Impairment of superovulation on the establishment of pregnancy in mice / 解剖学报

Objective To explore whether superovulation impairs the process of pregnancy establishment in mice by changing the intrauterine environment. Methods The implantation and pregnancy of superovulated and normal mice were compared. The superovulated mice were subjected to unilateral tubal ligation on day 0. 5 and blastocysts were transplanted to the other uterine horn on day 2. 5. The number of implantation sites of bilateral uterine horn was compared. The differences between preimplantation uteri of superovulated and normal pseudopregnancy mice were compared by tissue sections and high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the differentially expressed genes in two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the pregnancy rate of mice in the superovulation group decreased significantly. The number of implantation sites in the superovulation group was higher than the control. There was no significant difference in the pregnancy rate of the uterine horn between the control side and the transplanted side of the superovulated mice. The endometrium was thinned and the number of glands was reduced in superovulated pseudopregnancy mice. The gene expression patterns of preimplantation uterus in superovulation pseudopregnancy and normal pseudopregnancy mice were different. There were 1097 significantly differentially expressed genes, including 752 up-regulated genes and 345 down-regulated genes. Bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in biological processes, such as decidualization, response to progesterone, positive regulation of angiogenesis. They were mainly enriched in FoxO signaling pathway, cell cycle pathway and steroid biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Superovulation impaired the process of establishing pregnancy and altered the gene expression patterns of biomarker of uterine receptivity in mice.

Preliminary observation on the clinical application of rehabilitation support for lumbar disc herniation based on 3D printing technology / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the important effect of 3D printing personalized lumbar support on lumbar pain and lumbar function in patients with lumbar disc herniation.@*METHODS@#From October 2018 to May 2021, 60 patients initially diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 patients in each group. Among them, there were 18 males and 12 females in the observation group;the age ranged from 24 to 56 years old, with an average of (45.23±6.07) years old. The course of disease ranged from 1 to 24 months, with an average of(6.25±0.82) months, and rehabilitation treatment was carried out by wearing 3D printed personalized lumbar support. There were 19 males and 11 females in the control group;the age ranged from 25 to 57 years old, with an average of (42.78±7.58) years old. The course of disease ranged from 1 to 24 months, with an average of (6.72±1.36) months, and rehabilitation treatment is carried out by wearing traditional lumbar protective equipment. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, lumbar Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were evaluated and compared between the two groups before and 1 course after treatment (3 weeks).@*RESULTS@#There was no statistically significant difference in JOA, ODI, and VAS between two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After one course of treatment (3 weeks), JOA scores of both groups was increased compared to before treatment (P<0.05), while ODI and VAS decreased compared to before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, JOA score of observation group was higher than that of control group (P<0.05), while ODI and VAS scores were lower than those of control group. No adverse events occurred in both groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The application of 3D printing personalized lumbar support can effectively alleviate the pain of patients with lumbar disc herniation and improve their lumbar function of patients.

The mechanism of blood pressure regulation by high potassium diet in the kidney / 生理学报

Hypertension is one of the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, cerebral stroke, and kidney failure. Lifestyle and nutrition are important factors that modulate blood pressure. Hypertension can be controlled by increasing physical activity, decreasing alcohol and sodium intake, and stopping tobacco smoking. Chronic kidney disease patients often have increased blood pressure, which indicates that kidney is one of the major organs responsible for blood pressure homeostasis. The decrease of renal sodium reabsorption and increase of diuresis induced by high potassium intake is critical for the blood pressure reduction. The beneficial effect of a high potassium diet on hypertension could be explained by decreased salt reabsorption by sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). In DCT cells, NCC activity is controlled by with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) and its down-stream target kinases, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1). The kinase activity of WNKs is inhibited by intracellular chloride ([Cl-]i) and WNK4 is known to be the major WNK positively regulating NCC. Based on our previous studies, high potassium intake reduces the basolateral potassium conductance, decreases the negativity of DCT basolateral membrane (depolarization), and increases [Cl-]i. High [Cl-]i inhibits WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, and thereby decreases NCC phosphorylation. In this review, we discuss the role of DCT in the blood pressure regulation by dietary potassium intake, which is the mechanism that has been best dissected so far.

