Knowledge of gestational diabetes mellitus among antenatal women in rural area of Maharashtra

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing epidemiological problem. GDM is defined as glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Treatment of GDM is important to avoid maternal and fetal complication. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge about gestational diabetes mellitus among antenatal mothers from rural area.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 193 antenatal mothers in rural hospital, Murud. A study was done between July 2018 to August 2018. A pretested questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about GDM among all antenatal mothers.Results: Among the participants, 48.19% were in the age group 21-25 years and 90.15% antenatal mothers were literate. 80% heard about diabetes mellitus and 38% mothers knows that diabetes can occur first time in pregnancy. Only 28.50% mothers heard about GDM from different source of information.Conclusions: The study shows average knowledge about gestational diabetes mellitus among antenatal mother.

Prevalence of obesity amongst bank employees in Latur city of Maharashtra, India

Background: India is currently experiencing rapid epidemiological transition with rising prevalence of obesity which may be due to sedentary lifestyle and changing dietary pattern. Certain occupations like the job of bank employees are sedentary which predispose individuals to obesity. Hence the present study was carried out to study the prevalence of obesity in bank employees in Latur city of Maharashtra.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 400 bank employees of Latur city. Banks were listed according to sectors i.e. government, co-operative and private. The study subjects were interviewed by predesigned and pretested proforma including bio-social characteristics like age, gender, height, weight etc. The anthropometric measurements were taken like height, weight etc. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed by using appropriate test whenever necessary.Results: According to body mass index (BMI) classification by WHO classification 34.5% subjects were overweight and obese and 25.75% of bank employees had obesity by waist-hip ratio as per WHO classification and 18.5% of bank employees had isolated abdominal obesity.Conclusions: The prevalence of generalized as well as abdominal obesity by WHO classification was more in bank employees. The associated risk factors like age, gender and designation was found to be significant.

Glycemic Control and Long-term Complications in Pediatric Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-center Experience from Northern India

Objective: To study glycemic control, mortality and long-termcomplications in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Referral centre at a government teaching hospital.Participants: Patients with T1D with age ≤18 years at onset.Methods: We retrospectively collected demographic data fromcomputer records from 1991 to 2015. Prospective study foroutcomes was conducted between 2012 and 2016.Main outcome measures: Mortality rate, glycosylatedhemoglobin (HbA1c), and microvascular complication rate.Results: The proportion of T1D patients (n=512) <5 years of ageat onset was 18.6% between 1995 and 2004, and 24.2% in2005-2014 (P<0.001). Twenty eight patients had died out of 334whose living status was known (mortality 1.1 per 100 patient-years over 2549 patient-years follow up). Median (range)HbA1c (n=257) was 8.3% (5.1-15.0%). At least one episode ofsevere hypoglycemia (coma/seizure/inability to assist self) hadoccurred in 22.8% patients over two years. Hypertension waspresent in 11.7% patients. Microvascular complications screenin 164 eligible patients [median (range) age 20 (8-45) y andduration of diabetes 9.1 (5-30) y] showed diabetic nephropathy in3.0%, proliferative retinopathy in 3.6% and LDL cholesterol >100mg/dL in 34% patients.Conclusion: The mortality rate and prevalence of hypertensionwere high, given the short duration of diabetes of the patients.The proportion of patients with age ≤5 years at onset of diabeteshas increased at our center.

Analysis of Functional Outcome of Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction using Quadrupled Semitendinosus and Gracilis Autograft - A Two Year Prospective study

Background: The knee joint is frequently involved in sports injuries, road traffic accidents and during daily living activities. Anterior cruciate ligament is a very commonly involved ligament in these injuries. More and more cases of ACL tear are being diagnosed nowadays due to the increasing awareness among orthopaedic surgeon about importance of knee ligament injuries and also increasing availability of MRI as diagnostic tool. Materials & Methods: The prospective study is conducted in Department of Orthopaedics, J.LN. Medical College and Attached Group of Hospitals, Ajmer from November 2014 to November 2016. All young and middle-aged patients presenting with unilateral knee complaints and history of trauma to the knee were evaluated by a thorough general and local clinical examination of the knee. In a relaxed patient and in supine position, the uninjured knee is examined first to establish reference values after which the affected knee is examined. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 15-45 years with the mean age of  27.51 years.  37.1% of the patients in our study were in the age group of  20-25 years. The total of 20 cases (57.1%) of the right knees were involved and 15 cases (42.9%) of the left knee were involved in the study. The ratio of right knee to left knee involved in ACL injury was 1.33:1. After clinical, radiological and Arthroscopic examination we found that 51.4% (18 cases) patients had no associated  injuries. Whereas rest 49.6% cases have associated meniscal injury (MM and LM or both). Conclusion: ACL reconstruction using single stranded quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autograft provide an intrinsically stable knee with full range of motion without any pain and with restoration of power.

