Antibacterial effect of lidocaine in various clinical conditions

BACKGROUND: Infection, one of the complications associated with procedures, can cause fatal outcomes for patients. Although the local anesthetic agent we use is less susceptible to infection due to its antibacterial action, we performed this study to check the change in the antibacterial effect of lidocaine in various clinical conditions. METHODS: After exposing lidocaine to five contaminated environments, we checked on whether the bacteria could be cultured in blood agar plate (BAP) media. In each contaminated environment, lidocaine was exposed for 4 h (n = 9) and 8 h (n = 9), and the results were compared. Lidocaine was swabbed with chlorhexidine (group A), brought into contact with saliva (group B), skin (group C), an operating room floor and an outpatient room floor (group D), operating room air for 24 h (group A-a), and outpatient room air for 24 h (group A-b). After exposure, the culture was initiated. RESULTS: In 2 of 9 BAP media where lidocaine was exposed to saliva (group B) for 8 h, growth of a colony was observed. In gram staining, it was found to be Streptococcus viridans. No bacteria were found in any other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Though lidocaine has strong antibacterial activity, it has been found that long-term exposure to a contaminated environment reduces its antibacterial activity and that drug contamination can be heavily affected not only by environmental but also human effects. Therefore, the use of aseptic drugs is necessary, and stopping the reuse of the drug is a way to prevent complications, including infection.

effect of anaesthesia technique on caesarean section

Objective: When conducting a caesarean section under regional anaesthesia, either epidural anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia can be used. Patients who underwent caesarean section in our hospital were surveyed retrospectively to confirm and compare the merits and demerits of spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia to determine the most efficient approach

Methods: Mothers meeting the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system [ASA] I or II, who underwent caesarean sections at our hospital were surveyed retrospectively. The survey targeted one hundred patients each who received spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia. The time from anaesthesia to surgical incision [A to S time], entire anaesthesia time, and the usage of vasopressor and midazolam were compared according to anaesthetic approach

Results: The A to S time and the entire anaesthesia time of the group that underwent spinal anaesthesia were significantly short compared to the times recorded for the group who underwent epidural anaesthesia, and the use of vasopressor was more frequent in the spinal anaesthesia group because their blood pressure decline was larger

Conclusion: The A to S time and the entire anaesthetic time were longer for epidural anaesthesia than for spinal anaesthesia. However, the haemodynamic change was smaller and vasopressor was hardly used in the former group. Therefore, the choice of the technical method will depend on the clinical, anaesthetic, and obstetric situation

A case of myeloid neoplasm with the PDGFRB rearrangement and eosinophilia / 대한내과학회지

Myeloid neoplasm with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) rearrangement is a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Patients with this disease often have prominent eosinophilia or monocytosis and the presence of t(5;12)(q31~33;p12) or a variant translocation with expression of an ETV6-PDGFRB fusion gene or the PDGFRB rearrangement. We report an 82-year-old woman with a myeloid neoplasm, with the PDGFRB rearrangement, who presented with a dry cough, eosinophilia and thrombocytosis. The chromosome study of the bone marrow showed 46,XX,ins(1;5)(q22;q33q13.3), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed rearrangement of the PDGFRB gene. The patient was successfully treated with low-dose imatinib.

A Case of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Presenting as Abdominal Pain and a Pancreatic Nodule / 결핵및호흡기질환

Lung cancer frequently metastasizes to distant organs. However, solitary metastasis to the pancreas, with lung cancer as the source, is very rare. Most metastatic cases of the pancreas tend to be discovered in patients with widely disseminated malignant disease. In addition, patients with pancreatic metastases are often asymptomatic, the metastatic lesions are found incidentally, and are misdiagnosed as primary pancreatic tumors. We described the case of a 63-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain and a pancreatic nodule. The patient underwent resection of primary lung cancer followed by pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. The pancreatic nodule was confirmed as a solitary metastasis from lung cancer.

Pain Management Based on NCCN Guideline in Patients with Lung Cancer / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Pain is one of the most troublesome problems caused by malignancy. We evaluated the change in pain status according to observance of NCCN guidelines in lung cancer patients. METHODS: Lung cancer patients complaining of pain at admission were examined. The pain was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) for 20 days and moderate-to-severe pain was defined as more than VAS level 3. The guideline observance was classified as high (more than 80%), medium (50~79%) and low (less than 50%). RESULTS: Among the total 91 lung cancer patients with pain, 34 patients (37%) had moderate-to-severe pain. Their average VAS score at admission was 5.6. It decreased to 2.9 after a 20-day period of pain management. The time to reach a VAS less than 3 was 3 days in a high guideline observance group, while it took 6 days in a low observance group. In addition, the pain in the high observance group was controlled to less than 3 VAS level in 86% of patients, whereas only 25% of patients in the low observance group succeeded. CONCLUSION: Pain was more effectively controlled when the dose of drugs was modified according to NCCN guidelines in lung cancer patients indicating the importance of guideline observance in pain management.

