Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in urban rodents from Southern Mexico City at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Currently, there are some concerns about the situation and, in particular, about the future of the COVID-19 pandemic and the new emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Rodents are an example of synanthropic animals in urban environments that harbor important zoonoses. Although the molecular identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Rattus norvegicus from New York City had been reported, in other studies, urban wild rodents infected with this virus have not been found. This study aimed to molecularly identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban wild rodents from Mexico City, trapped along a water channel of a public park as part of a pest control program, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during the fall and winter of 2020. Up to 33 Mus musculus and 52 R. norvegicus were captured and euthanized, large intestine samples with feces from the animals were obtained. RNAs were obtained and subjected to qRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 identification and threshold cycle (Ct) values were obtained. Four mice (12.1%) and three rats (5.8%) were positive, three rodents exhibited Ct<30. Our results on the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 in urban rats are in line with other previous reports. Thus, similar to other authors, we suggest that surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in urban wild rodents, as sentinel animals, should be maintained.

Factores relacionados a la depresión durante la adolescencia: una revisión integrativa / Factors related to depression during adolescence: an integrative review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La depresión es un problema de salud mental común en la etapa de la adolescencia, se manifiesta por descenso del humor, tristeza y pérdida de interés en actividades cotidianas. Esta etapa es sensible por los grandes cambios biopsicosociales. OBJETIVO: identificar factores relacionados a la depresión en adolescentes que puedan actuar como factores protectores o factores de riesgo. METODOLOGÍA: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos WoS, PUBMED, Scopus, y BVS; se utilizaron descriptores normalizados para la expresión de búsqueda "Adolescente AND factores protectores OR factores de riesgo AND depresión", seleccionando 38 artículos. RESULTADOS: se obtuvieron 34 factores, que pueden actuar como de riesgo y protectores, y agrupados en dimensiones: a) biológica: género, edad, índice de masa corporal, problemas de salud; b) psicológica: autorregulación, autoestima, afecto positivo/negativo, pensamientos negativos, imagen corporal, estrés, alexitimia, calidad de vida, y c) social, subdividida en tres grupos: c.1) hábitos: consumo de sustancias nocivas, actividad física/sedentarismo, adicción a pantallas, rendimiento académico, participación comunitaria, estilo de vida, actividad sexual, sueño; c.2) contexto familiar: experiencias familiares, relación padres-hijos, funcionalidad familiar, composición familiar, nivel socioeconómico; y c.3) entorno: escuela urbana, implicación escolar, bullying, apoyo social, exposición a violencia, eventos vitales negativos, alfabetización en salud y áreas verdes. CONCLUSIÓN: Existen factores relacionados a la depresión en adolescentes que podrán actuar como factores protectores o de riesgo, su conocimiento por parte de los profesionales de la salud y de la enfermera en particular es fundamental para intervenirlos.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a common mental health problem in adolescence, manifested by poor mood, sadness and loss of interest in daily activities. Adolescents are especially susceptible to depression due to the great biopsychosocial changes in this stage of life. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors and protective factors associated with adolescent depression that are evidence-based. METHODOLOGY: a bibliographic search was carried out in the WoS, PUBMED, Scopus, and VHL databases. Standardized descriptors used to conduct the search included Adolescent AND protective factors OR risk factors AND depression. 38 articles were selected. RESULTS: 38 factors were identified, classified as risky and protective, and grouped into the following dimensions: a) biological: gender, age, BMI, health problems; b) psychological: negative or positive affection, negative thoughts, satisfaction with body image, stress, alexhythemia, quality of life, self-regulation, self-esteem; and c) social, subdivided into three groups: c.1) habits, physical activity, consumption of harmful substances, screen addiction, lifestyle that needs to be improved, sexual activity, community participation, sleep duration, academic performance; c.2) family context: experiences, parent-child relationship, composition, socioeconomic level, functionality, educational level of parents; and c.3) environmental:: social support, bullying, exposure to violence, belonging to an urban school, negative life events, school involvement, neighborhood with green areas and health literacy. CONCLUSION: Several factors that affect depression in adolescents are reported by the literature. In the biological dimension, they tend to be risk factors, and in the psychological and social dimensions, they may increase risk or be protective. Knowledge of these factors by the nurse is essential to guide interventions.

