxidant in serum were used to determine the cellular immune response of the chicks. Protective immunity induced in the vaccinated groups varied. The injected immunostimulant mixture demonstrates its effect on the immune response to the bivalent Al-ND vaccine in group 1 with 100% protection against the challenge NDV. Whereas, 80 and 60% protection were obtained in chicks vaccinated either. with Al-ND vaccine [group 2] or live ND vaccines [group 3]; respectively. The present study reports the effect of injection of some immunostimulant substances in augmentation of the immune response to the inactivated vaccines

Influence of the probiotic pediococcus acidilactici on chromosomal aberrations, clinicopathological alterations and immunological changes in aflatoxicated rabbits

The present work was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici in alleviating the toxicity of aflatoxin B[1] [AFB[1]] in male New-Zealand white rabbits. Twenty four male New Zealand white rabbits, 800-1000 g body weight were used in the present work. Rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups: Group [1] served as a control group. Group [2] was fed on crushed pellet diet mixed with the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici at a dose of l00g/ton feed for six successive weeks. Group [3] was fed on crushed pellet diet artificially contaminated with 60 ug of AFB[1]/kg of diet for six successive weeks while Group [4] was fed on crushed pellet diet mixed with the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici [the same dose mentioned in G2] and artificially contaminated with 60 ug of AFB[1]/kg of diet for six successive weeks. Evaluations were made for chromosomal aberrations, hemato-biochemical parameters, immunological changes as well as histopathological alterations. Our results showed that AFB[1] possesses a mutagenic effect. It significantly increases the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. AFB[1]induced significant decrease in the total leukocytic count associated with lympopenia. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant elevation in ALT, AST, GGT activities and BUN concentration with a marked decline in total proteins, albumin and globulins concentration. Significant decrease was recorded in the phagocytic percent and phagocytic index of neutrophils of aflatoxicated rabbits. Supplementation of the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici to the aflatoxicated diet inhibited the mutagenic effect of AFB[1] as it significantly decreased the frequency of chromosonial aberrations. Furthermore, Pediococcus acidilactic improved the hemato-biochemical alterations and nullified the phagocytic percent and phagocytic index of neutrophils of aflatoxicateci rabbits

Phenylthiourea derivatives as organic stabilizer for polystyrene against photodegradation

N-phenylthiourea derivatives have been prepared and investigated as photostabilizers for polystyrene by measuring the extent of weight loss [%], the amount of formed gel as well as the average molecular weights of the soluble fractions [M[v]] of the degraded polymers. The results indicated a reasonable stabilizing effect of these derivatives compared with phenyl salicylate UV-absorber. A synergistic effect is achieved when the investigated stabilizers are mixed with the phenyl salicylate in a weight ratio of 25% of the thiourea derivative and 75% of the reference stabilizer. A probable radical mechanism is proposed to account for the stabilizing action of the organic investigated materials

Effect of black seed oil on rabbits infected with some intestinal eimeria species

Black seed [Nigella sativa] is a herb used on large scale in veterinary practice for many purposes. The protective effect of black seed oil was studied on rabbits experimentally infected with some field strains of intestinal Eimeria species. For this purpose, 30 New-Zealand rabbits, 28 days old were divided into 6 groups. Group [1] was used as prophylactic, given N. sativa oil at a dose of 2.5 ml/ kg body weight orally for 3 weeks daily, then challenged with 6 x 104 Eimeria oocysts. Group [2] was treated with sulphadimidine 33% after being infected. Group [3] was treated as group [2], in addition to N.sativa oil for 2 weeks. Group [4] was as infected control one, while group [5]] was given N. sativa oil only. Group [6] was non infected and non treated. The results revealed a significant decrease of Eimeria oocysts in faeces of both prophylactic and treated groups. However, there were increase in phago-cytic activities of neutrophils expressed in phago-cytic percent and phagocytic index. Furthermore, N. sativa oil improved body weight gain and increased serum total protein, albumin and Albumin /Globulin ratio in treated rabbits. So, it was concluded that, N. saliva seeds which is cheap local plant, can be used as immune enhancing factor and growth stimulant in ration of animal

Laparoscopic diagnosis of contralateral patent processus vaginalis through the surgically opened sac in children with unilateral inguinal hernia

For more than two decades, the controversy has persisted as to what is to be done to the opposite side of an infant or child who has evidence of a unilateral inguinal hernia. Various methods have been advised for identifying the contralateral patent processus. Discussions on the subject intensified in recent years because of the use of laparoscopy to show the presence of a clinically undetectable contralateral hernia. Chu et al in 1993 and Groner et al in 1995 used a modified procedure in which the Laparoscope was introduced into the peritoneal cavity via the hernial sac to avoid a puncture wound. A random group of 53 patients with unilateral inguinal hernia in infants and children were studied to detect the presence of a patent processus vaginalis on the opposite side. The hernial sac was opened, and diagnostic laparoscopy was performed through the known hernia sac with C02 insufflation to 10 mm Hg. A 5 mm 30° telescope was used to inspect the contralateral inguinal region. A patent processus was diagnosed when an obvious opening through the internal ring was identified or if bubbles were seen on external manipulation of the scrotum and internal ring. Contralateral conventional exploration was then done in all cases of this series to confirm or disprove the findings of the laparoscope. Positive CPPV was diagnosed by laparoscopic exploration in 16 cases constituting 30.2%. On surgical exploration, 17 cases of CPPV were detected with an incidence of 32.1% CPPV. One patient with positive test proved to be negative on surgical exploration. Also two patients with negative tests proved to have CPPV on surgical exploration. It is worth mentioning that these three cases were early in the series. This constitutes a good degree of agreement between the two procedures with reasonable sensitivity [88.2%] and high specificity [97.2%] and total accuracy of laparoscopic diagnosis 94.3%. Laparoscopic evaluation of a contralateral patent processus vaginalis through the surgically opened sac in children with unilateral inguinal hernia is a safe and accurate procedure. This method helps avoid any unnecessary contralateral inguinal exploration. It can be performed without any complications

Some reactions of 3,5 dimethylpyrazole

3,5 Dimethylpyrazole [I] underwent Michael addition to maleic anhydride and some N-aryl malimides, namely N-phenyl IIa, N-tolyl IIb, N-3,4- dichlorophenyl maleimide IIc. The reaction of I with both maleic anhydride or IIa was carried out at room temperature to give the product III and Iva

Synthesis and chemistry of 4,5-dihydro-6- [2-thienyl] -3 [2H] pyridazinone azine

4, 5 DIHYDRO-6[2-thienyl]-3[2H] pyridazinone azine [III] is obtained as a second product in the reaction of p-[2-thie-nonyl] propionic acid with hydrazine hydrate. Hydrolysis of [III] leads to the formation of [IV]. Other investigations on [III as well as factors affecting azine formation are discussed