A Case of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Presenting as a Lung Mass in a Patient with Primary Myelofibrosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

Primary myelofibrosis is characterized by replacement of bone marrow with fibrotic tissue and the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Extramedullary hematopoiesis primarily involves the spleen and liver, but can also occur in the lungs. We report the case of an 80-year-old male who was admitted for evaluation of a lung mass and persistent thrombocytopenia. A percutaneous needle aspiration from the mass in the right lower lung showed myelopoietic cells with fatty tissue. A bone marrow biopsy revealed a hypercellular marrow with an increased number of atypical megakaryocytes. The final diagnosis was a prefibrotic stage of primary myelofibrosis leading to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the lung.

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis / 대한내과학회지

No abstract available.

Various Pulmonary Manifestations of the Cryptococcal Pneumoniae in the three Immunocompetent Patients / 결핵

More than half of the cryptococcal infections occur in acquired immune deficiency (AIDS) patients, and more than half of the non-AIDS patients with cryptococcosis are immunocompromised. Most immunocompromised patients have meningoencephalitis at the time of diagnosis. Without the appropriate therapy, this from of the infection is invariably fatal. Death can occur any time from 2 weeks to several years after the onset of symptoms. Pulmonary crytococcosis in immunocompromised patients is usually asymptomatic, but coughing, chest pain, fever, or hemoptysis may occur in immunocompetent patients. Pulmonary cryptococcosis symptoms in immunocompetent patients tend to improve without treatment. Here, we describe the various pulmonary manifestations of cryptococcal pneumoniae in three immunocmpetent patients.

A Case of recurrent adult onset still's disease with interstitial pneumonitis / 대한내과학회지

Adult onset Still's disease(AOSD) is characterized by a high spiking fever, a transient rash, and arthritis. The clinical features include lymphadenopathy, hepatospleno-megaly, serositis, and sore throat. Leukocytosis is generally marked, but rheumatoid factor and ANA tests are negative. Respiratory system involvement is more common in AOSD than it is in childhood. The most common symptom is pleuritic chest pain with or without effusions. Rare cases of interstitial pneumonitis accompanied by AOSD have been reported. We report a case of AOSD with interstitial pneumonitis, which developed in two consecutive years and was successfully controlled with coriticosteroid therapy.

Intracellular signal transduction of interleukin-6 production bylipopolysaccharide-stimulated fibroblasts / 대한내과학회지

OBJECTIVES: Stimulation of cell results in a variety of early biochemical events, known as signal transduction pathway and ultimately leads to final outcome like cell proliferation or cytokine production. The intracellular signal transduction pathway of IL-6 production by LPS stimulated fibroblast is not well defined. In present study, we investigated what signal transduction pathway is involved in IL-6 production. METHODS: We examined the effects of various inhi bitors of signal transduction pathway including pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, genistein, indomethacin, EDTA, nife dpine, sphingosine, staurosporine, and H8 on the produc tion of IL-6 by human fetal fibroblast MRC-5 after stimulation with LPS. IL-6 was measured by bioassay in supernatant of LPS stimulated fibroblast MRC-5 after pretreatment with inhibitors. RESULTS: Calcium inhibitor (EDTA) and protein kinase inhibitor (staurosporine) reduced IL-6 production by LPS stimulated fibroblast. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor(Genistein) and PKC inhibitor(sphingosine) had no influence on IL-6 production. Cholera toxin and pro staglandin inhibitor (indomethacin) led to increase in IL-6 production by LPS stimulated fibroblasts. CONCLUSION:: These results suggest that G protein associated receptors, through the calcium dependent pathway, are working in IL-6 production by LPS stim ulated fibroblasts.

