Sexual dysfunction and sperms abnormalities in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus

This paper aims to put light on sexual dysfunction [disorder] and sperms abnormalities in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus and also to reveal the relationship of sexual dysfunction with diabetes mellitus, both type-1 and type-2, in diabetic patients. This paper also describes and enlightens the complications developed in such individuals who are first diabetic and then become vulnerable to sexual dysfunction

Infertility. A clinical approach

Infertility was, is and will be a serious problem for married couples. This review paper is intended to focus on clinical, social, and psychological problems in infertility. Infertility is a clinical problem which denotes the inability of a couple to give birth to child after a year of marriage. There exist a number of possible factors of male infertility, these are pathological infertility, physiological, genetically, and sexually transmitted infections. Attempt has been made to uncover the ignorance among the masses, who turn to pirs and mazars for a cure, and lack of will among medical professionals to find a scientific solution which has further aggravated the issue

Nosocomial infections and development of antibiotic resistance in hospitals global issue

Nosocomial infections and antibiotics go shoulder to shoulder and where there are infections, there are always antibiotics. Hmergencc of antibiotic resistance in hospitals is global issue. This paper aims to alert the health policy makers, medical staff, microbiologisls and other experts to consider more clearly the serious threat of nosocomial infections. This is for the consideration of Pakistan Ministry of Health to become actively involved in the development of a structured and coherent approach to the problem. The approach should focus on formation and implementation of a set of objectives, responsibilities, structures, surveillance system, and technical guideline of medical personnel pertaining to nosocomial infections. There is an urgent need to consider 'active management' of antibiotic usage

Nosocomial infections in public sector hospitals: urgent need for structured and coherent approach to the problem

Nosocomial infections are an important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. This paper highlights some of the serious but avoidable aspects of this largely ignored but vital issue of nosocomial infections in public sector hospitals of Pakistan. This paper also aims to alert the health policy makers, medical staff, microbiologists and other experts to consider more clearly the serious threat of nosocomial infections. It may help Pakistan Ministry of Health to become actively involved in the development of a structured and coherent approach to the problem

Microbiology services in public sector hospitals of Pakistan

The purpose of clinical microbiology laboratory is to identify the actual etiologic agent[s] of infectious disease[s] based on morphological, biochemical, immunological and molecular procedures. Proficiency in isolating and identifying microorganisms, determining drug resistance of isolates; and in reporting the results is essential for the early detection and treatment of nosocomial pathogens. A Microbiologist is essentially interlinked with committees regarding hospital policy-making, infection-control, surveillance, investigation of infections in patients and personnel and maintaining a continuing education program. In the final analysis, the patients' well-being and health benefit most from clinical microbiology laboratory. This overview emphasizes the role of microbiology laboratory in government hospitals of Pakistan and general health care, without which the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance can only become worse

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Sukkur region

Four thousand three hundred sixty six [4366] blood samples from diverse individuals [males and females] of varying age groups were taken to screen out their glucose levels in fasting and random status. These individuals belonged to Sukkur region. Approximately 31% of the cases [both males and females] studied were found 16 have active diabetes, i.e., raised blood glucose level of individuals, whereas 8% of the cases studied were considered as at "diabetic risk group". It was interesting to find out that age groups 30 and above were the major victims of diabetes mellitus. It was also observed that individuals hesitated to talk about their personal life, socioeconomic conditions, job-status, ancestral ailments, tension, anxiety etc. Some individuals opted for either fasting, postprandial or random glucose level, or both fasting and random blood glucose screening. Hence these hindrances made the task more difficult to find out the exact cause[s] and triggering factors of diabetes. It was also noted that there is a growing awareness of "diabetes" in both males and females by showing great interest for screening their blood glucose levels

