Socio-environmental determinants of the delay in the first dental visit: results of two population-based cohort studies in Brazil

The objective of this study was to describe the timing of the first dental visit and investigate the association of socioeconomic and behavioral factors with dental visit delay among 10/11-year-old children from two live-birth population cohorts with extremely contrasting socioeconomic profiles. Follow-up data (2004-2005) from cohorts of Ribeirão Preto (RP) (n=790) and São Luís (SL) (n=673) were evaluated. Delay in dental visit was defined as not visiting a dentist before the age of 7. Covariates included family socioeconomic characteristics, mother-related health behavior, and child-related characteristics. Prevalence ratios with robust standard errors were estimated. In both cohorts, less than 5% of children had visited a dentist before the age of two and about 35% of them had not visited a dentist before the age of seven. Lower mother's schooling and lack of private health insurance were associated with the delay in first dental visit for both cohorts. A small number of mother's prenatal care visits and being from a single-father family or a family without parents were only associated in the RP cohort, while having ≥4 siblings and lifetime dental pain were associated in the SL cohort. The association with dental pain probably reveals a preventive care-seeking behavior. Therefore, the percentage of delayed first dental visit of children was very high even among those with the most educated mothers. Further studies are necessary to analyze recent changes and underlying factors related to access to first dental visit after the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy in 2006.

Circulating levels of adiponectin and extent of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography

Adiponectin (APN), an adipose tissue-released adipokine with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, is encoded by a gene whose polymorphisms are associated with presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Serum APN levels are inversely related with presence and complexity of CAD. Within this context, we sought to compare levels of total APN and its high molecular weight form (HMW APN) according to clinical presentation and extent of CAD in patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. From March 2008 to June 2010, clinical data and blood samples for APN and HMW APN measurements were collected from 415 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization at two tertiary centers. CAD extent was estimated by the number of coronary arteries with significant stenosis (≥70% obstruction in a major coronary artery) and by Duke Jeopardy Score (DJS). Serum APN levels were similar between groups with stable or unstable CAD (APN 9.20±5.88 vs 9.47±6.23 μg/mL, P=0.738, and HMW APN 5.31±3.72 vs 5.91±4.16 μg/mL, P=0.255), even after stratification by the number of arteries involved (single-vessel vs multivessel disease: APN 9.39±5.76 vs 9.26±6.27 μg/mL, P=0.871; HMW APN 5.29±3.79 vs 5.83±4.04 μg/mL, P=0.306) and DJS score (APN, P=0.718; HMW APN, P=0.276). We conclude that APN and HMW APN serum levels are similar across clinical presentations and different extents of CAD, despite being significantly lower in the presence of obstructive CAD.

Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado de Minas Gerais / Epidemiological status of bovine brucellosis in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado de Minas Gerais. O Estado foi estratificado em sete circuitos produtores. Em cada circuito foram amostradas aleatoriamente cerca de 300 propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido, de forma aleatória, um número pré-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total, foram amostrados 20.643 animais, provenientes de 2.204 propriedades. Em cada propriedade visitada aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas zootécnicas e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e a confirmação dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo, se pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. As prevalências de focos e de animais infectados do Estado foram de 6,0 por cento [5,0-7,1 por cento] e 1,1 por cento [0,78-1,4 por cento], respectivamente. Os resultados para os circuitos pecuários da prevalência de focos e de animais foram: circuito 1, 4,7 por cento [2,7-7,7 por cento] e 0,82 por cento [0,06-1,6 por cento]; circuito 2, 7,2 por cento [4,6-10,6 por cento] e 1,2 por cento [0,53-1,8 por cento]; circuito 3, 6,8 por cento [4,3-10,0 por cento] e 1,5 por cento [0,47-2,4 por cento]; circuito 4, 6,5 por cento [4,1-9,8 por cento] e 1,1 por cento [0,39-1,7 por cento]; circuito 5, 3,8 por cento [2,0-6,5 por cento] e 0,40 por cento [0,11-0,69 por cento]; circuito 6, 6,2 por cento [3,8-9,6 por cento] e 0,66 por cento [0,29-1,0 por cento]; circuito 7, 11,0 por cento [7,7-15,0 por cento] e 1,7 por cento [0,92-2,6 por cento], respectivamente. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados à condição de foco foram: compra de reprodutores (OR = 1,66 [1,13-2,44]), ocorrência de aborto nos últimos 12 meses (OR = 1,81 [1,26-2,60]) ...