The Role of Protein Kinase C in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Endotoxin / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The signal pathways and their precise roles for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by endotoxin (ETX) has not been established. Since there has been several in vitro experiments suggesting that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway may be responsible for endotoxin-induced inflammatory reaction, we performed in vivo experiments in the rats with the hypothesis that PKC-inhibition can effectively prevent endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. METHODS: We studied the role of PKC in ETX-induced ALl using PKC inhibitor (staurosporine, 5Th) in the rat. Specific pathogen free male Sprague-Dawley weighted from 165 to 270g were used for the study. Animals were divided into the normal control (NC)-, vehicle control (VC)-, ETX-, PMA (phorbolmyristateacetate)-, STP+PMA-, and STP+ETX-group. PMA (50mg/kg) or ETX (7mg/kg) was instilled through polyethylen catheter after aseptic tracheostomy with and without STP (0.2mg/kg) pretreatment. STP was injected via tail vein 30mm before intratracheal injection (IT) of PMA or ETX. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done 3- or 6-hrs after IT of PMA or FTX respectively, to measure protein concentration, total and differential cell counts. RESULTS The results were as follows. The protein concentrations in BALF in the PMA- and ETX-group were very higher than that of VC-group (p<0.001). When animals were pretreated with STP, the %reduction of the protein concentration in BALF was 64.8 8.5 and 30.4 2.5% in the STP+PMA- and STP+ETX-group, respectively (p=0.028). There was no difference in the total cell counts between the PMA-and VC-group (p = 0.26). However the ETX-group showed markedly increased total cell counts as compared to the VC- (p=0.003) and PMA group (p=0.0027), respectively. The total cell counts in BALF were not changed after pretreatment with STP compared to the PMA- (p=0.22) and ETX-group (p=0.46). The percentage of PMN, but not alveolar macrophage, was significantly elevated in the PMA-, and ETX-group. Especially in the ETX-group, the percentage of PMN was 17 times higher than that of PMA (p<0.001). The differential cell counts was not different between the PMA and STP+PMA. On the contrary the STP+ETX-group showed decreased percentage of PMN (p = 0.016). There was no significant relationship between the protein concentration and the total or differential cell counts in each group. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with PKC-inhibitor (staurosporine) partially but significantly inhibited ETX-in-duced ALI.

Time Course Change of Phagocytes and Proinflammatory activities in BALF in Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Severe acute lung injury(ALI), also known as the adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), is a heterogenous nature of dynamic and explosive clinical synrome that exacts a mortality of approximately 50%. Endotoxin(ETX) is an abundant component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria capable of inducing severe lung injury in gram-negative sepsis and gram-negative bacterial pneumonia, which are among the most common predisposing causes of ARDS. The influx of PMNs into airway tissue is a pathological hallmark of LPS-induced lung injury. And th3re is a substantial evidence suggesting that cytokines are important mediators of lung injury in gram-negative sepsis. However, the kinetics of phagocytes and cytokines by an exact time sequence and their respective pathogenic importance remain to be elucidated. This study was performed to investigate the role of phagocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in ETX-induced ALl through a time course of changes in the concentration of protein, TNFa and IL-6, and counts of total and its differential cells in BALF. The consecutive histologic findings were also evaluated. METHOD: The experimental animals, healthy male Sprague-Dawley, weighted 200+/-50g, were divided into controland ALI-group. ALI was induced by an intravenous administration of ETX, 5mg/kg. Above mentioned all parameters were examined at 0(control), 3, 6, 24, 72 h after administration of ETX. TNFa and IL-6 conc. in BALE were measured by a bioassay. RESULTS: The protein concentration and total leukocyte count(TC) in BALF was significantly increased at 3h compared to controls(p<0.05). The protein conc. was significantly elavated during observation period, but TC was significantly decreased at 72h(p<0.05 vs. 24h). There was a close relationship between TC and protein cone. in BALF(r = 0.65, p <0.001). The PMN and monocyte count was well correlated with TC in BALF, and the correlation of PMN(r=0.97, p<0.001) appeared to be more meaningful than that of monoeyte(r = 0.61, p<0.001). There was also a significant correlation between protein cone. and PMN or monocyte count in BALF(PMN vs. monocyte r = 0.55, p<0.005 vs. r = 0.64, p<0.001). The count of monocyte was significantly elavated during observation period though a meaningful reduction of PMN count in BALF at 72h, this observation suggested that monocyte may, at least, partipate in the process of lung injury steadly. In this sudy, there was no relationship between IL-6 and TNFt conc., and TNFa but not IL-6 was correlated with TC(r 0.61, p <0.05) and monocyte(r = 0.67, p<0.05) in BALF only at 3, 6h after ETX introduced. In particular, the IL-6 cone. increased earlier and rapidly peaked than TNFz cone. in BALF. In histologic findings, the cell counts of lung slices were increased from 3 to 72h(p<0.001 vs. NC). Alveolar wallthickness was increased from 6 to 24h(p<0.001 vs. NC). There was a significant correlation between the cell counts of lung slices and alveolar wall-thickness(r= 0.61, p<0.001). This result suggested that the cellular infiltrations might be followed by the alterations of interstitium, and the edematous change of alveolar wall might be most rapidly recovered to its normal condition in the process of repair. CONCLUSION: We concluded that although the role of PMIN is partly certain in ETX-induced ALI, it is somewhat inadequate to its known major impact on ALL Alveolar macrophage and/or non-immune cells such as pulmonary endothelial or epithelial cells, may be more importantly contributed to the initiation and perpetual progression of ETX-induced ALI. The IL-6 in ETX-induced ALI was independent to TNFa, measured by a bioassay in BALF. The early rise in IL-6 in BALF implies multiple origins of the IL-6.

