Factores asociados a infecciones urinarias producidas por enterobacterias productoras de β -lactamasas de espectro extendido: una cohorte prospectiva / Factors associated with extended-spectrum betalactamases-producing organisms among patients with urinary tract infections: a prospective cohort study

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) are an increasingly common problem. Aim: To develop an association model to allow an early detection of ESBL-producing microorganisms. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was undertaken among patients admitted with a diagnosis of culture-proven UTI to the Internal Medicine Ward of the Hospital Naval Almirante Nef between February and November, 2011. Patients with polimicrobial cultures were excluded from analyses, which was undertaken using multiple logistic regression. Results: Two-hundred and forty-nine patients were analysed and 35 (14%) presented an ESBL-producing microorganism. Seventy-one percent were female and the mean age was 70,7 ± 16,9 years. A history of a recent hospitalization (< 3 months) or institutionalization (p = 0.027), previous infections by an ESBL-producing bacteria (p < 0.001), recent antimicrobial use (p = 0.013) and metastatic cancer (p = 0.007) were independently associated with a current UTI with an ESBL-producing pathogen. Discussion: Our findings are similar to those found in other populations. This tool offers assistance to clinicians who need to choose an appropriate antimicrobial therapy. This model needs to be validated prior to implementation.

Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) por microorganismos productores de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) es un problema infectológico creciente. Objetivo: Determinar factores de riesgo predisponentes a infecciones por microorganismos productores de BLEE. Pacientes y Método: Cohorte prospectiva de pacientes > 18 años ingresados al Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Naval Almirante Nef de Viña del Mar desde febrero a noviembre de 2011 con diagnóstico de ITU confirmado en un urocultivo. Se excluyeron pacientes con urocultivos polimicrobianos. El análisis se hizo mediante una regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: Se analizaron 249 pacientes, 35 (14%) presentaron un microorganismo productor de BLEE. El 71% fueron mujeres y la edad promedio 70,7 ± 16,9 años. El antecedente de hospitalización en los últimos tres meses o el vivir institucionalizado (p = 0,027), la infección por bacteria productora de BLEE previa (p < 0,001), el uso de antimicrobianos recientes (p = 0,013) y el antecedente de cáncer metastásico (p = 0,007) se asociaron a la producción de BLEE. Discusión: Los factores encontrados en la presente cohorte están de acuerdo a lo descrito en otras poblaciones. Esta herramienta ofrece asistencia para el médico clínico en la selección de la antibioterapia más apropiada. Es necesario validar este modelo previo a su implementación.

Evolución clínica y ecográfica posterior a terapia de resincronización cardíaca / Clinical and echocardiographi follow up after cardiac resynchronization

Antecedentes: La terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) está adquiriendo importancia como tratamiento complementario en insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada. En Chile, el seguimiento clínico y ecográfico de este grupo de pacientes no ha sido suficientemente investigado y se desconoce la realidad nacional. Objetivos: Describir los cambios clínicos y eco-gráficos posterior a TRC en los pacientes del servicio de cardiología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso, sometidos al procedimiento entre los años 2013 y 2015. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de 10 pacientes con diagnóstico de miocardiopatía dilatada sometidos a TRC, recolectándose variables clínicas y ecográficas previo y al sexto mes post-procedimiento. Se utilizó frecuencias y medianas para describir los resultados. Se definió como respondedores aquellos pacientes que mejoraron su capacidad funcional luego de la intervención. Resultados: Del total de pacientes sometidos a TRC, hubo un 30% de no respondedores, en los cuales no se encontraron predictores de fracaso. En los respondedores se observó mejoría de la capacidad funcional y al menos una de las siguientes: aumento de la fracción de eyección, disminución del diámetro telediastólico del ventrículo izquierdo y reducción del grado de regurgitación mitral. No se observó reducción en el número de hospitalizaciones al año. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la utilidad de la TRC en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes. Se necesitan estudios locales con mayor número de paciente para representar nuestra realidad nacional.

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is gaining relevance as an important therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. In Chile, the clinical and echocardiographic follow-up of these patients has not been sufficiently documented. Aim: To describe the clinical and echocardiographic changes after CRT in patients treated at the cardiology department of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital in Valparaiso, undergoing the procedure between 2013 and 2015. Methods: A descriptive analysis of 10 patients with a diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy submitted to CRT was performed. Clinical and echocardiographic data was collected before and sixth months after the procedure. Frequency and median were used to describe the results. Responders were defined as patients who improved their functional capacity after the intervention. Results: Of all patients undergoing CRT, there were 3 (30%) non-responder patients. In responders improvement in functional capacity and increased ejection fraction or decreased left ventricular diastolic diameter or reduction of mitral regurgitation was observed. No reduction was observed in the number of hospitalizations annually. Conclusion: The results support the usefulness of CRT in treating advanced heart failure in a selected group of patients. Further studies are needed to better define our national reality and predictors of a favorable response after the procedure.