A study to characterize the epidemiological status of brucellosis was carried out in the State of Minas Gerais. The State was divided in seven regions. Three hundred herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals was sampled in each of these herds. A total of 20,643 serum samples from 2,204 herds were collected. In each herd, it was applied an epidemiological questionnaire focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test (RBT), and all positive sera were re-tested by the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). The herd was considered positive if at least one animal was positive on both RBT and 2-ME tests. The prevalence of infected herds and animals in the State were, respectively, 6.0 percent [5.0-7.1 percent] and 1.1 percent [0.78-1.4 percent]. In the productive regions, the prevalence of infected herds and animals were, respectively: regions 1, 4.7 percent [2.7-7.7 percent] and 0.82 percent [0.06-1.6 percent]; region 2, 7.2 percent [4.6-10.6 percent] and 1.2 percent [0.53-1.8 percent]; region 3, 6.8 percent [4.3-10.0 percent] and 1.5 percent [0.47-2.4 percent]; region 4, 6.5 percent [4.1-9.8 percent] and 1.1 percent [0.39-1.7 percent]; region 5, 3.8 percent [2.0-6.5 percent] and 0.40 percent [0.11-0.69 percent]; region 6, 6.2 percent [3.8-9.6 percent] and 0.66 percent [0.29-1.0 percent]; and region 7, 11.0 percent [7.7-15.0 percent] and 1.7 percent [0.92-2.6 percent]. The risk factors (odds ratio, OR) associated with positive herds were: purchase of breeding stock (OR = 1.66 [1.13-2.44]), occurrence of abortions over the last 12 months (OR = 1.81 [1.26-2.60]), and the presence of deer in the farm (OR = 1.56 [1.08-2.27]). Vaccination against brucellosis was a protective factor (OR = 0.38 [0.19-0.79]). It can be concluded that the compulsory vaccination ...

Morphometric analysis of the thymus of puppies infected with the Snyder Hill Strain of canine distemper virus / Análise morfométrica do timo de cães filhotes infectados com a amostra Snyder Hill do vírus de cinomose canina

The thymic morphometry analysis was used for determining apoptosis and atrophy of the thymus of eight puppies inoculated with canine distemper virus (CDV). Three healthy dogs were used as negative controls. Sections, 5æm thick, were stained by HE and Shorr, and the latter were evaluated by morphometry. CDV nucleoprotein was detected by immunohistochemistry. Morphometric results confirmed lymphoid hypotrophy in CDV inoculated dog thymuses, more stroma, less parenchyma and higher apoptotic index/field than negative control (not inoculated) puppies. Apoptosis plays a role in the mechanism of thymus atrophy that develops in canine distemper.

Determinaram-se a apoptose e a atrofia no timo de oito cães novos, inoculados experimentalmente com o vírus de cinomose. Três cães saudáveis foram usados como controle negativo. Secções coradas pelo Shorr foram avaliadas por morfometria. A nucleoproteína viral foi detectada por imunoistoquímica. Os resultados morfométricos confirmaram a hipotrofia e mostraram que o timo dos cães inoculados tinha mais estroma, menos parênquima e maior índice apoptótico/campo que o dos animais-controle. Pode-se concluir que a apoptose desempenha importante papel no mecanismo de hipotrofia tímica que se desenvolve na cinomose.