Altered milk yield and rumen microbial abundance in response to concentrate supplementation during the cold season in Tibetan sheep

BACKGROUND Weight loss and decline of milk yield in Tibetan sheep was a challenge for the dairy industry in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which were considered to be caused by underfeeding of the sheep during the harsh winter. The objective of this study was to assess the role of feed supplementation in the milk performance and rumen microbiome of ewes under forage-based diets. Based on parity, milking period, milk yield, and body weight, ten 1.5-yr-old ewes were allocated randomly into two groups. One group of ewes was fed no supplement Control group (CON) and the other group was fed with concentrate feed supplement (Treatment group, T). Individual milk yield was determined daily; both the milk composition and rumen bacterial characteristics were analyzed after the end of feeding trials. RESULTS Results showed that lactose in the milk of the CON group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the T group at days 30 and 60. Milk yield in the T group was greater than in the CON group at day 30 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the dominant ruminal bacteria (phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia) were shared by both groups through 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Greater relative abundance of Bacteroidales RF16 group in family level, Victivallales in order level, Lentisphaeria in class level, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium in species level were observed in the T group than in the CON group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that supplementation of concentrate in the cold season improved milk lactose yield and milk production, and the rumen microbial abundance of Tibetan sheep.

Cancer mortality and years of life lost in Zhuanqiao Town， Minhang District of Shanghai during 2013—2017 / 上海预防医学

Objective:Death causes and life reduction of malignant tumors in the residents of Zhuanqiao Town in Minhang District from 2013 to 2017 were analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the strategies on comprehensive prevention and control of cancer. Methods:The data of death causes of malignant tumors in the residents of Zhuanqiao Town were collected and analyzed. The mortality rate， annual percent change （APC）， composition ratio， potential years of life lost （PYLL）， potential years of life lost rate （PYLLR） and average years of life lost （AYLL） of the registered population were analyzed. Results:The standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors in the residents of Zhuanqiao Town from 2013 to 2017 was 128.05/105， and the rate was higher in males than that in females. The top four cancers regarding PYLL were lung cancer， liver cancer， stomach cancer and colorectal cancer， which were roughly the same order as the top four regarding the mortality. This indicates that these four cancers had a greater impact on residents. Lung cancer had a greater impact on female life expectancy. PYLL and SPYLL ranked the first in liver cancer in males and thus had a greater impact on the males. Breast cancer was one of the most important malignant tumors in causing early death of women. Conclusion:Malignant tumor has become an important public health problem endangering the health of residents. The focus of future work in the town remains to improve public awareness of carcinogenic risk factors， actively carry out health education， lifestyle intervention and early screening in order to reduce cancer risk， alleviate cancer burden and improve the life expectancy of residents.

Comparative Study of the Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Pathogenicity of / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study was performed to compare the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of @*Methods@#A total of 38 clinical strains and 19 strains from healthy individuals were isolated from the samples collected in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province. Their taxonomy was investigated using concatenated @*Results@#The 57 @*Conclusions@#The taxonomy, virulence properties, and antibiotic resistance of

Identification and expression analysis of NRT1 family genes in Rehmannia glutinosa / 中国中药杂志

NRT1 family proteins play an important roles for absorbing and transporting of nitrate in different plants. In order to identify the NRT1 family genes of Rehmannia glutinosa, this study used 11 NRT1 homologous proteins of Arabidopsis as probe sequences and aligned with the transcriptome data of R. glutinosa by using NCBI BLASTN software. Resulting there were 18 NRT1 proteins were identified in R. glutinosa. On basis of this, a series of the molecular characteristics of R. glutinosa NRT1 proteins including the conserved domains, the transmembrane structure, the subcellular location and phylogenetic features were in detail analyzed. At same time, it were systematically analyzed that the temporal and spatial expression patterns and characteristics of R. glutinosa NRT1 family genes in response to different stress factors. The results indicated that 18 R. glutinosa NRT1 family genes with the length of coding region from 1 260 bp to 1 806 bp, encoded proteins ranging from 419 to 601 amino acids, and all of they owned the domains of typical peptide transporter with 7 to 12 transmembrane domains. These R. glutinosa NRT1 family proteins mostly were found to locate on cellular plasma membrane, and belonged to the hydrophobic proteins. Furthermore, the evolutionary analysis found that the 18 R. glutinosa NRT1 protein family could be divided into two subfamilies, of which 14 NRT1 family genes might occur the positive selection, and 4 genes occur the passivation selection during the evolution process of R. glutinosa. In addition the expression analysis showed that 18 R. glutinosa NRT1 family genes have the distinct expression patterns in different tissues of R. glutinosa, and their expression levels were also obvious difference in response to various stress. These findings infield that 18 R. glutinosa NRT1 family proteins might have obviously different functional roles in nitrate transport of R. glutinosa. In conclusion, this study lays a solid theoretical foundation for clarifying the absorption and transport molecular mechanism of N element during R. glutinosa growth and development, and at same time for deeply studying the molecular function of R. glutinosa NRT1 proteins in absorption and transport of nitrate.