Resultados del trasplante renal en portadores de ríñones poliquísticos / Outcome of renal transplantation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Background: Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have a better survival in chronic dialysis than patients with other etiologies of renal failure. It has been suggested that extra-renal manifestations of ADPKD may increase the odds of complications and mortality, if these patients are transplanted. Aim: To determine whether survival and complications in transplanted patients with ADPKD are different from kidney graft recipients with other etiologies of renal failure. Subjects and Methods: Four hundred six patients with kidney transplantation were followed in three hospitals between 1976 and 2011 and 19 were carriers of ADPKD. The latter were matched by type of donor, gender, age and date of kidney transplant, with 38 graft recipients with other etiologies of renal failure. Results: Graft and patient 1, 5, 10 and 15 years survival were similar in both groups. Hospitalizations due to viral infections and sepsis were more common in patients with ADPKD. There were no differences in the rate of acute rejection, delayed graft function, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders and hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases. The frequency of graft loss due to death with a functioning kidney was similar between both groups. Conclusions: Patient and graft survival in transplanted patients with ADPKD were similar to patients with other etiologies of renal failure. The rate and type of complications were similar between groups with the exception of hospitalizations due to sepsis and viral infections, which were more common in ADPKD patients.

Causas de muerte en pacientes con un injerto renal funcionante: ¿Han ocurrido cambios en las últimas décadas? / Causes of death with a functioning graft among kidney allograft recipients

Background: Death with a functioning graft (DWGF) is now one of the main causes of renal transplant (RTx) loss. Aim: To determine whether the causes of DWGF, characteristics of donors and recipients and complications of RTx have changed in the last two decades. Subjects and Methods: Cooperative study of a cohort of 418 kidney grafts performed between 1968 and 2010. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether their kidney transplants were performed between 1968 and 1992 (Group 1) or 1993 and 2010 (Group 2). Results: Sixty eight patients experienced DWGF. Infections were the leading cause of DWGF in both groups (38 and 41%, respectively), followed by cardiovascular diseases (24 and 23% respectively), gastrointestinal disorders (21 and 26% respectively) and cancer (17 and 10% respectively). There were no significant differences in causes of death between the two groups according to the time elapsed since the renal transplantation. In patients in Group 1, the interval between diagnosis of renal failure and dialysis (HD) and the interval between the start of HD and kidney transplantation were significantly lower than in Group 2. The former had also an increased number of acute rejections in the first five years of kidney transplantation (p < 0.001). In Group 2, patients more often received their kidneys from deceased donors, had previous kidney transplantation, higher rate of antibodies to a panel of lymphocytes and an increased incidence of cardiovascular disorders after five years of RTx. Conclusions: The proportion of graft loss due to DWGF has increased over the last 2 decades, but its causes have not changed significantly. Infections are the most common causes of DWGF followed by cardiovascular and digestive diseases.

Sobrevida y evolución neurológica de pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular en una unidad de cuidados intermedios no neurológica / Survival and neurologic outcome of patients with stroke in a non-neurological intermediate care unit

Introducción: En el manejo actual del Ataque Cerebrovascular (ACV) se recomienda el ingreso durante las primeras horas a unidades de ataque cerebrovascular especializadas en su manejo. Sin embargo, su implementación no es posible en todos los hospitales. Objetivo: Conocer los resultados a mediano plazo de pacientes con ACV ingresados a una unidad de cuidados intermedios general (UCIM). Pacientes y método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de todos los pacientes ingresados entre abril de 2007 y marzo de 2008 con diagnóstico de ACV. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados por neurólogos durante su estadía. Se analizaron características, tratamiento y evolución de los pacientes. Se realizó seguimiento por medio de consulta telefónica. Se midió la escala de Rankin al momento del ingreso y al final del seguimiento, y se analizó la sobrevida a 6 meses. Resultados: Se analizaron 74 pacientes, correspondiendo a 82,4 por ciento isquémicos y 17,6 por ciento hemorrágicos. La media de edad fue de 71,3 años, siendo hombres el 59,6 por ciento. El 97,2 por ciento de los pacientes pre-evento presentaba un Rankin 0-2, mientras que 41,2 por ciento lo presentó al momento de realizar la encuesta telefónica posterior al evento. La sobrevida global a 6 meses fue de 78,4 por ciento. Discusión: La sobrevida y la calidad funcional de pacientes con ACV manejados en una UCIM, se equipara a la observada en unidades de manejo especiales reportadas en la literatura. Esto puede apoyar el uso de UCIM apoyadas por neurólogos para el manejo de pacientes con ACV en aquellos lugares en que no se pueda contar con una unidad especial.