[Association between nutrient patterns and changes in weight and waist circumference in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: The association of nutrient patterns with chronic disease and obesity has been much focused on recently. This study investigated the relation between nutrient patterns with changes in weight and waist circumference

Materials and Methods: The study population included 1637 subjects, aged 30-75 years, free of cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, recruited from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2005-2008]. Participants had complete anthropometric and dietary information and were followed up to the next phase [2008-2011]. Dietary intake of 33 nutrients was collected by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire and three year changes of weight and waist circumference were documented. Nutrient patterns were obtained using principal component analysis

Results: Four nutrient patterns were identified. Median and interquartile range [IQR] of weight and waist circumference changes of participants were 1.0 [-1.0-3.0] kilogram and 3.0 [0.0-8.0] centimetres, respectively. The first pattern [high fat dairy and meat], rich in animal protein, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorous and zinc was associated with higher weight gain 0.258 [0.066-0.449] P for trend=0.009 after adjusting for confounder variables. There were no significant associations for other patterns [fruit and vegetables with dairy, nuts and legumes, and grains and fruits] with changes in weight and waist circumference

Conclusion: Dietary intakes of nutrient patterns rich in animal source foods are directly associated with higher weight gain

[Urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in lactating mothers and its association with certain demographic characteristics in an area with iodine sufficiency]

Introduction: lactating mothers and breastfed infants are most vulnerable to iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status of lactating mothers and its association with certain demographic characteristics in an area of iodine sufficiency

Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 264 lactating mothers, 3-5 days postpartum were randomly selected from health care centers. Breast milk, urine, and salt samples were collected from each mother. Demographic factors including age, education, occupation, date of last pregnancy, parity, gravidity, type of delivery and use of iodine containing supplement during pregnancy were assessed

Results: a total of 254 lactating mothers, aged 28.2 +/- 4.9 years completed this study. Median [interquartile range [IQR]] maternal urinary iodine concentration [UIC] and breast milk iodine concentration [BMIC] was 82 [42-146] and 241 [167-337] [micro]g/L, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between maternal UIC and BMIC [r =0.177, P=0.007]. In multiple linear regression, maternal UIC value was associated with occupation [P=0.010] and parity [P=0.014]; a significant association was observed between BMIC and occupation [P=0.039] and the iodine content of salt [P=0.043]

Conclusion: the present findings indicate that despite lactating mothers being mildly iodine deficient, as defined by median UIC, the iodine levels of breast milk were within an optimal range. In an area with iodine sufficiency, parity, occupation and iodine content of salt are major determinants of iodine status among lactating mothers

[Association of dietary approach to stop hypertension [DASH] diet with 3-year changes in body mass index and risk of obesity in adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Considering the incrediblly high incidence of obesity in adolescents, in this study, we have examined the association of DASH diet with 3-year body mass index change and risk of obesity in Tehranian adolescents

Materials and Method: This population based cohort study included 629 adolescents [aged 10 to 18 years] from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [TLGS]. Dietary data were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were assessed both at baseline and end of follow up. In adolescents, obesity was defined as body mass index 2 95th percentile for age and sex according to national reference curves

Results: Mean +/- SD for age and DASH score at baseline were 14.1 +/- 2.5 years and 24.1 +/- 4.2, respectively. Also, the mean +/- SD of body mass index gain and risk of incident obesity was 1.7 +/- 2.6 kg/m2 and 12% after 3 years follow up, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, higher DASH diet score and lower dietary intakes of sweet beverage were inversely associated with 3-year changes in body mass index [P<0.05]. The odds ratio [95%CI] of developing obesity in the highest, compared with the lowest, quintile of DASH score was 0.2 [0.1-0.7] [P for trend=0.025]. Also, the lower intake of sweet beverage was significantly associated with reducing the risk of incident obesity [OR: 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.6] [P for trend=0.003]

Conclusion: A DASH- style dietary pattern is associated inversely with 3-year body mass index changes and risk of incident obesity in adolescents