Analysis on the occurrence characteristics of pressure injuries caused by COVID-19 pneumonia protective equipment / 医学研究生学报

ObjectiveWearing protective masks for a long time causes a large number of frontline health care workers to suffer different degrees of pressure injury or facial skin rupture in response to COVID-19. This paper aims to analyze the occurrence characteristics and related factors of pressure injury related to devices, and provide the basis for taking countermeasures. Methods There was online investigation of skin injuries caused by wearing protective equipment in medical staff. Descriptive analysis was carried out on the occurrence characteristics of pressure-induced injury, and influencing factors were analyzed through logistic regression model. ResultsThere were a total of 2901 valid questionnaires. The results showed that the incidence of pressure injury caused by protective equipment was 26.34%, mainly in the bridge of the nose (20.41%), cheek (20.23%), auricle (17.82%) and forehead (8.86%). Multivariate Logistic regression model analysis showed that the major associated factors, which presented increasing risk, were sweating and dampness (OR=12.72, 95%CI 8.36-17.30), wearing level-3 protective equipment (OR=3.55, 95%CI 2.47-5.08), wearing level-2 protective equipment (OR=3.37, 95%CI 2.47-4.60), wearing time (OR=1.29, 95%CI 1.05~1.58) and occupation (OR=1.57, 95%CI 1.00~2.49). Conclusion There is the high incidence of pressure injuries to health care workers caused by protective equipment against COVID-19. The main risk factors for facial stress injury of medical staff are sweating and dampness, wearing level-3 and level-2 protective equipment and wearing time.

Network pharmacology research on high frequency use of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix herb pair in treatment of constipation with aromatic traditional Chinese medicine based on data mining / 中国中药杂志

Based on data mining and through the method of network pharmacology, we analyzed the mechanism of high-frequency use of herb pair in the treatment of constipation with aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in this study. Through data mining, aromatic traditional Chinese medicine was obtained for the treatment of constipation and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix herb pair was used as the research object. The volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix was extracted by steam distillation, and the chemical compositions of the volatile oil were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The targets of volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix were searched by PubChem, TCMSP, STITCH and Swiss Target Prediction databases. The targets of constipation were predicted and screened in OMIM, Genecards-Search Resuits and TTD databases. The obtained targets were introduced into Cytoscape 3.7.1 to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI) network diagram for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis by using R language. The network diagram of "component-target-pathway" was constructed according to the results of KEGG enrichment. Discovery Studio 2.5 software was used to verify the molecular docking between the components and the targets. Among them, the most frequently used pair of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of constipation was Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix. A total of 33 compounds were detected by GC-MS, and a total of 180 common action targets of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix on volatile oil in the treatment of constipation were predicted. The key targets included CYP19 A1, PPARA, PGR, ACHE, SLC6 A2 and so on. GO enrichment analysis showed that the activities of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix on volatile oil were mainly involved in the biological processes such as circulatory system, blood circulation, and steroid hormone binding. In KEGG enrichment pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, endocrine resistance, Ca~(2+) signal pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway showed significant effect on constipation. The results of molecular docking showed that PGR, the target protein related to the treatment of constipation, had a good binding with gamma-linolenic acid, dihydro-alpha-ionone, alpha-eudesmol, caryophyllene oxide and beta-ionone. The results show that by using data mining technology and network pharmacology, it is revealed that the active components of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae volatile oil in high frequency use of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine can be used totreat constipation mainly through CYP19 A1, PPARA, PGR, ACHE, SLC6 A2 and other targets, providing a new idea and method for the further study of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of constipation.