Long-term infection passaging of Human Adenovirus 36 in monkey kidney cells

ABSTRACT Human Adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36) has been related to diverse effects on metabolism and may attenuate the lipid accumulation in kidneys with increased adiposity. Some of these effects would be related to viral persistence. However, until now, a model of persistent in vitro infection by HAdV-36 is unknown. In this study, we examined the cells of the Vero lineage to explore their permissiveness to long-term HAdV-36 infection. HAdV-36 was productively replicated in Vero cells and maintained long-term infection for up to 35 cell passages. A subculture was obtained from the cells that survived the primary infection at a low MOI (0.5). The production of the extracellular infectious virus with titers ranging from 104 to 106 TCID50/mL and DNA-bearing cells was detected. In long-term infected cells, the intracellular distribution of viral antigen was demonstrated by performing immunolocalization (IFI) and expression of cell-viral antigen in 50% of cells by flow cytometry, using anti-HAdV-36 hyperimmune rabbit serum. Furthermore, E1a and E4orf1 genes in long-term infected passages showed a decreasing trend. Our preliminary results reveal that renal epithelial monkey cells are permissive for the productive infection of HAdV-36. Vero cell culture long-term infection might be a promising model for addressing the fundamental aspects of the HAdV-36 biology that cannot reveal broadly-used cultures, which do not maintain long-term infection in primary or transformed cells.

Identification of α-L-fucosidase (ALFuc) of Blastocystis sp. subtypes ST1, ST2 and ST3

ABSTRACT Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal microorganism. The α-L-fucosidase (ALFuc) is an enzyme long associated with the colonization of the gut microbiota. However, this enzyme has not been experimentally identified in Blastocystis cultures. The objective of the present study was to identify ALFuc in supernatants of axenic cultures of Blastocystis subtype (ST)1 ATCC-50177 and ATCC-50610 and to compare predicted ALFuc proteins of alfuc genes in sequenced STs1-3 isolates in human Blastocystis carriers. Excretion/secretion (Es/p) and cell lysate proteins were obtained by processing Blastocystis ATCC cultures and submitting them to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. In addition, 18 fecal samples from symptomatic Blastocystis human carriers were analyzed by sequencing of amplification products for subtyping. A complete identification of the alfuc gene and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Immunoblotting showed that the amplified band corresponding to ALFuc (~51 kDa) was recognized only in the ES/p. Furthermore, prediction analysis of ALFuc 3D structures revealed that the domain α-L-fucosidase and the GH29 family's catalytic sites were conserved; interestingly, the galactose-binding domain was recognized only in ST1 and ST2. The phylogenetic inferences of ALFuc showed that STs1-3 were clearly identifiable and grouped into specific clusters. Our results show, for the first time through experimental data that ALFuc is a secretion product of Blastocystis sp., which could have a relevant role during intestinal colonization; however, further studies are required to clarify this condition. Furthermore, the alfuc gene is a promising candidate for a phylogenetic marker, as it shows a conserved classification with the SSU-rDNA gene.

Effect of different sources of non-fiber carbohydrate on ruminal pH and in vitro digestibility of tropical forage / Efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro de forragens tropicais

