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1.
Indian J Med Microbiol ; 2013 Jul-Sept; 31(3): 270-274
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-148095

RESUMO

Purpose: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a chronic superficial fungal disease caused by Malassezia species. Our aim was to identify Malassezia species from PV patients and healthy individuals in Punjab. Materials and Methods: Modified Dixon agar was used as isolation culture medium. Identification was based on morphological observation and biochemical evaluation. The biochemical evaluation consisted of culture onto Sabouraud dextrose agar, catalase reaction, Tween assimilation, Cremophor EL assimilation, splitting of esculin and growth at 38 0 C. Results: Out of 58 microscopically diagnosed cases of PV, growth was obtained from 54 (93.10%) cases. The most frequently isolated species were M. globosa, M. sympodialis and M. furfur which made up 51.79%, 31.42% and 18.51% of the isolated etiological agents respectively. However, the major isolate from the back of healthy individuals was M. sympodialis (47.61%), followed by M.obtusa (19.04%), M. globosa (14.20%), M. furfur (9.52%), M. pachydermatis (4.76%) and M. slooffiae (4.76%). Conclusions: M. globosa in its mycelial phase was the main etiological agent, but as normal flora from the back of healthy subjects, it was found in significantly less number (P = 0.01), suggesting that the higher pathogenicity of M. globosa in terms of enzymatic endowment, might be the cause of its predominance in PV lesions.

2.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135073

RESUMO

Microorganisms make good weapons and bioterorism has been known to exist since centuries. This has most recently been highlighted by the terrorist attack using anthrax in the fall of 2001 in U.S. Although such attacks of bioterrorism are few, forensic evidence to criminally prosecute the perpetrator is necessary. To strengthen defence against bio crimes, a comprehensive technological network involving various fields needs to be developed. Microbial forensics is one such new discipline combining microbiology and forensic science. It uses advanced molecular techniques like microarray analysis and DNA fingerprinting etc. to associate the source of the causative agent with a specific individual or group by measuring variations between related strains. High quality assurance and quality control standards for microbial forensics will ensure highly reliable results that will stand up in the court of law. The more precise and refined a microbial system becomes, the more proper guidelines for investigations will be defined. An integrated approach towards developing this field of microbial forensics needs to be followed, to meet the challenges of bioterrorism more effectively.

3.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-119776

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Inhabited by more than 4000 caste and tribal groups, India has an extremely heterogenous population. For thousands of years many tribal groups have practised endogamy and are practically genetically isolated. Traditionally, polyclonal anti-D reagent has been used for RhD typing; though monoclonal antibodies are increasingly being used. As a result, blood banks find it difficult to assign the RhD status to an increasing number of people. As monoclonal anti-D typing reagents may not detect all RhD antigen epitopes, we studied the RhD antigen epitope heterogeneity in different population groups in India. METHODS: Red cells of 5315 RhD-positive individuals belonging to different castes and tribes of India were tested with 30 different epitope-specific monoclonal anti-D antibodies. RESULTS: No single monoclonal antibody could detect all RhD-positive red cells detected by polyclonal antisera. The highest proportion of D antigen was detected by LHM 76/55 and BRAD-8 (98%) monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION: We need to determine the correct mix of monoclonal antibodies that will detect nearly all RhD antigens detected by polyclonal anti-D sera. Similarly, before accepting monoclonal anti-D for therapeutic use, it would be necessary to determine the appropriate ones for use in the Indian population.


Assuntos
Especificidade de Anticorpos , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/análise , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas , Demografia , Epitopos , Etnicidade , Humanos , Incidência , Índia , Isoanticorpos/análise , Projetos Piloto , Grupos Populacionais , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/análise , Classe Social
5.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-16449

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Monoclonal antibodies against red blood cell antigens used in research and as diagnostics in India are commercially procured from western countries. Indigenously generated potent clones are not available in India. Hence, the objective of the present study was to raise potent murine monoclonal antibodies against A, B and H blood group antigens indigenously and establish a stable clone of anti-B secreting cells. METHODS: Spleen cells of female BALB/c mice immunized with B group red blood cells were fused in presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 with a mouse myeloma cell line Sp 2/0 Ag. 14 in hypoxanthine aminopterine thymidine (HAT) selective medium and incubated at 37 degrees C, 5 per cent CO(2) and 95 per cent humidity for a week. RESULTS: The culture supernatant of the wells showing anti-B activity, were further subcloned and a clone 2C4D5F10 was generated which showed a good potency, avidity and specificity. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The anti-B clones thus produced indigenously provided a useful reagent in blood group typing. The unlimited availability unlike polyclonal antisera makes this reagent more cost-effective. It also ensures a regular supply with the similar specificity.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/biossíntese , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Fusão Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridomas/imunologia , Índia , Indicadores e Reagentes , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C
6.
J Biosci ; 2002 Mar; 27(2): 135-41
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-110987