Protective Effect of Salvianolic Acid B on Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats / 中国医学科学院学报

To investigate the protective effect of salvianolic acid B(SAB)on the intestinal tract of rats after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(IIRI). Forty-eight healthy male SD rats were equally randomized into IIRI group,SAB+IIRI group,sham control group,and SAB+sham control group. The malonyldialdehyde(MDA)level and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity in the ileum were measured in each group according to the kit instructions,the transcription levels of inflammatory factors in the ileum of rats were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR,the secretion level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA,and the effects of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion on intestinal permeability and histological lesions were measured by histopathology. The MDA level in IIRI group was significantly higher than those in negative control group(=0.005)and SAB+IIRI group(=0.012). SOD activity of IIRI group was significantly lower than those of negative control group(=0.006)and SAB+IIRI group(=0.017). The optical densities of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)(=0.003,=0.009),interleukin(IL)-1β(=0.026,=0.005),IL-6(=0.015,=0.003),and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)(=0.007,=0.015)in IIRI group were significantly higher than those in sham control group and SAB+IIRI group. The TNF-α(=0.002,=0.006),IL-1β(=0.002,=0.006),IL-6(=0.008,=0.002),and NF-κB(=0.026,=0.005)levels in IIRI group were significantly higher than those in sham control group and SAB+IIRI group. The inulin level in IIRI group was significantly lower than that in negative control group(=0.015)and significantly higher than that in SAB+IIRI group(=0.011). The dextran level in IIRI group was significantly lower than those in sham control group(=0.011)and SAB+IIRI group(=0.012). The dextran gel level in IIRI group was significantly higher than those in sham control group(=0.031)and SAB+IIRI group(=0.020). SAB pretreatment remarkably improved the edema,necrosis,and villus stripping of the intestinal mucosa in the ileum of rats. The Chiu score was significantly higher in SAB+sham control group than in sham control group(=0.001)and was significantly lower in SAB+IIRI group than in IIRI group(=0.001). SAB pretreatment can alleviate IIRI in rat models,and this protective effect may be achieved by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestinal tract.

Cloning and characterization of a monoterpene synthase gene from Tripterygium wilfordii / 中国中药杂志

Tripterygium wilfordii is a medicinal plant commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,and with pharmacological activities in anti-tumor and obesity treatment. The known active ingredients in T. wilfordii are mainly terpenoids,but with very low content. Therefore,the analysis of the biosynthesis pathway of terpenoids in T. wilfordii has become a research hotspot to solve the problem of its resources. Terpenoid synthase( TPS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a wide variety of terpenoid skeletons. In this study,a gene fragment with an ORF of 1 785 bp was cloned from T. wilfordii. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using NCBI's BLASTP,ProtParam and Interpro online tools and MEGA 6.0 software. The response of this gene to methyl jasmonate was also detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,and its catalytic function was verified by prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzymatic assay. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence encoded by this gene had both N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain of TPS,as well as the DDxx D conserved domain of the class I of TPS family. And Tw MTS gathered together with TPS-b subfamily in the Neighbor-Joining Tree constructed with known homologous TPSs. The results of RT-PCR showed that 50 μmol·L-1 MeJA 12 h could increase the expression of Tw MTS to 735 times in the control group at 12 h,and 1 644 times at 24 h. In addition,in vitro enzymatic reaction results showed that Tw MTS can catalyze the production of β-citronellol with GPP as substrate,indicating that Tw MTS was a monoterpene synthase. The above results provided a new element for the synthetic biology database of T. wilfordii terpenoids,and laid the foundation for future biosynthesis research.

Research advance of PPARγ molecular and gene polymorphism / 解放军医学杂志

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor, which belongs to the type II nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Ligand-activated PPARγ is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as the regulation of immune inflammation, lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. In recent years, it has been found that PPARγ gene polymorphism is closely related to the risk of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and metabolic diseases, indicating that PPARγ and its gene polymorphism may become potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for many diseases. In present paper, the research progress of molecular structure, activity regulation, regulatory mechanism of immune inflammation and gene polymorphism of PPARγ are reviewed.

Relationship between chronic renal injury and white matter hypertensity, enlarged perivascular spaces in elderly patients / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To study the relationship between chronic renal injury and white matter hypertensity (WMH), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) in elderly patients.Methods A total of 133 inpatients from 2015 to 2016 without clinical histories of stroke underwent brain MRI scan were enrolled.The degree of WMH and EPVS were evaluated according to Flair and T 2 MRI, respectively.Clinical characteristics including disease history , glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR), urine albumine／creatine ratio ( UACR ) and so on were compared between different degrees of WMH or EPVS.A logistic regression analysis was applied for further analysis.Results Compared with WMH scoring 0 -1 group, eGFR of WMH scoring 2 -3 group was significantly decreased , while UACR was significantly increased ( all P＜0.001).Compared with EPVS scoring 0 -1 group, eGFR of EPVS scoring 2-3 group was significantly decreased , while UACR was significantly increased (all P＜0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that low eGFR and high UACR were independent risk factors for WMH and EPVS (all P＜0.05).Conclusion Chronic renal injury could be the independent risk factor of higher degree of WMH and EPVS , which would be potential for clinical use.