Diabetes mellitus A chronic metabolic disordar

Diabetes Mellitus, the most common serious metabolic disease, is produced by an insufficiency of insulin and an excess of glucagon relative to the needs of the patient. Diabetes Mellitus has become a major global public health problem. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes is escalating all over the world, especially in developing and industrialized nations. It is becoming a global epidemic and more increase in its incidence is expected in developing countries. The extreme variation in prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus results from a combination of differences in genetic susceptibility to NIDDM [non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus] and its inter-action with behavioural, environmental, degree of modernization, and social risk factors such as change in diet, overall obesity, central obesity and physical inactivity. The double impact of morbidity and mortality is specially related to diabetes and its micro vascular complications, as well as the contribution of abnormal glucose tolerance to the etiology of cardiovascular disease must be anticipated in most populations. Healthy lifestyle practices such as exercise, appropriate nutrition, maintenance of ideal body weight, smoking control and reduced alcohol consumption seem to be major preventive measures suggested at the communities level to reduce the burden of NIDDM and other non-communicable diseases

Induction, production and purification of streptolysin S. [SLS]

Strain C203S of Streptococcus pyogenes group A was examined for the production of Streptolysin S [SLS]. The strain under investigation produced the highest yield of Streptolysin S. The combined material [crude SLS] was further purified by hydroxylapatile column chromatography. The purified product had a specific activity 3.5 x 10[5] haemolytic units [mg protein]-1

Hepatitis-B in Sukkur region

The cases of Hepatitis-B virus [HBV] infections are on the increase in all those countries where immunization is not being effectively provided. The main routes of transmission of this disease are blood transfusions, use of HBV contaminated noodles or syringes, close personal contact with a person with Hepatitis-B. The present study demonstrates that more than 20% of the population of Sukkur region is found to be Hepatitis-B positive

Urolithiasis formation of stone in kidney or at any level of urinary tract

Stones may form at any level in the urinary tract, but mostly in the kidney. Males are affected somewhat more than females. About 80% patients of kidney stones possess unilateral type. The most favourable sites for their formation are the renal calcyces and pelvis. In gout stone contains more uric acid as sodium salt. Stones are of importance when they obstruct urinary flow. Smaller stones are more hazardous, since they may pass into the ureters producing pain and obstruction. Different types of stones may possess different chemical composition. Calcium-oxalate type of stone is predominant and found commonly. In children, and in both sexes, the stone incidence peaked between 1-3 years, while in adults over the age of 30

Iron and infection: siderophores

Iron is required by virtually all organisms to grow. Although there is plenty of iron present in the body fluids of vertebrates, the amounts of free iron, which might be readily available to bacteria, is extremely small. Specific high-affinity transport systems for the uptake of ferric iron enable pathogenic bacteria to compete successfully with other bacteria with host mechanisms to sequester iron

Effect of growth medium on the production of streptolysin S

The effect of growth medium on the production of Streptolysin S [SLS] was examined. Two media, Brain heart infusion broth [BHIB] from different sources [Oxoid and Difco] were used for comparative studies of SLS. Two strains, strain C203S and strain 55903M were tested and it was observed that both strains under investigation grew to high cell density in either Oxoid or Difco BHIB but only cells grown in Difco culture medium gave high yields of SLS

Neutrophils: activities and functions

There are three types of polymorphonuclear leucocytes: the neutrophils, the basophils and the eosinophils, each serving separate functions and differentiated by the staining reactions of their prominent cytoplasmic granules. The neutrophils are the most numerous, comprising 70% of the total leucocytes in blood, and are the cells generally referred to as "polymorphs".They contain two or three types of granules, whose enzymes include peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, nucleotidase, glucuronidase, and lysozyme. The phagocyte is the most powerful and most important part of the defences that can operate without delay against the invading microorganism after the epithelial surface has been breached. Various substances released from bacteria attract phagocytes, but their activity is generally weak. Other bacterial substances react with complement to generate chemotactic factors such as C5a. Microorganisms can avoid the attentions of phagocytic cells by inhibiting chemotaxis, and as a result of this the host is less able to focus polymorphs and macrophages into the exact site of infection

Effect of potassium cyanide [KCN] and sodium azide NaN3 on the growth of streptococcus pyogenes Gr A

In order to show that the growth of S. pyogenes Group A was independent of both Fe and O2 as a terminal electron acceptor, KCN and NaN3 were added to the growth medium at levels which completely inhibited growth of aerobic bacteria. These agents have no effect on the growth of S. pyogenes at concentration below 100 mM, proving that the growth was independent of cyt aa3 oxidoreductase and O2