RESUMO

Immunogenetic studies in various diseases provide potential genetic markers. We have studied the incidence of HLA A, B, C, DR and DQ loci antigen in Rh (D) antigen isoimmunized mothers compared to those nonimmunized isoimmunized Rh negative mothers. Seventy six mothers who were immunized to Rh (D) antigen due to pregnancy (responders) and fifty four mothers who did not develop Rh (D) isoimmunization despite positive pregnancies (nonresponders) were selected for the study. Standard methods of serological HLA typing, ABO and Rh (D) groups, and screening for Rh D antibodies were used. 392 unrelated individuals from the population were compared as controls. In addition 45 unrelated individuals from the same population were typed for HLA DRB and DQB gene using PCR-SSP kits. The genotype frequencies of HLA A2, A3, A28, B13, B17, B35, B52, B60, Cw2, Cw6, DR4, and DQ3 were significantly increased, while the frequencies of the HLA A11, A29, A31, B7, B37, B51, Cw1 and DR9 were decreased in the responder women when compared to the non-responder women. HLA A30 (19) split antigen was not identified in immunized women while HLA A23 (9) split antigen was not identified in non immunized women. HLA A3, B17, Cw2 and DR4 showed a significant relative risk among the immunized responder women. When compared with Rh immunized women (responders) reported from USA, England and Hungary the phenotype frequencies of HLA A11, A24, A28, B5, B17, B40, DR2 and DR5 were increased while HLA A23, B8, B18, and DR6 were decreased in the Indian Rh immunized women. Two locus haplotype frequency analysis observed among the responders women revealed that among the significant haplotypes expressed A2-B5, B7-Cw1, DR2-DQ1 were highly significant haplotypes in positive linkage, while A1-B5, and A1-B7 were in significant negative linkage disequilibrium. The haplotype frequencies were <or= one when these common hapoltypes were compared with control population. Thus in the present study it is evident that the inheritance of HLA A3, B17, Cw2 and DR4 increases the relative risk factor by 2.6 times among Indian Rh isoimmunized women. Further, it is evident that there are significant differences in the observed HLA antigen frequencies and two locus haplotypes in Rh isoimmunized women when compared to women from USA, UK and Hungary due to extreme HLA polymorphism in different populations of the world.


Assuntos
Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Antígenos HLA/genética , Haplótipos , Humanos , Índia , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/imunologia , Isoimunização Rh/imunologia , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/imunologia
9.
J Biosci ; 1998 Dec; 23(5):601-604
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-161245

RESUMO

Antenatal sera from 1334 pregnant women attending the Nowrojee B J Wadia Maternity Hospital and KEM Hospital in Parel, Mumbai were collected and screened for anti HLA A and B antibodies to produce an indigenous HLA tissue typing tray. One hundred and sixty three sera (12.2%) were found positive for HLA antibodies. Nonetheless, the percentage of positive sera were almost the same in women of different parity. Moreover, the incidence of anti-HLA antibodies was correlated with the allelic frequencies in the Maharastrian population. Thus in India, collection and screening of sera from pregnant females is a simple and cost-effective method of acquiring polyclonal sera for routine use in tissue typing.

10.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1998 Sep-Oct; 65(5): 723-8
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-78391

RESUMO

Preprocedure sera of thirty one neonates requiring exchange transfusion were tested for serological markers of HBV, HCV, CMV, HIV and LFT. All the babies were investigated for these parameters one week and two months after transfusion to evaluate the risk of transmission of viral infection. Serological markers for these viral infections were also studied in the mothers and donors' blood to establish the route of infection. Donors' blood used for transfusion was pretested for HBsAg, VDRL and anti-HIV. HBsAg was detected one week post exchange in one baby and two months post exchange in two babies. Exchange transfusion was implicated in two of them, where one donor had HBsAg and the other anti-HBc. Vertical transmission accounted for the remaining one. Out of these HbsAg positive cases, one showed evidence of recently acquired CMV infection. Vertical transmission of anti-HCV was observed in one case. None of the neonates, mothers and donors were positive for anti-HIV. In view of probable serious consequences of HBV and HCV infections, blood used for exchange transfusion ought to be screened for anti-HBc and anti-HCV, besides routine HBsAg, VDRL and anti-HIV screening.