Analysis of flavonoids and antitumor activity of transgenic Saussurea involucrate / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this paper was to investigate the flavonoids of callus of transgenic and non-transgenic Saussurea involucrate and its antitumor activity on the esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells. The species and content of mono-phenols were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The growth of human esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells was detected using CCK-8 assay, apoptosis morphology observation and flow cytometry. Expression of related apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl-2 were determined by qPCR. The results showed that the content of total flavonoids in the transgenic callus was 2.72 times that of the non-transgenic callus. The cyanidin-galactoside was detected in the transgenic callus, but not in the non-transgenic callus. The inhibitory effect of the extracts from the transgenic callus on CaEs-17 cells was more significant than that of the non-transgenic callus, and the IC₅₀ value had a decreased of 26.4%. Flow cytometry analysis results showed that the apoptosis induction effect of the extracts from the transgenic callus on CaEs-17 cells was significantly better than that of the non-transgenic callus. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results showed that the extracts from the transgenic callus could up-regulate the expression of proapoptotic gene Bax and down-regulate the expression of apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and the regulation effect of the transgenic callus was more significant. Therefore, compared with the non-transgenic callus, the antitumor activity of the extracts from the callus of transgenic S. involucrate on the esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells was significantly increased, which was closely related to the accumulation of cyanidin-galactoside and its metabolism-related flavonoid compounds in the transgenic callus.

Analysis on breast repair and reconstruction after conserving surgery for upper inner quadrant breast cancer / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To study the clinical effect of adjacent flap on immediate breast repair in conserving surgery for upper inner quadrant breast cancer.Methods A total of 100 women with breast cancer treated in our hospital from August 2012 to August 2016 were selected as the study subjects.According to the different surgical methods,46 cases were divided into control group and 54 cases in observation group.The patients in the control group were treated with modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.The patients in the observation group were treated with adjacent flap for immediate repair of breast defect in breast conserving surgery.The quality of life,the follow-up results and between the two groups were compared.The cosmetic effect of the observation group was evaluated.Results At 6 months after operation,the physiological function,affective function,physical pain,social function,physiological limitations,vitality,mental health and overall health score of the observation group were higher than those of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in local recurrence rate,distant metastasis rate,non-survival rate,loss of follow-up or mortality between the two groups (P ＞0.05).The excellent and good rate of breast cosmetic effect was 96.3％ after surgery in observation group.The satisfaction rate of observation group was 92.59％ (50/54),the control group was 45.46％ (21/46),the difference was statistically significant (x =26.582,P =0.000).Conclusion The clinical effect of repairing breast defect by using adjacent flap transfer is very effective in improving the quality of life and reducing the risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis.

Research progress of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in damaged tissue repair and regeneration / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: In the past few years, many studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells play roles in tissue repair and regeneration, which is to a large extent by their paracrine effect. As one of the important paracrine factors, exosomes have become an issue of concern for researchers. OBJECTIVE: To explain the components, sources and biological characteristics of exosomes, to summarize the latest research advances of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in tissue repair and regeneration, and to make prospects of its application in the field of oral medicine. METHODS: A computer-based search of the relevant literature in CNKI and PubMed full-text databases of journals from 1983 to 2017 was performed. The keywords were "exosome, MSC-exosomes, tissue repair and regeneration, oral diseases" in Chinese and English, respectively. Totally 61 eligible articles were included in the result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exosome is a vesicle secreted by cells and contains different proteins and RNAs. It plays an important role in the intercellular communication, and has the functions of inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating proliferation and regulating immunity. Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes play an important role in repairing bone injury, skin injury, nerve injury and liver injury, but its mechanism is yet unclear. The application of exosomes in the field of oral medicine is rarely reported, which is certainly worthy of further research and exploration.