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade da forragem, e descrever as curvas de degradação dos CNF. O estudo foi composto de dois ensaios. No primeiro, três novilhos canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo de 350 ± 15 kg (Média ± DP), foram alocados em um quadrado latino (QL) 3×3, e alimentados com dietas contendo: milho moído (MM, tamanho de partículas 0,9 mm), laminado a vapor (MLV) ou polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). Cada período tinha 14 d, sendo os primeiros 12 para adaptação e o 13º para a medição seriada do pH e o 14º para a coleta de líquido ruminal e incubação in vitro para digestibilidade da MS e FDN (DIVMS e DIVFDN) de feno de bermudagrass (Feno) e silagens de milho (SM) e cana (SC). No segundo ensaio, coletou-se fluido ruminal de um touro canulado, alimentado com silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, para digestão in vitro dos CNF em vários tempos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para ajustar as curvas de degradação dos CNF e calcular o tempo de colonização, frações alimentares e taxa de degradação. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio foram analisados em um QL 3×3. O modelo dos parâmetros de digestibilidade incluiu efeito fixo de forragem (Alimento), dieta com CNF (Dieta) e interação (Alimento × Dieta), e efeito aleatório de animal e período. O modelo para pH incluiu efeito fixo de Dieta, Tempo como medida repetida, animal e período como aleatórios. Foi considerada a probabilidade significativa de ≤ 5% (α = 0,05). As curvas de degradação dos CNF foram ajustadas pelo PROC NLIN do SAS, e parâmetros de equação comparados por intervalo de confiança. Houve interação Dieta × Tempo no pH ruminal (P = 0,04), onde o MLV diminuiu o pH comparado com PCP e MM apenas no tempo 6 h. Não houve interação Alimento × Dieta (P > 0,05) para nenhum parâmetro de digestibilidade. Houve efeito de Alimento sobre a DIVMS e DIVFDN, após 30 e 48 h de incubação (P < 0,01). A SM teve a maior DIVMS, seguido por SC e Feno, após 30 e 48 h de incubação. A SM teve a maior DIVFDN após 30 h, comparado com SC e Feno. No entanto, para DIVFDN após 48 h, a SM teve maior média, seguida da SC e Feno. O fluido ruminal de animais alimentados com MLV diminuiu a DIVMS e DIVFDN (P < 0.05) de todas as forragens, após 48 h. Resultados do segundo ensaio mostram que PCP diminuiu o tempo de colonização, fração B e aumentou a kd comparado com os dois milhos, e MLV apresentou maior kd que o MM. Em conclusão, a dieta com MLV diminuiu o pH ruminal no tempo 6 h e, consequentemente, diminuiu a DIVFDN das forragens avaliadas. Embora PCP tenha apresentado menor tempo de colonização e maior taxa de degradação da fração B, não afetou negativamente o pH do rúmen nem a digestibilidade da fibra das forragens. (au)

Aplasia medular adquirida y embarazo. caso clínico / Acquired aplastic anemia during pregnancy. report of one case

Aplastic anemia (AA) or acquired aplastic anemia is an uncommon and potentially fatal disease. It is defined as reduction of at least two peripheral blood series, associated with persistent bone marrow hypocellularity. It's association with pregnancy is even more uncommon, and it may result in high mortality for the mother and the child. We report an adolescent female with aplastic anemia, which worsened during pregnancy. Her hemoglobin was 5.2 g/dl, her leukocytes were 1,833/ul and her platelets were 19,000/ul. She was initially treated with cyclosporine and horse antithymocyte globulin without hematologic improvement. At 36 weeks of pregnancy methylprednisolone and platelet transfusions were used and a cesarean section was performed. Six month later she continues to require red blood cell and platelet transfusions.

Critical theory and its contribution to the nursing discipline / Teoría crítica y su contribución a la disciplina de enfermería / Teoria crítica e sua contribuição à disciplina de enfermagem

En primera instancia, se reflexiona sobre la Teoría Crítica a partir de los conceptos filosóficos más importantes y las modificaciones que ha sufrido en el tiempo. Seguidamente, se expone la contribución de la Teoría Crítica a la Enfermería. Esta enfatiza en el análisis contextual de los fenómenos y es autocrítica con el fin de impedir los dogmatismos y totalitarismos. Además, postula que para establecer una verdad se deben considerar las condiciones históricas en las cuales surge esa determinada verdad. Jürgen Habermas, con su Teoría de la Acción Comunicativa, reorienta los postulados originales de la Teoría Crítica, haciéndola más coherente desde el punto de vista social, mediante los Intereses Rectores del Conocimiento. Los profesionales de Enfermería, seguidores de la Teoría Crítica, destacan la necesidad de mejorar la descripción de la construcción del conocimiento con una finalidad emancipatoria y liberadora, que permita a Enfermería aportar respuestas para acercarse a la realidad mediante una visión global y dialéctica, y a partir de una posición democrática del conocimiento, construir investigación desde la realidad situacional social que forma parte de su experiencia cotidiana. Todo lo cual pueda unificarse como una "Filosofía del Cuidado" de Enfermería, que debería incorporarse en la formación profesional de la disciplina y en el área investigativa.