Assuntos
Patógenos Transmitidos pelo Sangue , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/transmissão , Transfusão Total , Feminino , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite C/transmissão , Humanos , Índia , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Icterícia Neonatal/sangue , Masculino , Viroses/transmissão
11.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-25032

RESUMO

Present study attempts to find out if maternal anti-D can bind the first complement component C1q and its impact on phagocytosis and severity of Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). One hundred Rh immunised women were enrolled, however six having Rh(D) negative infants were excluded. Immunometric assay revealed that of 94 sera, 18 (19.1%) were able to bind C1q but failed to bind C3. Six mothers had anti-C (two bound C1q) and one had anti-E (C1q nonbinding) in addition to anti-D. Various characteristics of anti-D like titre, concentration, IgG subtypes and phagocytic activity showed comparable results (P > 0.3) in C1q binding and nonbinding groups. No significant difference in the severity of Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh HDN), judged by the outcome of pregnancy, cord blood haemoglobin, peak and pre exchange transfusion (ET), indirect serum bilirubin and requirement of ET, was observed in these two groups. Hence this study suggests that though some anti-D sera can bind C1q, there is no further activation of complement pathway and the severity of Rh HDN is not influenced by this phenomenon.


Assuntos
Complemento C1q/fisiologia , Eritroblastose Fetal/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Isoimunização Rh
12.
Ceylon Med J ; 1996 Jun; 41(2): 46-50
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-47999

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and erythrophagocytosis in comparison to IgG subtypes and concentration of anti-D in haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: One hundred Rh (D) immunised women attending an antenatal clinic of Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital at 32 to 34 weeks of gestation. Results of 90 women having Rh (D) positive infants were correlated with severity based on outcome of pregnancy, cord blood Hb and treatment given to infant. MEASUREMENTS: Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) was used for anti-D quantitation. In ADCC assay 51Cr release in the culture supernatant was measured, and in the phagocytosis assay lytic activity was measured on spectrophotometer. Cord blood monocytes were used as effector cells in both the assays. RESULTS: Good correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between ADCC vs IRMA and ADCC vs phagocytosis. ADCC% specific lysis was significantly higher and still-birth rate was increased when mothers had IgG1 + IgG3 type of anti-D. Though all variables showed significant correlation (P < 0.01) with severity, ADCC assay was the most predictive. Cord blood haemoglobin showed a significant inverse correlation with ADCC and phagocytosis assays. CONCLUSION: In the absence of a cordocentesis facility severity of Rh HDN could be reliably judged by ADCC assay. If an isotope laboratory is not available, then instead of ADCC, phagocytosis assay may be employed.


Assuntos
Testes Imunológicos de Citotoxicidade , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Eritroblastose Fetal/imunologia , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ensaio Imunorradiométrico , Recém-Nascido , Fagocitose , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravidez
13.
Indian J Med Sci ; 1996 May; 50(5): 155-61
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-69147
14.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1995 Sep-Oct; 62(5): 587-92
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-81411

RESUMO

Study includes fifty O blood group mothers delivering A or B group infants suffering from jaundice and a control group consisting of thirty one O group mothers of non-jaundiced infants. Lytic ability of maternal IgG anti-A/anti-B was determined by 51Cr ADCC assay in which cord blood monocytes were used as effector cells. In control series mean% specific lysis (SL) was 18 +/- 3.1 for IgG anti-A and 17.9 +/- 3.1 for IgG anti-B. In jaundiced series IgG anti-A was more lytic than IgG anti-B. However, the increase in ADCC lysis was statistically insignificant. Even though > 1:32 titre was more often associated with > 35% SL, in general the immune A/B antibody titre showed poor correlation with ADCC lysis. Majority of the severe ABO-HDN cases had > 35% ADCC lysis.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Citotoxicidade Celular Dependente de Anticorpos/imunologia , Eritroblastose Fetal/diagnóstico , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Recém-Nascido , Monócitos/imunologia , Gravidez
15.
Indian Pediatr ; 1995 Sep; 32(9): 971-7
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-12305

RESUMO

The outcome of 14 pregnancies with severe rhesus alloimmunization was analyzed over a period of 16 months. Group A consisted of 7 cases who received ultrasound guided intravascular intrauterine packed red blood cell transfusions via the umbilical vein after determining fetal blood group and hematocrit. The outcome of these cases was compared with another 7 cases (Group B), who did not require intrauterine transfusions. The 7 cases in Group A received a total of 25 intrauterine transfusions between 25 to 33 weeks gestation. Procedure related complications encountered were transient fetal bradycardia on 4 occasions, difficulty in cord cannulation due to fetal movements in 2 cases and transient bleeding at puncture site in 2 cases. These complications were not associated with any maternal or fetal consequences. There was no procedure related mortality. Mean cord hemoglobin in Group A (12.52 g/dl) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in Group B (8.5 g/dl), and mean cord indirect serum bilirubin was significantly lower (p < 0.1) in Group A (2.5 mg/dl) than in Group B (5.8 mg/dl). Three neonates in Group A required one exchange transfusion each, as compared to all 7 in Group B who required a total of 12 exchange transfusions. All neonates in Group B survived, whereas 2 expired in Group A, one of severe intravascular coagulopathy and the other due to prematurity and hyaline membrane disease. Percutaneous ultrasound guided umbilical blood transfusions directly into the vascular system appears to be safe in experienced hands and has the potential to improve the prognosis of the severely alloimmunized fetus.