[ association of dietary beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Background and Objective: Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin may be associated with reduce the risk of insulin resistance, due to their antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and the risk of insulin resistance in adults

Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 938 [421 men and 517 women], aged between 19 to 82 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study in Iran. Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at base line and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of insulin resistance across tetiles of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: The mean age of participants was 40.7 +/- 12.1 years. beta-carotene was inversely associated with insulin resistance after adjustment for confounder variables [95% CI= 0.25-0.72, OR= 0.42, P-value for trend=0.01]. Also, an inverse association was found between dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin and insulin resistance risk [95% CI= 0.30-0.84, OR= 0.51, P-value for trend=0.01]

Conclusion: There was inverse association between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and risk of insulin resistance in adults

[ effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic control, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers of type 2 diabetic patients]

Introduction: Systemic inflammation plays a main role in the incidence of diabetes complications. Probiotics can be used in the treatment of diabetes complications for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplement on glycemia, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes

Materials and Methods: This randomized double blind clinical trial was carried out on 59 diabetic patients, aged 25-65 years, referred to the Taleghani Hospital in Tehran. They were randomly divided in 2 groups, the probiotic and the placebo. Patients in each group received 2 capsules per day for 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention to evaluate glycemic control, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers

Results: Mean fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased by 9% [132.7 +/- 34 vs. 146.5 +/- 44] in the probiotic group during the intervention [P=0.001]. Results of the analysis of covariance showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance, whereas there were none observed in IL-6 and TNF alpha between the two groups after intervention

Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that probiotic consumption may help in diabetes control through reducing glycemia and insulin resistance

[Dietary glycine and incidence of hypertension: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, and recent studies have been investigating the association of dietary amino acids with blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the association of dietary glycine with blood pressure

Materials and Methods: For the present study, conducted on 2612 participants, aged 35-70 years, who had participated in the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2008-2011] were followed up to the fifth phase [2011-2014]. At baseline, participants, who were free of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer and had complete documented anthropometric, clinical and dietary data entered the study. Dietary glycine information was collected, using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Incidence of hypertesion was ascertained after three years of follow up, using logistic regression to assess the associations between incidence of hypertension and tertiles of glycine intake, adjusted for potential confounders

Results: The mean+/-SD age of participants [42.1% men] was 47.1+/-8.3 years. During 3 years of follow-up, 365 cases [14%] of hypertension developed. The OR of the highest tertile of glycine intake was 0.69 [95% CI: 0.49-0.96; P for trend: 0.04], compared to the lowest, after adjusting for potential confounders

Conclusion: Our results indicate an inverse association between higher glycine intake and incidence of hypertension

[Interaction of macronutrient intake and cetp gene variants in relation to metabolic syndrome and components]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between CETP [Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein] polymorphisms and macronutrient intakes in relation to metabolic syndrome [MetS] and its components

Materials and Methods: In this matched nested case-control study, 441 MetS subjects and 844 controls were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intake was determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Portions of DMA samples were genotyped with HumanOmniExpress-24-v1-0 bead chips [containing 649,932 SNP loci] in the Tehran cardio-metabolic genetic study

Results: Mean ages of men and women did not differ between cases and controls. Frequencies of the C [rs3764261] and A [rs5882] alleles were 62.9% and 62.1%, respectively, and did not differ in cases and controls. Compared to CC [rs3764261] genotype, low HDL-C risk was decreased in subjects with the AC+AA genotypes [P<0.001]. Interactions were observed between Mono-unsaturated fatty acids, total fat intakes and rs5882 in relation to risk of low HDL-C [Pi=0.02 and 0.05, respectively]. The risk of high blood pressure across quartiles of trans-fatty acid and cholesterol intake differed in rs5882 genotypes [Pi<0.05]

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated no interaction between rs3764261, rs5882 polymorphisms and macronutrient intakes in relation toMetS; neither were MUFA and trans-fatty acid intakes associated with rs5882 genotypes in relation to risk of high blood pressure and low HDL-C

