Effects of ND YAG Laser Capsulotomy on Intra ocular Pressure and Macular Thickness

AIM- This study was aimed to find the changes in macular thickness and intra-ocular pressure overtime after ND-YAG laser capsulotomy. Methods: 100 pts fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study and underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination. Pts IOP and macular thickness was measured by goldmann applanation tonometery and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) respectively before performing the procedure. Each patient was called for follow up on day 1, 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. During all the follow up visits complete eye examination, IOP measurement, and macular thickness measurement were noted. Results: For this study, a total of 100 eyes of 100 patients (54 males, 46 females) aged 18to 80 years (mean age 51.98±14.01 years) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study.IOP was significantly higher at all the follow-up intervals among those in whom >40 mJ energy was used as compared to those in whom <40 mJ energy was used Mean change in macular thickness was found to be significantly higher at day 1 and week 1 among those in whom >40 mJ energy was used as compared to those in whom <40mJ energy was used. However, at subsequent follow-up intervals, the difference was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy results in increased IOP and macular thickness which sustains upto a substantial period.Rise in IOP following Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is correlated with the amount of energy used.Change in macular thickness following Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is weakly/mildly correlated with the amount of energy used during the initial follow-up, however, subsequently it does not show a correlation with amount of energy used.

A Study of Frequency of Dry Eye in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The aim of the study is to find the frequency of dry eye in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care centre in Western Uttar Pradesh region. Methods: A cross sectional observational study, conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Hospital. A Total of 200 patients were enrolled, 100 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus group and 100 in non-diabetic group. Detailed ocular and diabetic history was recorded and clinical examination with slit-lamp for anterior segment was done. Schirmer’s test (SchT), Tear breakup time (TBUT) were performed, and results noted. The stage of diabetic retinopathy was determined using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results: According to the present study, frequency of dry eye was more in diabetics (68%) as compared to non-diabetic patients (32%). Frequency of dry eye was maximum among the patients of above 60 years of age with 48.5% and 48.1% in diabetic and non-diabetic group respectively. Dry eye was more common in females in both the groups, 54.5% and 51.8% respectively. Dry eye was seen in 75% patients having diabetic retinopathy. Dryness (68%) and watering(21%) was the most common ocular symptom in diabetics and non-diabetics respectively. Conclusion: Dry eye have high frequency with diabetics and diagnosis for dry eye by TBUT and Schirmer’s along with history of ocular symptoms can be utilized as screening tool. Dry eye appears more in higher age group and in females as compared to middle or younger age group. Frequency of dry eye is much higher in diabetics having diabetic retinopathy as compared to the other diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy.

Study Of The Surgical Outcome Of Sutureless Glueless Conjunctival Autograft In Pterygium Excision Surgery

Background: Pterygium is a hyperplastic elastoid wing shaped degenerative condition of the subconjunctival tissue which proliferates as vascularized granulation tissue infiltrating the cornea destroying the superficial layers of stroma and Bowman’s membrane causing corneal distortion and significant amount of astigmatism. Conjunctival autograft is a relatively new and effective surgical technique with good aesthetic results in the management of primary pterygium. Objective: To evaluate the surgical outcome in terms of recurrence and other complications of sutureless glueless conjunctival autograft in pterygium excision. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Prospective interventional non randomized hospital based case series was carried out in 50 eyes with primary pterygium. Pterygium excision with limbal conjunctival autograft without glue or suture was performed in all patients. The patients were followed post operatively on day 1, day 7, 1 month and 6 months. Recurrence and other complications were noted at each visit. Results: Mean age of the study population was 36.96_x0001_11.39 years, 64% were males with maximum patients (72%) presenting in the age group of 20-40 years. The overall complication rate was 10%. Graft retraction was seen in 4%, Conjunctival Cyst in 2% and 1 case showed Graft Rejection. Recurrence rate was noted to be 2% at the end of 6 months. Conclusion: Sutureless glueless conjunctival autograft following pterygium excision is a simple, safe and economical procedure for the treatment of pterygium having excellent outcome.

Study of Frequency of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a silent disease that may result in irreversible bilateral blindness if not identified and treated effectively. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Evidence demonstrates that vascular disturbances to the optic nerve’s anterior portion are responsible for optic nerve head changes, which can result in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus as a microangiopathy itself affects the ocular circulation. Studies studying diabetes as a risk factor for development of glaucoma have given conflicting results. This study was therefore planned to see the frequency of primary open angle glaucoma and in diabetics. Methods: It was an observational cross-sectional study. The present study consisted of 100 types 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 100 controls without diabetes between 40-70 years of age of either sex. The patients from both groups were thoroughly examined for the diagnosis of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) after applying the diagnostic criteria. Results: The frequency of Primary open angle Glaucoma was significantly more among Diabetics (20.0%) in comparison to Non-Diabetics (12.0%). Conclusion: A public health awareness approach is recommended in all patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients regarding Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in the study area.

Subconjunctival Cysticercosis: A Case Report.

Cysticercus cellulosae occurs worldwide, mainly in poor regions with insufficient sanitary conditions. Ocular cysticercosis develops from Taenia solium larvae in ocular structures. The eye could be the prime location for such parasitic infection because of its rich vascularization and almost all structures such as orbit, extraocular muscles, conjunctiva, anterior segment, and posterior segment can be involved. Diagnosis is usually made on history, clinical examination, radiological findings, and histopathology. We report a case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with a subconjunctival cyst. It was diagnosed as implantation cyst based on history and clinical findings. Complete surgical excision was done. On histopathological examination, ocular cysticercosis was confirmed. The patient was given oral albendazole and prednisolone, post-operatively. The ocular cysticercosis is an oft-reported problem in North India. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Inaccessible cysts are best treated with oral albendazole along with prednisolone.