Panoramic view of the occurrence of Yersinia species other than Y. pestis in Brazil

Data on the occurrence of Yersinia species. other than Y. pestis in Brazil are presented. Over the past 40 years, 767 Yersinia strains have been identified and typed by the National Reference Center on Yersinia spp. other than Y. pestis, using the classical biochemical tests for species characterization. The strains were further classified into biotypes, serotypes and phagetypes when pertinent. These tests led to the identification of Yersinia cultures belonging to the species Y. enterocolitica, Y.pseudotuberculosis, Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii and Y. kristensenii. Six isolates could not be classified in any of the known Yersinia species and for this reason were defined as Non-typable (NT). The bio-sero-phagetypes of these strains were diverse. The following species of Yersinia were not identified among the Brazilian strains by the classical phenotypic or biochemical tests: Y. aldovae, Y. rhodei, Y. mollaretti, Y. bercovieri and Y.ruckeri. The Yersinia strains were isolated from clinical material taken from sick and/or healthy humans and animals, from various types of food and from the environment, by investigators of various Institutions localized in different cities and regions of Brazil.

Plesiomonas shigelloides: um enteropatógeno emergente? / Plesiomonas shigelloides: an emergent enteropathogen?

Plesiomonas shigelloides é um bacilo Gram-negativo, pertencente à família Enterobacteriaceae, isolado de água doce e salgada, de peixes de água doce, mariscos e de inúmeros tipos de animais. Suspeita-se que a maioria das infecções humanas causadas por P. shigelloides, seja veiculada pela água, pois a bactéria está presente em águas não tratadas que são usadas para beber, águas recreacionais ou água para lavar alimentos que são consumidos sem cozimento ou aquecimento. A ingestão de P. shigelloides não causa sempre doença no animal hospedeiro, mas o microrganismo pode permanecer temporariamente como membro transitório não infeccioso da microbiota intestinal. A bactéria é isoladade fezes de pacientes com diarréia, mas algumas vezes também de fezes de indivíduos sem sintomas. A doença causada por P. shigelloides é a gastrenterite, que normalmente é auto-limitante, com febre, calafrio, dor abdominal, náusea, diarréia ou vômito. Em casos graves, as fezes diarréicas podem ser verde-amareladas, espumosas e com presença de sangue. A bactéria pode também causar infecções extra-intestinais. Ademais, pode produzir toxinas e ser invasora. As características utilizadas para considerar P. shigelloides como um enteropatógeno não são totalmente convincentes. Embora seja isolada de pacientes com diarréia e incriminada em vários surtos epidêmicos envolvendo água e alimentos contaminados, não foi possível identificar em muitas amostras de P. shigelloides, associadas com infecções gastrintestinais, um mecanismo de virulência definitivo.

Invasin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is not a polyclonal activator of mouse B lymphocytes

It is known that the invasin molecule of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis stimulates human peripheral B cells in vitro. In this work we evaluated the in vivo role ofinvasin as polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes in the mouse experimental model, by comparing strains of Y.pseudotuberculosis expressing invasin and isogenic inv mutants. Swiss mice were infected intravenously with two strains expressing invasin (YpIII pIB1 and an isogenic virulence plasmid-cured strain, YpIII) and with two invasin mutant strains (Yp100 pIB1 and Yp100, plasmid-cured). Spleen cells were sampled on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after infection. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting spleen cells were detected by protein A plaque assay and specific antibodies were detected in sera by ELISA. The virulent strain YPIII pIB1 (wild type) did not provoke polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in vivo. In general, fewer Ig-secreting spleen cells of all isotypes were foundin the infected animals than in the control animals. Specific IgG antibodies were detected in the sera of animals infected with all strains. The peak response occurred on the 21st day post-infection, and the Yp100 strain provoked the highest level of these antibodies. We concluded that invasin is not a polyclonal activator of murine B cells.

Importância de Yersinia enterocolitica em microbilogia médica / Importance of Yersinia enterocolitica in medical microbiology

Y.enterocolitica é um enteropatógeno invasivo de humanos que provoca uma série de sintomas clínicos intestinais e extra-intestinais que variam desde uma gastrenterite branda a uma linfadenite mesentérica que mimetiza apendicite e em casos raros pode evoluir para uma septicemia.A infecção causada por Y.enterocolitica pode levar a seqüelas imunológicas, incluindo artrite, eritema nodoso e glomerulonefrite.Amostras patogênicas de Y.enterocolitica são associadas a determinados sorogrupos e biotipos e a uma variedade de características fenotípicas relacionadas a virulência.Estudos de genética molecular demonstraram a importância do plasmídio pYV que codifica vários genes de virulência, bem como a importância de vários genes de virulência cromossomais na patogênese dessa bactéria.As infecções intestinais causadas por Y.enterocolitica são normalmente auto-limitadas não havendo usualmente a necessidade de antibioticoterapia.A ocorrência de infecções por Y.enterocolitica no Brasil não é tão freqüente como em países europeus, Japão e Estados Unidos.Essa revisão enfoca as características gerais, a patogênese, os sintomas clínicos, mecanismos de virulência, tratamento e susceptibilidade a antibióticos de amostras de Y.enterocolitica isoladas no Brasil e ao redor do mundo.

Association between polyclonal B cell activation and the presence of autoantibodies in mice infected with Yersina enterocolitica O:3

Eight-week old conventional female Swiss mice were inoculated intravenously with Yersinia enterocolitica O:3. A second group of normal mice was used as control. Five mice from eaeh group were bled by heart puncture and their spleens were removed for spleen cell collection on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 1Oth, l4th and 21st day after infection. Immunoglobulin-secreting spleen cells were detected by the isotypespecific protein A plaque assay. Total immunoglobulin levels were determined in mouse serum by single radial immunodiffusion and the presence of autoantibodies was determined by ELISA. We observed a marked increase in the total number of cells secreting immunoglobulins of all isotypes as early as on the 3rd day post-infection and the peak of secretion occurred on the 7th day. At the peak of the immunoglobulin response, the total number of secreting cells was 19 times higher than that of control mice and most immunoglobulin-secreting cells were of the IgG2a isotype. On the 10th day post-infection, total serum immunoglobulin values were 2 times higher in infected animals when compared to the control group, and continued at this level up to the 2lst day post-infection. Serum absorption with viable Y. enterocolitica cells had little effect on antibody levels detected by single radial immunodiffusion. Analysis of serum autoantibody levels revealed that Y. enterocolitica infection induced an increase of antimyosin and anti-myelin immunoglobulins. The sera did not react with collagen. The present study demonstrates that Y. enterocolitica O:3 infection induces polyclonal activation of murine B cells which is correlated with the activation of some autoreactive lymphocyte clones.