Neutralization of the neuromuscular activity of bothropstoxin-I, a myotoxin from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, by a hydroalcoholic extract of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Guaçatonga

Numerous plants are used as snakebite antidotes in Brazilian folk medicine, including Casearia sylvestris Swartz, popularly known as guaçatonga. In this study, we examined the action of a hydroalcoholic extract from C. sylvestris on the neuromuscular blockade caused by bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), a myotoxin from Bothrops jararacussu venom, in mouse isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations. Aqueous (8 and 12 mg/ml, n=4 and 5, respectively) and hydroalcoholic (12 mg/ml, n=12) extracts of the leaves of C. sylvestris caused facilitation in PND preparations followed by partial neuromuscular blockade. BthTX-I (20 mg/ml, n=4) caused 50% paralysis after 65±15 min (mean ± S.E.M). Preincubation (30 min at 37°C) of BthTX-I (20 mg/ml, n=4) with a concentration of the hydroalcoholic extract (4 mg/ml) that had no neuromuscular activity, such as the control (n=5), prevented the neuromuscular blockade caused by the toxin. This protection may be mediated by compounds such as flavonoids and phenols identified by thin-layer chromatography and colorimetric assays

Determination of the minimal representative number of microscopic fields to quantify apoptosis in canine lymph nodes

Determinou-se o número mínimo de campos por lâmina para se ter uma amostragem representativa para o estudo de apoptose em linfonodos de cães com cinomose. Um linfonodo traqueobrônquico de cão foi colhido e processado segundo técnica para inclusão em parafina. Secções de 5æm foram coradas pelo tricrômico de Shorr. Utilizou-se um analisador de imagens para registrar o número de células em apoptose e os índices apoptóticos de 300 campos, na mesma lâmina. Obtiveram-se, então, valores médios para 10 amostras de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 e 50 campos ao acaso. Realizou-se o estudo dos desvios-padrão das médias (DP) em relação ao tamanho da amostra que os originou. Quando as oscilações de DP entre amostras consecutivas foram menores que 5 por cento, o ganho em representatividade produzido pelo acréscimo no número de campos não se justificou, dispensando amostragens maiores. Desse modo, a análise de 40 campos por lâmina, na pesquisa de índices apoptóticos em linfonodos caninos, é suficientemente representativa, uma vez que apresenta instabilidade aceitável.

Ocorrência de apoptose em leucócitos no esfregaço de sangue periférico e em sincícios na infecçäo in vivo pelo vírus da cinomose canina / Occurrence of apoptosis in leukocytes in the peripheral blood smear and in syncytia in canine distemper infection in vivo

The aim of this paper is to report the occurrence of apoptosis in peripheral blood leukocytes and in syncytia induced by experimental infection of dogs with canine distemper virus. Blood was collected from nine puppies that were inoculated with the Snyder Hill strain of CDV, and stained with May Grunwaldt-Giemsa. Dogs were necropsied and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were collected and processed for paraffin embedding. Five micrometers thick sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and methyl green pyronin. Other sections were submitted to TUNEL reaction for in situ detection of apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry to detect CDV antigen. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of viral antigen. Syncytia were present in all retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Several syncytia contained apoptotic nuclei as detected by hematoxylin-eosin and methyl green pyronin stains. Apoptotic nuclei were labeled inside syncytia by the TUNEL reaction. Blood smear analyses indicated higher proportion of apoptotic leukocytes in the peripheral blood of infected dogs

Decrease in the ratio of high to low affinity isozymes of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase during the development of rat cardiac ventricles

The ratio of (Na++K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3.) isoforms with high and low affinity for cardiac glycosides was studied in heart preparations from neonatal, 3-month and 6-month old Wistar rats. Biphasic ouabain inhibition curves of (Na++K+)-ATPase activity indicated that the relative contribution of the high-affinity process decreased from 34 percent at 9 days to 23 percent at 3 months and to 10 percent at 6 months. Scatchard plots for [3H]ouabain binding were curvillinear and indicated that the relative contribution of the high-affinity sites (Kd = 0.1-0.25 µM) decreased by about one-half between 3 months (19-24 percent, N = 2) and 6 months (9-11 percent, N = 2)