[Effect of camel milk on glycemic control and lipid profiles of diabetic patients]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of camel and cow milk on blood sugar and lipid profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus, who injected lantus insulin

Materials and Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with diabetes mellitus, using lantus insulin injections were randomly allocated two groups of camel milk receivers (19 patients, mean age 59.84+1.05] and cow milk receivers [17 patients, mean age 49.47 + 2.93]. The two groups consumed 500 ml of either camel milk or cow milk daily for three months

Results: Changes in mean glucose levels of the camel milk group were significant, over the study duration and [P<0.05]. HbA1c decreased significantly in both groups [P<0.05]. There was significant reduction of the insulin dose required in the patients receiving camel milk [13.71%], compared to those who received cow milk [0.25%; P0.05]. In the group receiving camel milk, there was a significant increase in HDL-C levels [P<0.05]. There was no difference in fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and lipid profiles between the two groups at the end of study [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Camel milk decreased blood sugar, HbA1c and required the insulin dose required in diabetes mellitus patients, who inject lantus insulin and in could also contribute to glycemic control in these patients

[Trans fatty acids and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review]

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [GDM] is a common metabolic disorder in pregnancy that is diagnosed for the first time in the second half pregnancy. Associations between consumption of trans fatty acids and GDM have been conflicted in many studies. The purpose of this study is to determine this relationship. Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review to assess the relationship between trans fatty acids consumption before and during pregnancy and GDM incidence. We searched Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Science Direct and Med Line for identifying relevant analytic studies [Cohort and case- control studies]. We used the key words: Trans Fatty Acids, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, pregnancy glucose intolerance. Result: At last we identified 12 relevant studies. Studies demonstrated that high trans fatty acids and animal fat intake before and during pregnancy significantly increased blood glucose levels in late pregnancy. Conclusion: High trans fatty acids intake and animal fat consumption in daily diet before and during pregnancy disturb glucose metabolism and increase risk of GDM in the second half of pregnancy, although all of the studies recommended more widespread clinical trials to identify the exact relationship between high trans fatty acids intake and GDM

[The association of red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: although previous studies report the relationship of diabetes with various groups of fruits and vegetables, and also an inverse association between insulin resistance with dietary carotenoids and flavonoids, no studies have yet examined the effect of [Fruit and Vegetable] FV subgroups on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of red, orange and yellow FV, with the 3-year incidence of insulin resistance in adults

Materials and Methods: in this longitudinal study, 940 men and women, aged>19 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables [FV] were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of IR across tertiles of color subgroups of FV with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: the mean age and body mass index [BMI] of participants were 40.34+/-12.1 years and 26.4+/-4.4 kg/m2 respectively. Mean residual energy adjusted total intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow FV were 503g/d, 172, 108and 104g/d, respectively. Total intake of FV was inversely associated with IR after 3 years of follow up [OR=0.511P for trend=0.018]. and also an inverse association was found between red/purple [OR=0.48 P for trend=0.012], orange [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.001] and yellow [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.011] groups and the occurrence of IR

Conclusion: results of this longitudinal study, found an inverse association between dietary intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow groups and the risk of IR in adults

[Opinion of Iranian endocrinologists about internal medicine and endocrinology]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine why Iranian endocrinologists choose endocrinology and to ascertain the advantages and limitations that they encounter

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire including 3 open questions and one with 8 choices was sent to 157 endocrinologists, whose email was available in the list of the Iran Endocrine Society for analysis of responses to open questions

Results: Of the 157 endocrinologists, 81 [52%], - 42 females [52%] and 39 males [48%]- responded. Eighty-one percent wrote back saying they had selected internal medicine as a specialty because it is "the basic scientific principles of medicine". Answers to the question "Why did you choose endocrinology?" were: "It has a constant process of thinking in diagnosis and treatment [69%], systematic and intellectual decision making [62%], the influence of a role model-a distinguished mentor [59%], interaction with other systems and organs [55%], motivation and the availability of updated data [55%]". Endocrinologists believed that the major limitations of this subspecialty to be: "Excessive dependence on accurate laboratory procedures, not always available [62%] and lower income, as compared to other medical specialties [53%]"