Internalisation of hepatitis C virus core protein by human conjunctival fibroblasts.

Recent studies indicate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins can mediate innate immune response and inflammation in conjunctival fibroblasts which contributes to the pathology of dry eye condition associated with chronic HCV infection. The present study investigates the phagocytic potential of human conjunctival fibroblasts (HCFj) for HCV core protein. HCFj cells were incubated with HCV core antigen for different periods of time, and fluorescent micrographs were taken to observe protein internalisation. HCFj cells were capable of internalising HCV core antigen within 1 h; this gives an insight into another molecular mechanism which may contribute towards HCV‑associated conjunctival inflammation.

A simple method for efficient extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Geitler.

Phycocyanin is a major light harvesting accessory pigment of red algae and cyanobacteria. In the light of its many commercial applications in food and pharmaceutical industry, purity of the pigment plays a major role. Pharmaceutical industry demands a highly pure phycocyanin with A620/280 ratio of 4 and food industry a ratio of 2. In the present study phycocyanin was extracted in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) after macerating in liquid nitrogen. The crude phycocyanin thus extracted was precipitated with 50% ammonium sulphate, purified by dialysis and finally by gel filtration chromatography. Pure phycocyanin was finally obtained with an A620/A280 value of 4.98.

Investigation of children with chronic diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVE: To study the lower G.I. endoscopic and histopathological findings in children with chronic diarrhoea. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: Hospital based. SUBJECT: 83 children with age up to 14 years admitted in Umaid Hospital, Jodhpur including 33 subjects with chronic diarrhoea and 50 normal children in control group. METHODS: All 83 children including study (33) and control group (50) underwent lower G.I. Endoscopy using FUJINON-SIG-ET sigmoidoscope in older children and PENTAX FG-23H gastroscope in younger children after proper preparation. Rectal biopsies were taken in all the subjects except one and was sent for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Majority (90.8%) were in 0-5 year age group with median age of 3.8 years. We could finally reach to definitive diagnosis in 13% patients with chronic diarrhoea. Over all, colitis was the most common cause. CONCLUSION: Both, endoscopy and biopsy are needed to reach final diagnosis.

Subclavian vein catheters for haemodialysis with and without a subcutaneous tunnel.

We have retrospectively analysed the usefulness of a subcutaneous tunnel in patients undergoing haemodialysis through a double lumen subclavian catheter; 194 catheters were used in 145 patients. In 105 patients a subcutaneous tunnel was created. Entry site infection was significantly higher in the no tunnel group (30%; P < 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of septicaemia in the two groups. Eighty five percent of episodes of septicaemia and 67% of entry site infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus. All responded to removal of the catheter and to antibiotics. The average duration the catheter was in place was 20.39 and 21.94 days in the groups with and without tunnel respectively. The average number of dialyses was 9.13 and 9.33 per catheter in the tunnel and no tunnel groups respectively. Three patients had pneumothorax. Subclavian vein thrombosis was suspected clinically in 3 cases. There was no catheter related mortality. We concluded that while entry site infection occurred more frequently in the no tunnel group, the overall incidence of septicaemia was not different in the two groups. Creation of a subcutaneous tunnel has no added advantage.

Short term study on relative merits of acetate and bicarbonate dialysis.

We did a double blind, crossover, prospective study comparing bicarbonate and acetate containing solutions in haemodialysis. Thirty stable patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis while awaiting a renal transplant were each studied on three dialysis with acetate and three with bicarbonate. Nine patients developed symptoms like headache, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, and malaise and developed hypotension during acetate dialysis and three patients during bicarbonate dialysis. There were symptoms during 16.66% of acetate dialysis sessions and 5.55% of bicarbonate dialysis sessions. (P less than 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in PaO2 and PaCO2 on acetate dialysis at 30 minutes after initiation of dialysis. There was no significant difference in weight loss on dialysis, or in blood pressure and correction of acidosis. We conclude that bicarbonate dialysis is better tolerated, but acetate intolerance is not a major problem since we use small surface area dialysers (0.8 M2).