This article reflects on the Critical theory, stemming from the most important philosophical concepts and the modifications it has endured over time. Thereafter, we expose the contribution of the Critical theory to Nursing. This emphasizes on the contextual analysis of the phenomena and it is a self-critique to prevent dogmatisms and totalitarianisms. It postulates that in order to establish a truth, we must consider the historical conditions within which said truth emerges. Jürgen Habermas, with his Theory of Communicative Action, reorients the original postulates of the Critical theory, making it more coherent from the social point of view, through the Guiding Interests of Knowledge. Nursing professionals who follow the Critical theory highlight the need to improve the description of the construction of knowledge with an emancipating and liberating purpose, which permits Nursing to provide responses to approach reality through a global and dialectic vision and from a democratic position of knowledge, construct research from the social situational reality that is part of its daily experience; everything that can be unified as a "Philosophy of Nursing Care", which should be incorporated onto the professional formation of the discipline and onto the research area.

Se reflexiona sobre a Teoria Crítica, a partir dos conceitos filosóficos mais importantes e as modificações que sofreu no tempo, seguidamente, expõe-se a contribuição da teoria crítica à Enfermagem. Esta enfatiza a análise contextual dos fenômenos e é autocrítica com o fim de impedir os dogmatismos e totalitarismos. Postula que para estabelecer uma verdade se deve considerar as condições históricas nas quais surge está determinada verdade. Jürgen Habermas com sua Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, reorienta os postulados originais da Teoria Crítica, fazendo-a mais coerente desde o ponto de vista social, através dos Interesses Reitores do Conhecimento. Os profissionais de Enfermagem seguidores da Teoria Crítica, destacam a necessidade de melhorar a descrição da construção do conhecimento com uma finalidade emancipatória e liberadora, que permita a Enfermagem contribuir respostas para acercar-se à realidade por meio de uma visão global e dialética, e desde uma posição democrática do conhecimento, construir investigação desde a realidade situacional social que faz parte de sua experiência cotidiana. Tudo o qual possa unificar-se como uma "Filosofia do Cuidado" de Enfermagem, que deveria incorporar-se na formação profissional da disciplina e na área investigativa.

Aporte de enfermería a la toma de decisiones en salud / Nursing contribution in health decision making / Contribuição da enfermagem na tomada de decisões em saúde

En el ámbito sanitario tomar decisiones es una situación frecuente, aunque potencialmente difícil, ya sea por las características del(la) usuario(a), del contexto o de la situación de salud. Esto provoca conflicto decisional en los(as) usuarios(as). El presente artículo se propone analizar conceptualmente la toma de decisiones en salud y los aportes realizados desde enfermería para comprender y enfrentar el fenómeno. Así, el Modelo de Toma de Decisiones en Salud de Ottawa, propuesto por la enfermera Annette O'Connor, surge como una herramienta útil para que las(os) enfermeras(os) realicen intervenciones efectivas con personas que se enfrentan a problemas decisionales, donde además el(la) usuario(a) puede asumir una participación más activa en las decisiones sobre su propia salud.

Decision making in health is a frequent situation, although potentially difficult, depending on patient/user characteristics and the context or the situation of health. This causes decisional conflicts in patients/users. The present study proposes to analyze the decision making process in health, conceptually, and nurses' contributions to understand and confront the phenomenon. The Ottawa the Model of Decisions Making in Health, proposed by Annette O'Connor, arises as a useful tool that enables nurses to carry out effective interventions with persons who face decision problems. Patients/users can assume a more active participation in the decisions on their own health.

No âmbito sanitário, tomar decisões é uma situação frequente, embora potencialmente difícil, devido às características do usuário ou do contexto da situação de saúde. Isso provoca um conflito de decisão nos usuários. O presente artigo propõe-se a analisar conceitualmente a tomada de decisões na saúde e as contribuições realizadas pela enfermeira para compreender e enfrentar o fenômeno. Desta forma, o Modelo de Tomada de Decisões na Saúde de Ottawa proposto pela enfermeira Annette O'Connor surge como uma ferramenta útil para que os profissionais da saúde realizem intervenções efetivas em pessoas que enfrentam problemas de decisões. Além disso, o usuário poderá assumir uma participação mais ativa nas decisões sobre sua própria saúde.