Conclusion: This study shows that despite the lower income, the rewards of choosing endocrinology, in particular its research and scientific evidence-based process of thinking, are major reasons why physicians choose this subspecialty. Availability of and accessibility to well facilitated laboratories and higher incomes could minimize the challenges faced by physician endocrinologists

[Prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction in individuals aged over 55 years [Tehran thyroid study]]

Introduction: Considering the remarkable increase in life expectancy among older people and lack of data on thyroid diseases in elderly Iranians, this study was designed to determine thyroid dysfunction in people, aged over 55 years

Materials and Method: This study was conducted on 819 Tehranian participants, aged over 55 years from the Tehran Thyroid Study, who were assessed every 3 years for serum free T4 [FT4] and TSH levels and were followed for 10.6 years. Data were analyzed by t test' chi-square test, sig test and cox regression analysis

Results: Mean age of participants was 62.5+/-5.5 years. Of these 712 [86.9%] were euthyroid, 41[5%] had subclinical hypothyroidism [SCH], 19[2.4%] had overt hypothyroidism [OH], 34[4.1%] had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 13[1.5%] overt hyperthyroidism. Overall 13% of participants had thyroid dysfunction. The annual incidence rate of SCH and OH were 8.8 and 7.1 cases per 1000 people respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed the risk of hypothyroidism in euthyroid people to be affected by TPO positivity [HR=1.9 [CI 95% 1.04-3.5]] and TSH>1.88 mlu/l [HR=8.1 [CI 95% 3.4-19]]

Conclusion: More than one-tenth of aged people have thyroid dysfunction. High TSH and TPO positivity are the most important risk factors of hypothyroidism in elderly people

[Association between dietary patterns and incidence of chronic kidney disease in adults with high blood pressure: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: To investigate the association between major dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic kidney disease [CKD] over a 3.6 year follow up in adults with high blood pressure

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 1521 prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects, aged >/= 27 years, without CKD at baseline, who participated in the fourth phase [2009-2012] of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary data were collected using a valid food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns. Anthropometrics and biochemical measurements were obtained. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns scores and risk of CKD

Results: The mean age of participants was 46.32 +/- 11.59 years. After 3.6 years of follow-up, 255 [16.8%] cases of CKD occurred. Three dietary patterns were identified, the western, healthy and the traditional Iranian patterns. After adjustment for relevant confounders, subjects in the highest, compared to the lowest quartile category of the Western dietary pattern score, had a higher risk of CKD [OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.19-3.76]. Neither the healthy nor the traditional dietary patterns were significantly associated with incidence of CKD

Conclusions: Adherence to the Western dietary pattern is associated with increased risk of CKD in adults with high blood pressure

[Using a scientific map to compare scientific publications on poly cystic ovary syndrome in Iran, Middle East and other countries]

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], one of the most common gynecological diseases, has been the subject of many scientific studies. Scientific map is one way to obtain useful information about a particular research field status. We aimed to compare the quantity of scientific publications on PCOS in Iran to those of the Middle East and other countries

Materials and Methods: In this scientometric study, the samples included all medical scientific publications about PCOS, indexed in the Web of Knowledge from 2000 to 2016. Bibexcel software was used for calculating subject category co-citation, analyzing social networks and two Pajek and VOS viewer software were used for creating maps

Results: Iran ranked eighth among the top ten leading countries in the production of scientific articles in the field of PCOS. Of overall 6598 scientific publications related to PCOS worldwide, 209 articles were authored by Iranian researchers. In other words, 4.3 % of scientific productions in this field are from our country. In this list, America ranks first with 1670 [34.3%] articles, followed by China with 567 [11.7%], and Turkey with 564 [11.6%] publications ranking second and third. Of the fifteen Iranian research pioneers, each one had at least seven papers in the field of PCOS