Assuntos
Transfusão de Sangue Intrauterina/instrumentação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Hemoglobina Fetal/análise , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/terapia , Resultado da Gravidez , Isoimunização Rh/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal
17.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-119872

RESUMO

BACKGROUND. The Institute of Immunohaematology has had an Rh clinic at the Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital since 1957. Between then and 1977, 5% Rh-negative women produced Rh antibodies. Between 1978 and 1980, the rate of immunization was reduced to 3.3%. In the present study we determined the incidence of Rh immunization between 1981 and 1992. METHODS. ABO and Rh grouping was carried out by standard methods on 139,635 samples collected from antenatal women. Six thousand nine hundred and fourteen (5%) Rh-negative women were screened for Rh antibodies using an enzyme technique. Analysis was carried out by dividing the data into four groups, each of three years duration. RESULTS. The number of women attending the antenatal outpatients increased steadily but the frequency of Rh-negativity remained at approximately 5%. The rate of Rh immunization among Rh-negative women declined from 3.1% during 1981-83 to 1.7% during 1990-92. The rate among pregnant women dropped from 0.16% to 0.09% and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The incidence of Rh immunization among Rh-negative women increased from 0.4% in the first pregnancy to 17.5% after four or more pregnancies (p < 0.01). Only 15 out of 167 Rh immunized women had received anti-D immunoglobulin previously. CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of Rh immunization has declined during the last 12 years possibly due to family planning and extensive use of anti-D immunoglobulin. However, complete eradication of Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn will be possible only if a comprehensive Rh prophylaxis programme is instituted.


Assuntos
Anticorpos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina D/imunologia , Incidência , Índia/epidemiologia , Paridade , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Isoimunização Rh/epidemiologia
18.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-20138

RESUMO

A modified immunoradiometry assay (IRMA) using tritiated (3H) protein A was developed to estimate anti-D concentration. The main advantages of the assay were longer shelf life of the labelled reagent (more than two years); minimum radiation hazard and; low non specific binding. Levels of anti-D were estimated in 23 Rh (D) immunised women. A good correlation of anti-D concentration (micrograms/ml) with Rh antibody titre was observed (r = +0.89, P < 0.01). Anti-D concentration estimated by 3H protein A IRMA correlated well with the severity of Rh-HDN. This assay could quantitate anti-D in sera having exclusively IgG3 subtype.


Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Ensaio Imunorradiométrico , Isoanticorpos/sangue , Isoimunização Rh , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/imunologia , Proteína Estafilocócica A/diagnóstico , Trítio/diagnóstico
19.
Indian Pediatr ; 1992 May; 29(5): 607-10
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-7039

RESUMO

The frequency of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) was evaluated in multi-transfused patients of thalassemia major. Twelve out of 83 patients (14.5%) had positive ANA at titres of 1:80 or above. The results were compared with age and sex matched healthy controls who showed positive results in only 1 of 52 cases (1.9%; p less than 0.05). Antibody against double stranded DNA was absent. ANA positivity was found to correlate with higher age (p less than 0.01), more amount of blood transfused (p less than 0.01), splenectomy status (p less than 0.01), higher levels of serum ferritin (p less than 0.01) and presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (p less than 0.01) and antihepatitis C antibody (p less than 0.01).


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antinucleares/sangue , Transfusão de Sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Talassemia/imunologia
20.
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-17960

RESUMO

A new Indian G6PD variant was detected in a 15 yr old Maratha male during a population screening programme in high school children in Bombay (India). The propositus and two family members having the same variant were apparently healthy. This enzyme variant has a mild erythrocyte G6PD deficiency and a slow electrophoretic mobility. It is characterized by a high Michaelis-Menton constant for G6P, a bimodal curve for pH optima and a slight decrease in the thermostability. The rate of utilization of substrate analogue is similar to that of normal. These observations suggest identification of a new class III variant, designated as G6PD Rohini.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Variação Genética , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/genética , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/enzimologia , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Linhagem
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