Preparation of Breviscapine Microemulsion for Parenteral Injection / 医药导报

Objective To study the prescription and preparation technology of breviscapine microemulsion for parenteral injection,and to evaluate its quality.Methods The prescription was selected and optimized through single-factor test and the pseudo-ternary phase diagram method.The preparation technology was investigated,and the particle diameter,drug content,encapsulation efficiency and haemolyticus were evaluated.Results The prescription composition of breviscapine microemulsion was soybean oil:phospholipid:HS15:PEG400:water=1:0.1:0.55:0.55:6.64 (m/m),with the drug content of 4.01 mg·mL-1,the acquired breviscapine microemulsion exhibited light yellow,uniform and transparent,with average particle diameter of 92.1 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 96.8%.The compatibility test showed no drug precipitation and the preparation was no hemolytic crisis.Conclusion The preparation of breviscapine microemulsion injection is correspond to the main index of parenteral injection.

Optimization and evaluation of intermediate uniformity in Chinese medicine pill powders based on particle design principle:exemplifying by Xiaojin Pills / 药学学报

Based on the principle of particle design, the powder of Xiaojin Pills was prepared, and the quality uniformity was investigated by means of powder characterizations and content uniformity. By studying the mixed crushing rules of the classified materials and the design principle of the powder particles of Chinese medicine, the powder of the Xiaojin Pills was prepared. At the same time, the manmade mixed powder and the control powder prepared by pharmacopoeia were prepared. The mixed homogeneity of the three powders was evaluated by particle size distribution and color difference. The GC-MS and LC-MS/MS were used to study the homogeneity of their contents. The best preparation process of particle design powder is:materials easily crushed are smashed for 50 min in the vibrating ultrafine mill with -15℃, then add the materials difficultly crushed into the mill and let them crushed together for 3 min. The particle size range of manmade mixed powder was the largest with the particle size difference being more than 100 microns, the RSD value being 26.07%. The particle size range was more than 50 microns in the powder prepared by pharmacopoeia, and the RSD was nearly 15%. The difference in particle size was only around 4 μm and the RSD value was 3.18%. The color difference test showed that the composite chromatism (dE*) value of the powder prepared by pharmacopoeia was the largest for the RSD was 84.56%. The RSD of manmade mixed powder and the powder prepared by Pharmacopeia were 53.83% and 32.83%, respectively. The RSD value of the particle designed powder's muscone content is about 50% of the other two kinds of powders. The contents of 10 components in powders were determined by LC-MS/MS. The RSD values of the particle designed powder were much smaller than other two kinds of powders. Results indicate that the uniformity of the particle designed powder is better than other two kinds of powders. Chinese medicine particle design technology can effectively improve the uniformity of traditional Chinese medicine powder.

Evolution and transition of source of Patrinia Herba and Patrinia Radix / 中国中药杂志

Both Patrinia Herba and Patrinia Radix are traditional Chinese herbal medicines. The herbal source and medicinal part of them are confusing in the herbal medicine market of China. To explore the evolution and transition of the herbal source and medicinal part of Patrinia Herba and Patrinia Radix, this paper systematically summarizes the record of the herbal source and medicinal part of them in ancient classics of herbal medicine in China. According to the findings, before Ming Dynasty, Patrinia Herba originated from the radix of the plants with yellow flowers of Patrinia. In Ming and Qing Dynasty, Patrinia Herba originates from the whole plant (including the radix)of the plant with white flowers of Patrinia. In Ming Dynasty, Patrinia Radix, stemming from the radix of the plants with yellow flowers of Patrinia, started to be used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which had the same herbal source with that of Patrinia Herba before Ming Dynasty. Therefore, Patrinia Herba and Patrinia Radix can be seen as the same traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and the genuine of Patrinia Herba should be the radix and the whole herba of P. scabiosaefolia and P. heterophylla.

Ketamine promotes inflammation through increasing TLR4 expression in RAW264.7 cells / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Ketamine (KTM), a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was found to has an anti-inflammatory effect, but some patients suffered from exacerbated pro-inflammatory reactions after anesthesia with KTM. The present study was aimed to examine the underlying mechanism of pro-inflammatory effects of KTM. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to KTM and NMDA alone or combined for 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, and those of NMDA receptors by RT-PCR in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the TLR4 expression was determined by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that in RAW264.7 cells, KTM alone promoted the TLR4 expression, but did not increase the expression of IL-6 or TNF-α. In the presence of LPS, KTM caused a significantly higher expression of IL-6 and TNF-α than LPS alone. NMDA could neither alter the IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression, nor reverse the enhanced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA by KTM in LPS-challenged cells. After TLR4-siRNA transfection, RAW264.7 cells pretreated with KTM no longer promoted the IL-6 and TNF-α expression in the presence of LPS. In conclusion, KTM accelerated LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by promoting TLR4 expression, independent of NMDA receptor.