Comparative evaluation of gold nanoparticles and Alum as immune enhancers against rabies vaccine and related immune reactivity, physiological, and histopathological alterations: in vivo study

Purpose@#The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. @*Materials and Methods@#Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. @*Results@#Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated anti-rabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. @*Conclusion@#The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations.

Outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium as an adjuvant in rabies vaccine

Purpose@#The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of Salmonella typhimurium outer membrane protein (OMP) and alum as adjuvants towards inactivated Vero cells rabies vaccine (FRV/K2). @*Materials and Methods@#Six groups of female Sprague Dawley albino rats (10/group) were used in the evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of vaccines and adjuvants. Total immunoglobulin G secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the percentage of proliferated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were used to test safety profiles. @*Results@#OMP adjuvanted rabies vaccine (FRV/K2+OMP) (OMP combined locally prepared vaccine) induced significantly higher neutralizing antibodies on day 21 post-vaccination relative to free (FRV/K2) vaccine and alum adsorbed vaccine (FRV/K2+alum) (alum adsorbed locally prepared vaccine). (FRV/K2+OMP) induced a significantly higher level of IFN-γ on day 14 post-vaccination. CD8+ T cells were significantly higher post-vaccination with reference (RV), free (FRV/K2), and (FRV/K2+OMP) than (FRV/K2+alum). On the contrary, CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated post-vaccination with (FRV/K2+alum) at p<0.05. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination revealed that OMP could be used safely as an adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines. @*Conclusion@#Outer membrane proteins adjuvanted rabies vaccines would be beneficial to induce rapid neutralizing antibodies and essential cytokines.

Staphylococcus aureus derived hyaluronic acid and bacillus Calmette-Guérin purified proteins as immune enhancers to rabies vaccine and related immuno-histopathological alterations

Purpose@#One of the essential goals regarding the successful control of rabies infection is the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine. the current study aimed to evaluate the inactivation potential of β-propiolactone (βPL), binary ethyleneimine (BEI), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). @*Materials and Methods@#Estimating the inactivation kinetics of βPL, BEI, and H2O2 revealed that the tested inactivants could completely and irreversibly inactivate rabies virus within 2, 12, and 4 hours, respectively while maintaining its viral immunogenicity. The potency of βPL, BEI, and H2O2 inactivated vaccines was higher than the World Health Organization acceptance limit and were in the order of 3.75, 4.21, and 3.64 IU/mL, respectively. Monitoring the humoral and cellular immunity elicited post-immunization using Staphylococcus aureus derived hyaluronic acid (HA) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin purified protein derivative (PPD) adjuvanted rabies vaccine candidates were carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. @*Results@# @*Results@#demonstrated that both adjuvants could progressively enhance the release of anti-rabies total immunoglobulin G as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators (interferon-gamma and interleukin-5) relative to time. However, a higher immune response was developed in the case of HA adjuvanted rabies vaccine compared to PPD adjuvanted one. The harmful consequences of the tested adjuvants were considered via investigating the histopathological changes in the tissues of the immunized rats using hematoxylin and eosin stain. Lower adverse effects were observed post-vaccination with HA and PPD adjuvanted vaccines compared to that detected following administration of the currently used alum as standard adjuvant. @*Conclusion@#Our findings suggested that HA and PPD could serve as a promising platform for the development of newly adjuvanted rabies vaccines with elevated immune enhancing potentials and lower risk of health hazards.

Accelerated stability study for the lyophilized anticancer BCG

To predict the self-life of the lyophilized BCG during accelerated stability study. Bacillus Calmette and Guerin [BCG] has been commonly known as an anti tuberculosis vaccine since its first introduction in Paris by Calmette and Guerin. Later it was discovered as an important immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Only two internationally freeze dried BCG products are approved for bladder cancer treatment worldwide due to several restrictions in WHO guidelines. Other manufactures can only distribute their BCG products in their local markets. BCG was suspended into three stabilizer systems containing 15% w/v trehalose, trehalose-gelatin mixture [in ratio, 30:1 w/w] or lactose. The prepared formulae were lyophilized and the lyophilized formulae were stored at 5 degree C, 60% RH for the accelerated study. Scheduled pulling out of samples to test their viabilities was performed according to a stability plan. Shelf-life of each formula was estimated using Q10 method. Lactose as a stabilizer was found to be superior over trehalose or trehalosegelatin mixture. Shelf life estimates using Q10 method were about 330 days with Trehalose, 176 days with Trehalose-gelatin and more than two years with lactose compared with 100 days for liquid BCG-T. Lactose was unique in extending the shelf approximately double the period that was attainable with Trehalose. Meanwhile, Trehalose-gelatin mixture appeared to be the lowest in BCG protection

Evaluation of immune response of bacterial toxin utilized as immune-potential adjuvant

The present work aimed to evaluate the adjuvanticity of r-CTB compared with currently used alum; laboratory animals were subcutaneously immunized using r-CTB and alum adjuvenated diphtheria vaccine candidates. Maximum antibody level was detected on the 5[th]-6[th] week post immunization with r-CTB used as 1,5,and 20 micro gm, and the Ab level post r-CTB was significantly elevated than alum adjuvanted vaccine [P<0.05]. Antibody and IFN-gamma level were r-CTB dose dependent, while IL-10 level was not. IFN-gamma level was significantly higher and long durative in case of immunization with r-CTB adjuvanted diphtheria vaccine than that detected post immunization with alum adjuvanted diphtheria one and post challenge as well. While, IL-10 level in case of adjuvation with r-CTB and Alum was almost the same concentration and need the same duration to reach the base line 0 level post immunization