An Appreciation of Functional Role of Macrophage in the Acute Lung Injury in the Neutropenic Rat / 결핵

BACKGROUND: It has long been suggested that neutrophils and their products are implicated as the central mediators of the acute lung injuries. Contrary to the dominant role of neutrophils in ARDS, many cases of ARDS has occurred in the setting of severe neutropenia without pufrnonary neutrophil infiltration. Therefore it is certain that effector cell(s) other than neutrophil play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. This experiment was performed to define the mechanism of ARDS in the setting of neutiopenia, 1) by comparing the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury, 2) by measurement of hydrogen peroxide production and cytokine concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells and fluids obtained from different rats with and without cyclophosphamide-pretreatment. METHOD: The male Sprague-Dawleys were divided into the normal control (NC)-, endotoxin (ETX)-, and cyclophosphamide (CPA)-group in which neutropenia was induced by injecting cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally. Acute lung injury was evoked by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into a tail vein. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 3 and 6 hour after administration of LPS to measure the change of cell counts and concentrations of protein and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hydrogen peroxide (HPO) production from BAL cel]s was measured at 6 hour after LPS administration by phenol red microassay with and without zymosan stimulation. RESULTS: The results were as follows. A change of leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood after treatment with CPA More than 95% of total leukocytes and neutrophils were reduced after CPA administration, resulting in severe neutropenia. A change of BAL cells In the ETX-group, the number of total cells (p<0.01) and of macrophage and neutrophll (p<0.05) were increased at 3 and 6 hour after LPS administration compared to those of NC- group. In the CPA-group, the number of total leukocyte and macrophage were not changed after LPS administration, but neutrophil counts were significantly reduced and jt took part in less than 0.1% of total BAL cells (p<0.01 vs NC-group). BAL cells in this group were almost all macrophages (99.7%). A change of protein concentration in the BALF In the ETX-group, protein concentration was increased at 3 hour and was more increased at 6 hour after LPS administration (p<0.05 and <0.01 vs NC-group, respectively). In the CPA-group, it was also significantly elevated at 3 hour after LPS administration (p<0.05 vs NC-group) , but the value was statistically not different from that of ETh-group. The value measured at 6 hour after LPS administration in the CPA-group became lower than that of ETX-group (p<0.05), but showed still a higher value compared to that of NC-group (p<0.05). A change of cytokine concentration in the BALF TNF-alpha and IL-6 were elevated in the ETX- and CPA-group compared to those of NC-group at both time intervals. There was no statistical difference in the values of both cytokines between the ETX- and CPA-groups. Measurement of hydrogen peroxide production from BAL cells There was no intergroup difference of HPO production from resting cells. HPO production after incubation with opsonized zymosan was significantly elevated in all groups. The percent increment of HPO production was highest in the ETX-group (89.0%, p<0.0008 vs NC-group ), and was 42.85 in the CPA-group (p = 0.003 vs NC-group ). Conclusion Acute lung injury in the setting of neutropenia might be caused by functional activation of resident alveola r macrophages.