Proceso de enfermería aplicado a una madre y su hijo lactante con enfoque transcultural utilizando taxonomías / Nursing process applied to a mother and her infant with transcultural approach using taxonomies

Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los resultados de la aplicación de un proceso de enfermería con enfoque transcultural y utilizando taxonomías. Se presenta un estudio de caso de una madre y su hijo hospitalizado en un establecimiento asistencial del Servicio de Salud de la V Región, Chile. Para ello, se realizó la valoración utilizando un instrumento basado en los factores del Modelo del Sol Naciente, de la teoría de la Diversidad y Universalidad de los Cuidados Culturales de Madeleine Leininger. Los Diagnósticos de Enfermería prioritarios se formularon en base a la Taxonomía NANDA-I. Los cuidados culturales congruentes se enfocaron en la preservación, negociación y reestructuración de estos, utilizando la Taxonomía NIC. Para la evaluación, se aplicaron los resultados esperados propuestos por NOC. Para aplicar este proceso de enfermería, se evidenció la relevancia de conocer los valores y creencias del grupo familiar, por el impacto que tienen en la toma de decisiones y prácticas de cuidado. La realización de este proceso evidenció la posibilidad de utilizar conjuntamente el modelo transcultural y las taxonomías. Sin embargo, hubo dificultades para enunciar los Diagnósticos NANDA- I, por lo que es necesario incorporar algunos factores relacionados con el enfoque transcultural.

This article has the purpose to describe the results of the application of a transcultural nursing process approach and using taxonomies. A case study is presented of a mother and son hospitalized in a care establishment of the Health Service of the V Region, Chile. To do this, the assessment was performed using a factor based Model of the Rising Sun, Theory of Diversity and Universality Cultural Care Madeleine Leininger instrument. Priority Nursing Diagnoses were made based on the NANDA-I Taxonomy. Congruent care focused on cultural preservation, negotiation and restructuring of these, using the NIC Taxonomy. For evaluation, the expected results given by NOC were applied. To apply the nursing process, the importance of learning about the values and beliefs of the family, the impact on decision-making and care practices is evident. The completion of this process showed the possibility of jointly using the transcultural model and taxonomies. However, there were diffi culties in stating the NANDA-I diagnoses, so it is necessary to incorporate some related factors transcultural approach.

Factores protectores y de riesgo familiar relacionados al fenómeno de drogas, presentes en familias de adolescentes tempranos de Valparaíso, Chile / Fatores protetores e de risco familiar, relacionados ao fenômeno de drogas, entre adolescentes tempranos de Valparaíso, Chile / Protective and family risk factors related to drugs in families of adolescents from Valparaíso, Chile

Esta investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva-transversal y exploratoria objetivó identificar y describir los factores protectores y de riesgo familiar frente al fenómeno de las drogas en familias de adolescentes tempranos de la comunidad de Valparaíso, Chile. La muestra tuvo 61 estudiantes registrados en 2008 que fueron seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un cuestionario elaborado y validado por expertos de 5 países de la región de las Américas. El 86,9 por ciento de los adolescentes percibieron las relaciones familiares, en general, como factor protector, con destaque para la alta comunicación con los padres. El acumulo de tensiones, problemas de salud y comportamiento fueron vistos como factores protectores por la mayoría, un número pequeño de estudiantes lo considera como factor neutro, en ambos casos asociados al consumo de alcohol y drogas por parte de algún miembro de la familia. También, la mayoría considera como factores de riesgo la educación y el tipo de trabajo de los padres.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e descrever os fatores protetores e de risco familiar frente ao fenômeno das drogas, em famílias de adolescentes tempranos da comunidade de Valparaiso, Chile. Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva transversal e exploratória. A amostra foi composta por 61 estudantes, matriculados em 2008, e selecionados por amostra aleatória simples. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário elaborado e validado por experts de 5 países das regiões das Américas. Dos adolescentes, 86,9 por cento perceberam as relações familiares. em geral, como fator protetor, com destaque à alta comunicação com os pais. O acúmulo de tensões, problemas de saúde e comportamentais foram encontrados como fatores protetores entre número pequeno de estudantes que atuam como atores neutros, em ambos os casos associados ao consumo de álcool e drogas, por parte de algum membro da família, e, como fatores de risco se destacam a educação e o tipo de trabalho dos pais.

This quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory research aimed to identify and describe protective and family risk factors related to the phenomenon of drugs in adolescents' families in the community of Valparaiso, Chile. The sample consisted of 61 students enrolled in 2008 and selected through simple random sampling. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire, developed and validated by experts from five countries in the Americas. Of the adolescents, 86.9 percent perceived the family relations, in general, as a protective factor, highlighting great communication with parents. Tensions, health and behavior problems were found as protective factors by a small number of students who act as neutral actors, in both cases associated with alcohol and drugs consumption by some family member. As risk factors, education and parents' kind of work were appointed.

Embarazo en la adolescencia: educación sexual y anticoncepción previa / Pregnancy in the adolescence: sexual education and previous contraception

El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer la relación previa entre la educación sexual y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) en las adolescentes que se embarazan. Para esto se analizaron 347 fichas de embarazadas entre 11 y 16 años correspondientes al área oriente de Santiago entre los años 2002 y 2004. Del total, un 79,5 por ciento (276) refirió haber recibido educación sexual, el 98,5 por ciento (342) dijo conocer algún MAC y el 36,5 por ciento (127) los utilizó; de éstas últimas, un 85,8 por ciento de las pacientes (109) los usó por un plazo menor a 6 meses. De las pacientes que afirmaron haber recibido educación sexual, sólo un 34 por ciento (94) usaba algún tipo de contraceptivo. Dentro de los MAC, los más usados fueron los anticonceptivos orales (55,1 por ciento). Estos resultados constituyen un llamado de alerta y a la vez un incentivo para la revisión y promoción de las estrategias para la prevención del embarazo adolescente.

Diseño y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación de los atributos de la calidad en la clínica odontológica Santa Mónica / Design of validation of an instrument for the evaluation of the attributes of the quality in Santa Mónica dental clinic

La investigación buscaba diseñar y validar un instrumento para la evaluación de los atributos de la calidad en IPS odontológicas que se constituyera en un modelo piloto útil para instituciones similares. Se diseño el instrumento con base en las normas legales vigentes respecto al sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad (Decreto 2174 de 1996) y con base en el Modelo del Doble Propósito descrito por lovelock, 1997. El instrumento consta de dos partes: una para profesionales donde se evalúan los atributos de la calidad; y otra para usuarios donde se evalúa la satisfacción de los mismos. Consta de 44 reactivos para los profesionales y 32 reactivos para los usuarios. Se escogió una muestra de 70 profesionales y 30 usuarios de la clínica Odontológica Santa Mónica, a los cuales se les aplicó los instrumentos respectivos. Para el análisis estadístico el coeficiente alfa de cronbach para evaluar la confiabilidad de la prueba; validación por juicio de expertos, para la validez de contenido y constructo; se obtuvieron normas percentilares con base en los puntajes brutos obtenidos por los sujetos. El alfa de cronbach para la parte del instrumento aplicada a los profesionales arrojó un coeficiente de 0.6 y para la parte del instrumento aplicada a los usuarios fue de 0.8. Las tendencias hacia los atributos de la calidad fueron favorables de acuerdo con los rangos percentilares obtenidos. Se sugiere realizar posteriores evaluaciones del instrumento en diferentes IPS odontológicas, con el fin de mejorar la confiabilidad y validez del mismo.

Riesgos obstétricos en el embarazo adolescentes: estudio comparativo de resultados obstétricos y perinatales con pacientes embarazadas adultas / Obstetrical risks in the pregnancy adolescent: comparative study of obstetrical and perinatal results with adult pregnant patients

Se presenta un estudio retrospectivo y comparativo, a travéz de una muestra obtenida en forma aleatoria, de la evolución materna y resultados obstétricos de las pacientes adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital Salvador, en comparación con un grupo control obtenido en el mismo Servicio y período de estudio. Se analizan diversas variables, y se hace una completa revisión del tema en base a la literatura nacional y extranjera