RESUMO
Objective: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing common problem in the world due to the exponential growth of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other risk factors. The aim of this study is to investigate urinary abnormalities and risk factors for kidney disease in the general population. Methods: this study was performed from data collected during the annual World Kidney Day (WKD) campaigns, in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, between 2009 and 2012. The population sought assistance spontaneously in stands placed in high people-traffic areas. Results: among 2,637 individuals interviewed, the mean age was 50.7±15.7 years and 53% were male. The main risk factors found were sedentarism (60.7%), obesity (22.7%) and smoking (19.8%). Blood pressure (BP) > 140x90 mmHg was found in 877 (33%). Increased BP was found for the first time in 527 cases (19.9%). Cardiovascular diseases were reported in 228 (8.6%). Diabetes was related by 343 (13%). Capillary blood glucose > 200 mg/dL was found in 127 (4.8%) and it was > 200 mg/dL for the first time in 30 (1.13%). Urinalysis was performed in 1,151 people and found proteinuria in 269 (23.3%). Proteinuria was most frequent in hypertension people (77.3% vs. 55.8%, p=0.0001), diabetes mellitus (22.7% vs. 15.2%, p=0.005) and elderly (42.1% vs. 30.7%, p=0.0007). Conclusion: risk factors for CKD are frequent in the general population. Many individuals had hypertension and diabetes and did not know this. It is important to regularly perform actions like WKD in order to early detect potential candidates for CKD. .
Objetivo: a doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema crescente no mundo em razão do crescimento exponencial do diabetes mellitus, da hipertensão e de outros fatores de risco. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar alterações urinárias e fatores de risco para doença renal na população geral. Métodos: este estudo foi realizado a partir de dados coletados durante as campanhas anuais do Dia Mundial do Rim, em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre 2009 e 2012. A população buscou atendimento espontaneamente nos stands montados em locais de alto tráfego de pessoas. Resultados: entre 2.637 indivíduos entrevistados, a média de idade foi de 50,7±15,7 anos, sendo 53% do gênero masculino. Os principais fatores de risco encontrados foram sedentarismo (60,7%), obesidade (22,7%) e tabagismo (19,8%). Pressão arterial (PA) > 140x90 mmHg foi encontrada em 877 casos (33%). Aumento da PA foi encontrado pela primeira vez em 527 casos (19,9%). Doenças cardiovasculares foram relatadas por 228 indivíduos (8,6%). Diabetes foi relatado por 343 indivíduos (13%). Glicemia capilar > 200 mg/dL foi encontrada em 127 casos (4,8%) e > 200 mg/dL pela primeira vez em 30 (1,13%). O exame de urina foi realizado por 1.151 pessoas, sendo encontrada proteinúria em 269 casos (23,3%). Proteinúria foi mais frequente em pessoas com hipertensão (77,3% vs. 55,8%, p = 0,0001), diabetes mellitus (22,7% vs. 15,2%, p = 0,005) e em idosos (42,1% vs. 30,7%, p = 0,0007). Conclusão: fatores de risco para DRC são frequentes na população geral. Muitos indivíduos tinham hipertensão e diabetes e não sabiam disso. É importante a realização de ações como o Dia Mundial do Rim com o objetivo de detectar precocemente potenciais candidatos à DRC. .
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are no reports on hyponatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) involved in the course of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). The main objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of hyponatremia and its relationship with AKI and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study on patients with HIV-related TE. AKI was considered only when the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage) criterion was met, after the patient was admitted. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included, with a mean age of 36 ± 9 years. Hyponatremia at admission was observed in 43 patients (46.7%), with AKI developing in 25 (27.1%) patients during their hospitalization. Sulfadiazine was the treatment of choice in 81% of the cases. Death occurred in 13 cases (14.1%). Low serum sodium level correlated directly with AKI and mortality. Male gender (OR 7.89, 95% CI 1.22-50.90, p = 0.03) and hyponatremia at admission (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.22-18.30, p = 0.02) were predictors for AKI. Independent risk factors for death were AKI (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.2, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (or 9.9, 95% ci 1.2-96.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: AKI and hyponatremia are frequent in TE. Hyponatremia on admission is highly associated with AKI and mortality.