A Study of EFFECT and MECHANISM of IL-2on SURVIVAL of EOSINOPHILS / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is responsible for eosinophilia in allergic diseases. In allergic bronchial asthma, there is a correlation between the extent of eosinophil infiltration in bronchial mucosa and IL-5 concentrations. In addition, IL-2 concentration is elevated in the airways and associated with eosinophilia in symptomatic patients with bronchial asthma. In animal studies, IL-2 can induce eosinophilia by increasing the synthesis of IL-5, however, it is still unknown how IL-2 can induce eosinophila in human being. The aim of this study is to evaluation the effect and mechanism of IL-2 on prolongation of eosinophil survival. METHODS: After purifiing the eosinophils from the venous blood of allergic patients with eosinophilia, we measured the survival rates of eosinophils using trypan blue dye exclusion test, and the number of eosinophils with Randolp's solution. We compared the survival rates of eosinophils in the presence of IL-2 or IL-5. Neutralizing antibody for IL-5 was added in IL-2 treated eosinophils to reveal whether IL-2 induced prolongation of eosinophil survival was mediated by IL-5. We checked IL-5 m-RNA expression of lymphocytes in the presence of IL-2 by using Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to revealed the effect of IL-2 on IL-5 m-RNA expression on lymphocyte. alpha and beta IL-2 receptors were measured on eosinophils and lymphocytes with flow-cytometer after stimulated with IL-2. RESULTS: 1) Eosinophil survival rates increased dose dependently on IL-5 and IL-2. 2) The eosinophil survival rates increased by IL-2 were not inhibited by the pretreatment with neutralizing antibody for IL-5. 3) IL-5 m-RNA was not expressed on lymphocytes by the treatment with IL-2 up to 96 hours. 4) IL-2 upregulate the expression of IL-2Ralpha on eosinophils, instead of no effect on the expression of IL-2Rbeta. CONCLUSION: Interleukin-2 had the enhancing effect on the survival rates of eosinophils. The mechanism behind IL-2 induced eosinophilia might be the increment of IL-2 receptors on eosinophils rather than IL-5 synthesis by lymphocytes.

A Case of Nezelof's Syndrome

Nezelof's syndrome(combined immunodeficiency with immunoglobulin) is a hereditary primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent chronic pulmonary infections, oral and cutaneous candidiasis, failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, skin infection, urinary tract infection, gram-negative sepsis, severe progressive varicella infection, lymphopenia, diminished lymphoid tissue, abnormal structure of the thymus, and presence of normal or increased levels of one or more of the major immunoglobulin classes, but with impaired antibody synthesis. We experienced a case of Nezelof's syndrome in 5-month-old boy who complained cough, poor feeding, vomiting and diarrhea in first admission day and discharged with recovered general condition in 38th admission day and then died of recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and malnutrition in 15-month-old age. He had no thymic shadow in chest X-ray and immunologic abnormalities including decreased lymphocyte count, decreased T cell count and function, normal number of B cell count and immunoglobulins with funtional impairment in antibody synthesis. We report a case of Nezelof's syndrome with brief review of related literatures.

The Expression of Cytokines in the Airways from Patients with Bronchial Asthma / 결핵

BACKGROUND: It has been well known that bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder. The "activation" of lymphocytes has a significant role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Among these lymphocytes, TH2-like rather than TH1-like lymphoytes are activated in the bronchial tissues from patients with atopic bronchial asthma. However, the difference of cytokines expression is not well documented between the atopic normal subjects and atopic asthmatics. METHODS: Bronchial tissues were obtained from the tweleve atopic and non-atpoic asthmatics and tweleve atopic and non-atopic healthy subjects for in stiu hybridizatin of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and INF-gamma. The probe of cytokines were tagged with digoxigenin by random priming method. RESULTS: The infiltration of many inflammatory cells on submucosa and denuded epithelium were observed in the bronchial tissue from patients with bronchial asthma. The RNase-treated bronchial tissues did not have the brown signal on the tissue, but, RNase-untreated bronchial tissues had the positive brown signal on the inflammatory cells under the basement membrane. The IL-2 positive signals were detected in 2 cases, IFN-gamma in 1 case, IL-4 in 2 cases, IL-5 in 2 cases among 6 non-atopic healthy subjects. The atopic healthy subjects showed 1 case of positive signal of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but did not show any signals of IL-4 and IL-5. The positive signals of IL-2 were detected in 4 cases among 6 atopic and 6 non-atopic asthmatics, 2 cases and 1 case of IFN-gamma respectively, 4 cases and 3 cases of IL-4 respectively, 4 cases and 3 cases of IL-5 respectively. CONCLUSION: The lymphocytes were activated in the bronchus of asthmatics. Among lymphocytes, TH2-like lymphocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. However, futher study with immunohistochemical stain may be necessary for defining the source of cytokines, because of TH2-like lymphocytes were also activated in some atopic healthy subjects.

A case of acute intersitial pneumonia / 결핵

No abstract available.

A case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with wheezing / 결핵

No abstract available.

A solid anterior mediastinal mass / 결핵

No abstract available.

The effects of aminophylline on the superoxide anion generation of neutrophils from established human sepsis caused by acute pneumonia / 결핵

No abstract available.