Antioxidants enhancement to the immune response of NIH mice to vero cell grown rabies virus vaccine

Rabies cell culture vaccine [Vero-Rab] showed to be more immunogenic and a higher and faster release of antibody titer could be detected than in case of using Fermi type vaccine, DEV and CECV. Result: The immune response of NIH mice immunized intramuscularly using both vE - Se adjuvated and non adjuvated Vero cell rabies virus vaccine [Vero-Rab] showed an elevation of antibody level of vaccinated mice groups more than the limits decided by WHO for a potent rabies virus vaccine. Also, two different immunization regimens were achieved, 5 single doses and 3 double doses of vE-selenium adjuvated and non adjuvated Vero cell rabies virus vaccine. The antibodies developed against rabies virus vaccine could be detected 14 days post immunization using ELISA and IFA. The antibody level developed in sera of mice immunized, with either adjuvated and non adjuvanted Vero-Rab., using different immunization regimens, could protect mice against the challenge with 100 MICLD[50] of the challenge virus standard [CVS] after the end of the experiment, [6 months of the prim-vaccination]. vE-Se as immune potentiator can enhance the immune response and single dose immunization regimen without vE-Se as immune stimulant was preferred than double dose regimen

Corneal changes related to aging and diabetes mellitus in albino rat: a histological and an ultrastructural study

In this work, 30 male albino rats were used and divided into three equal groups, each consisted of ten rats. The fist group included 3-month old adult rats and served as a control, the rats of the second group included senile 18-month old rats, while the third group was composed of 3-month adult rats that rendered diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan in a dose of 20 mg/100 g body weight. Then, the diabetic rats were sacrificed after three months. Specimens from the rat's cornea from the investigated groups were processed to paraffin sections and stained with either hematoxylin and eosin [Hx and E] or periodic acid Schiff [PAS]. The other specimens were prepared to be subjected to scanning electron microscopy. The rat's cornea of the control group was composed of the following layers from outside to inward: Epithelium, Bowman's membrane, substantia propria and Descemet's membrane with its endothelial lining. It was concluded that the diabetic state induced histological and ultrastructural changes in the rat's cornea that were similar to those of the senile cornea but more aggravated. Thus, these corneal changes could explain why some insulin- dependent diabetics need a continuous follow up examination of their eyes for the early detection of corneal complication, especially before any surgical procedures

role of hydroxamic acids in biochemical processes

Hydroxamic acids, a group of naturally occurring and synthetic weak organic acids of general formula RC[=O]N[R']OH, are widespread in the tissues of plants, in metabolites of bacteria and fungi, including complex compounds. Hydroxamic acids and their derivatives fulfill a variety of important roles in biology and medicine; here we provide a comprehensive brief review of the most basic medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of hydroxamate molecules

Morphometric evaluation of lumbar intervertebral disc height in Egyptians

Lateral roentgenograms of the lumbar region of 200 subjects who were radiologically free from any bone disease and did not have any neurological manifestations, were selected and studied. The lumbar intervertebral disc spaces were measured from lumbar 1 to 5 vertebral levels. The mean and standard deviation of intervertebral disc height, vertebral body height and disc to vertebral body ratio were calculated for each level in all subjects and computed against sex, age, individual's height, weight and occupation. Mean disc height values showed a steady increase from the first down to the fifth vertebra for all variables. Mean disc height values were higher in males. Ageing was accompanied with a decrease in mean disc heights at all levels. Generally, body height and weight increments were associated with a parallel increase in mean disc height. Also, the nature of occupation showed some association with disc height. The disc to vertebral body ratio showed almost fixed values for all variables at all the vertebral levels with a steady and gradual increase from top to bottom in the order of lumbar one to lumbar five disc spaces to be about 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11 and 0.12 respectively. The possible application of the disc to vertebral body ratio for objective clinical assessment of intervertebral discs was discussed in health and disease

Laparoscopic hysterectomy versus vaginal hysterectomy

This study included 102 patients planned for hysterectomy. The age range was 39 to 51 years. The aim of the study is to compare laparoscopic total hysterectomy to vaginal hysterectomy. 60 cases were chosen for laparoscopic hysterectomy all of them were successful except 2 cases undergone abdominal hysterectomy due to extensive bleeding encoumtered during the operation, and 42 patients undergone vaginal hysterectomy. The operation time for the vaginal hysterectomy was significantly shorter than that of the total laparoscopic hysterectomy.The Blood loss was less with the vaginal hysterectomy compared to the laparoscopic total hysterectomy. The full recovery time was shorter for the vaginal hysterectomy, compared to the laparoscopic total hysterectomy. The Hospital stay and the retum to sexual function were the same for both types of hysterectomy. Pain was the onIy complication encountered in the group who undergone vaginal hysterectomy, accounting for 50% of cases. It was moderate and lasted for a maximmn of 10 days. Laparoscopic hysterectomy was accompanied by abdominal discomfort, shoulder tip pain, and lower abdominal stretch, sequelae of pneumoperitoneum. We conclude that, whenever possible, vaginal hysterectomy is a leading choice. However, in cases of extensive pelvic adhesions, stage III and IV of endometriosis, large ovarian endometriomata >5 cm in diameter and in postmenopausal women with short fornices, laparoscopic total hysterectomy is another good choice, which has minimal complications when performed by trained surgeons