Conclusion: Iran ranks among the top ten countries with regard to scientific publications worldwide. Considering the lack of knowledge in certain aspects of PCOS identifying more pioneers in this research field will help highlighting new research topics for future researches in this field

[Iodine intake knowledge, attitude and practice in pregnant women and its relation to iodine status during pregnancy]

Introduction: Previous research shows that pregnant women, due to their increased need for iodine, are among the high risk groups for iodine deficiency. This study hence aimed to evaluate the status of women's knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] regarding iodine and iodized salt intake and its association with iodine nutrition levels

Materials and Methods: In this observational analytical study, 100 pregnant women, residents of southern Tehran were randomly selected from five health care centers. Data collected included the general information and demographic characteristics and KAP questionnaires regarding iodized salt intake. Urine assessments of pregnant women and household salt samples were collected and evaluated

Results: Mean age of participants was 27.16 +/- 5.58 years, and their mean +/- SD knowledge, attitude and prachie scores were 62.5 +/- 20.8, 85.2 +/- 12.3, 64.7 +/- 14.3, respectively. Median urinary iodine concentrations and salt iodine content were 25.9[20.6-29.6] ppm and 109[60-160] micro g/L, respectively with 74% of women consuming salt containing 20-40 ppm iodine and 29% had urine iodine concentrations >/= 150 8g/L. Urine iodine concentration was significantly associated with practice score as well as with iodine content of salt

Conclusion: Although women suffered from iodine deficiency, their KAP scores regarding iodine and iodized salt consumption were adequate. Further assessment of other personal and social factors which could affect iodine nutrition status of pregnant women is recommended

[The prevalence of menstrual disorders in reproductive aged women and its related factors]

Normal menstruation is one of important indicators of the general health of reproductive-aged women. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its related factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted among women participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, a population-based study aimed identify the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases from March 2013 to 2014. A total of 1393 women, aged 15-49 yr were included and all pregnant, breastfeeding and menopausal women were excluded. Socio-demographic characteristics and menstruation patterns were assessed by a standardized ad-hoc questionnaire. Menstruation was categorized based on last FIGO definitions. Data analyzed using SPSS version 11.0 [SPSS-Inc., Chicago-IL], 0.05 was set as significant level. Mean age of participants was 37.7 [11] y. The results showed that 64.1% of subjects had normal menstruation and 35.8% experienced different forms of menstrual disorders. Heavy menstrual bleeding was one of the most prevalent disorders [17.2%]. Prevalence of menstrual disorders was statistically higher in women <20 yr [47.7%] and >/=40yr [45.5%] than women between the 20-40 yr age range [P=0.001]. Irregular menstrual bleeding in >20 yr, heavy menstrual bleeding in 20-40 yr and >/= 40yr were the most common menstrual disorders. The results remain unchanged for age and BMI after adjustment for potential confounders [OR: 1.08, CI 95%: 1.07-3.97; P<0.03], [OR: 1.05, CI 95%: 1.02-5.04; P<0.04], respectively. Our findings showed that menstrual disorders are prevalent as one-third of reproductive aged women suffer from one or more menstrual disorders. Understanding the prevalence of menstrual disorders could help health care providers to identify some serious diseases, and prioritize strategies to promote these women's quality of life

[Medullary thyroid cancer screening using the RET proto oncogene genetic marker]

Thyroid carcinoma including into four types papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic is the most common endocrine malignancy. Medullary thyroid carcinoma [MTC] is one of the most aggressive forms of thyroid cancer and it accounts for up to 10% of all types of this disease. The mode of inheritance of MTC is autosomal dominant and is closely related to mutations of gain of function [missense mutations] in the RET proto-oncogene, well known in MTC development. MTC occurs as hereditary [25%] and sporadic [75%] forms. Hereditary MTC also has two syndromic [multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, B; MEN2A, MEN2B] and non-syndromic [Familial MTC, FMTC] types. Increasing advances in molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics have led to personalized therapeutic interventions. Over the last two decades, the genetic basis of tumorgenesis has provided useful screening tools for affected families. Advances in genetic screening of the RET have enabled early detection of hereditary MTCs and prophylactic thyroidectomy for relatives who may not show any symptom of the disease. In this review we emphasize the main RET mutations in the syndromic and non syndromic forms of MTC, and have tried focus on the importance of RET genetic screening for early diagnosis and management of MTC patients

