Achillea fragrantissima, rich in flavonoids and tannins, potentiates the activity of diminazine aceturate against Trypanosoma evansi in rats

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate activity of methanol extract of Achillea fragrantissima (meth) (A. fragrantissima) alone or in combination with diminazine aceturate (DA) against Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) in experimentally infected rats.@*METHODS@#Sixty adult male Wister albino rats were divided equally into 6 groups (A-F). Rats in groups A-E were experimentally infected with T. evansi and those in group F were uninfected. The groups were treated respectively as follows: group A-with 3.5 mg/kg DA; group B- with 1000 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group C-3.5 mg/kg DA plus 500 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group D-3.5 mg/kg DA plus 1000 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima. Group E was left untreated. Parasitemia, survivability, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leucocytes count, lymphocyte count, and serum malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were estimated. Phytochemical screening of meth A. fragrantissima was also performed.@*RESULTS@#The phytochemical analysis of the meth A. fragrantissima indicated a higher content from polyphenolic tannins and non tannins and flavonoids. The efficacy percentage against trypanosomiasis in groups A - E was respectively as follows 80, 40, 90, 100, 0. The administration of meth-A. fragrantissima (1000 mg/kg b.wt.) produced a moderate efficacy against trypanosomiasis. Untreated rats in group E died between 25 and 30 d post infection. The rats given DA and meth A. fragrantissima combinations (C and D) showed faster and higher recovery rates than the uninfected control and groups A and B. The initial reduction in packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total leucocytes count, increases in serum malondialdehyde and decreases in GSH levels were reversed by the treatments.@*CONCLUSION@#The administration of the methanol extracts of A. fragrantissima and DA combination therapy was more effective than each product alone in the treatment of rats infected with T. evansi and further studies are required to isolate more active ingredients.

Achillea fragrantissima, rich in flavonoids and tannins, potentiates the activity of diminazine aceturate against Trypanosoma evansi in rats

Objective: To evaluate activity of methanol extract of Achillea fragrantissima (meth) (A. fragrantissima) alone or in combination with diminazine aceturate (DA) against Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) in experimentally infected rats. Methods: Sixty adult male Wister albino rats were divided equally into 6 groups (A-F). Rats in groups A-E were experimentally infected with T. evansi and those in group F were uninfected. The groups were treated respectively as follows: group A-with 3.5 mg/kg DA; group B- with 1. 000 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group C-3.5 mg/kg DA plus 500 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group D-3.5 mg/kg DA plus 1. 000 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima. Group E was left untreated. Parasitemia, survivability, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leucocytes count, lymphocyte count, and serum malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were estimated. Phytochemical screening of meth A. fragrantissima was also performed. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the meth A. fragrantissima indicated a higher content from polyphenolic tannins and non tannins and flavonoids. The efficacy percentage against trypanosomiasis in groups A - E was respectively as follows 80, 40, 90, 100, 0. The administration of meth-A. fragrantissima (1. 000 mg/kg b.wt.) produced a moderate efficacy against trypanosomiasis. Untreated rats in group E died between 25 and 30 d post infection. The rats given DA and meth A. fragrantissima combinations (C and D) showed faster and higher recovery rates than the uninfected control and groups A and B. The initial reduction in packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total leucocytes count, increases in serum malondialdehyde and decreases in GSH levels were reversed by the treatments. Conclusion: The administration of the methanol extracts of A. fragrantissima and DA combination therapy was more effective than each product alone in the treatment of rats infected with T. evansi and further studies are required to isolate more active ingredients.

Adverse effect of cefotaxime on male rats

The present work was a trial to study the effect of cefotaxime on the reproductive system in male Albino rats. Moreover, some biochemical parameters were also examined. Fourty-five mature male albino rats weighing from 150-160 g each of approximately 120 day old were used in this study. The animals were divided into 3 equal groups, each of 15 rats. The first group was injected I/M for 5 consecutive days with cefotaxime at the dose level of 80 mg/kg B.wt. while the second group was injected with 160 mg/kg B.wt.. The third group was kept as control and injected I/M with 0.2 ml saline/rat for 5 consecutive days. The obtained results showed that administration of cefotaxime induced a variety of side effects on male reproduction as reduction of testes, epididymis and accessory sex organ weight, changes in sperm characters [decrease of sperm count and motility]. Moreover, the liver and kidney functions were significantly affected. Therefore, caution is required when using large doses of cefotaxime due to its toxicity to sperm characters as well as its adverse effect on liver and kidneys

Adverse effects of marbofloxacin in male rats

The present work was a trial to study the effect of marbofloxacin on the reproductive system in male Albino rats. Moreover, some biochemical parameters were also examined. Fourty five mature male Albino rats weighing from 140- 180 gm each of 4-5 month old were used in this study. The animals were divided into 3 equal groups each of 15 rats. The first and second groups were injected I/M for 5 consecutive days with marbofloxacin at the dose level of 7.2 mg/ Kg B.Wt and 14.4 mg/ Kg B.Wt. respectively. The third group was kept as control and injected I/M with 0.3 mL saline /rat for 5 consecutive days. The obtained results showed that administration of marbofloxacin induced a variety of adverse effects. These are represented by certain fertility troubles as reduction of testes, epididymis and accessory sex organs weights, changes in sperm characters [decrease of sperm count and motility] and decrease of serum testosterone level. Moreover, the liver and kidney functions were significantly affected. Therefore, caution is required when using large doses of the drug of marbofloxacin due to its adverse effect on the sperm characters, liver and kidneys

Effects of ceftriaxone on reproductive and biochemical aspects of male rats

The present work was a trial to study the effect of ceftriaxone on the reproductive system in male Albino rats. Moreover, some biochemical parameters were also investigated. Fourty-five mature male albino rats weighing from 120 -160 g each of 4-5 month old were used in this study. The animals were divided into 3 equal groups, each of 15 rats. The first and second groups were injected I/M for 5 consecutive days with ceftriaxone at the dose level of 75 mg/kg B.wt. and 300 mg/kg B.wt. respectively. The third group was kept as control and injected I/M with 0.3 ml saline/ rat for 5 consecutive days. The obtained results showed that administration of ceftriaxone induced a variety of side effects. These are represented by reduction of testes, epididymis and accessory sex organ weight, changes in sperm characters [decrease of sperm count and motility] and increase of sperm abnormalities. Moreover, the liver functions were significantly affected. Therefore, caution is required when using large doses of ceftriaxone due to its toxicity to reproductive organs as well as its increasing effect on liver enzymes

Reproductive troubles induced by ivermectin or triclabendazole and their combinations in male rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of administration of ivermectin and / or its interaction with triclabendazole on some reproductive organs weight, epididymal sperm characters and serum testosterone level in mature male rats. Sixty mature male rats were divided equally into 4 groups each of 15 rats. The first group received s.c. ivermectin [0.56 mg/kg. b.wt.], the second group received orally triclabendazole [35mg/kg b.wt.], the third group received ivermectin plus triclabendazole as previously mentioned and the fourth group received saline [control group]. After 31 days from drugs administration, the drugs were repeated to all groups. The obtained results showed that administration of two doses of ivermectin, triclabendazole or both together induced a variety of adverse effects. These are represented by certain fertility troubles as reduction of some reproductive organs weight, changes in semen characters [decrease of sperm count and motility and increase of total sperm abnormalities, as well as a decrease in serum testosterone level. It could be concluded that the most harmful effect on male fertility induced by a coadministration of ivermectin and triclabendazole than giving each drug alone