[Mimetical signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders in healthy pregnant women, a population based study]

Introduction: Although for thyroid disorders are the second most prevalent endocrine abnormalities among reproductive aged women, the signs and symptoms of thyroid disease can often be masked by the physiologic changes of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to identify physiological signs and symptoms common to both pregnancy and thyroid disorders among a community based sample of pregnant women without thyroid dysfunction

Materials and Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1600 pregnant women. A comprehensive questionnaire including questions regarding the signs and symptoms of thyroid disease was completed for subjects and relevant clinical examinations were conducted. Blood samples were taken and serum thyroxine [T4], T-uptake, thyrotropin [TSH] and thyroid peroxidase antibodies [TPO-Ab] were measured

Results: Of study participants, 63.5% had normal thyroid function. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were 3.8%, and 0.8%, respectively and 29.8% of patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. Of pregnant women without thyroid dysfunction, 64.8% had one or more of the signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders. Most common symptoms were fatigue [30.3%], followed by lethargy and drowsiness [20.3%]

Conclusion: Normal physiological changes of pregnancy can mimic some of the signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders. The results indicated that over half of the healthy pregnant women experienced one or more of the signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders during pregnancy. Correct interpretation of signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction during normal pregnancy is critical to discriminate between physiologic and pathological changes

[Association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome [MetS] in various countries shows a fast, rising trend, that can be caused by lifestyle changes, including changes in diet. Despite the possible association between dietary fats and the MetS receiving attention, limited studies have determined the association between oils [hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated] and the MetS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and the metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study between 2005 and 2008, on 2457 adults, aged 19-84 years. Intakes of vegetable oils were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were assessed. The metabolic syndrome based on the definition of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity

Results: Mean age and BMI of participants was 39.3 years and 25.7 kg/m2, respectively. Median daily intakes of hydrogenated vegetable oils [HVOs] were 9.6 g/d and those of non-hydrogenated vegetable oils [NHVOs] were 6.0 g/d. Higher intakes of HVOs and NHVOs were associated with higher intakes of total energy intake, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, vegetables, legumes, meat, poultry and fish and lower intake of carbohydrates. After controlling for potential confounders, compared to the lowest tertile of HVOs, odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in the highest tertile was 2.54 [95% CI: 1.53-4.23]. NHVOs were not associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome

Conclusions: HVOs intake was found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

[A comparison of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene variation among individuals with high and low HDL levels in Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS]]

Introduction: Disturbances in blood lipids levels are considered an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Low serum level of HDL-C is one of these disturbances. Therefore, identifying the genes effective on HDL levels is very important. The present study investigated the relationship between LCAT gene sequence alterations and serum levels of HDL-C

Materials and Methods: Using the data of phase 4 of the TLGS study, individuals with low serum HDL-C and individuals with high serum HDL-C were identified and individual aged ?15 from both groups, who had at least one first degree relative with the desired phenotype were finally enrolled in the study. For each Individual confounding factors, including BMI, age, sex, blood sugar and blood pressure, were determined. LCAT gene variants were determined through direct sequencing, and their relationship with HDL-C level was investigated in the Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS]

Results: In total, 15 variants were identified. Two variants of rs5923 and Q177E, with allelic frequencies of 5.87% and 4.7%, respectively, were identified in both groups, although, they were significantly higher in the low HDL subjects. Eleven variants were reported for the first time, while 4 variants had already been reported in the SNP database

Conclusions: Exon regions of the LCAT gene in Tehran's population have various gene variants. Although the prevalence of a number of single nucleotide variants of this gene was higher in individuals with low serum HDL-C, after adjustment for confounding factors, the difference was not statistically significant