Development and Effects of a Hand-washing Program using Role-playing for Preschool Children

PURPOSE: A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness. METHODS: The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the χ² test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=−4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=−3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=−4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=−3.86, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.

Knowledge and Practice of Fever Management by Mothers of Preschool Children at Home

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level and correlation of knowledge and practice of fever management at home and provide data for the development of an intervention program to improve the fever management ability of mothers of preschool age children. METHODS: Participants were 112 mothers with children between 1 and 6 years of age and attending one of three daycare centers located in J city. The participants had a history of using medication and tepid massage. Data were collected during April, 2016. RESULTS: The mean scores were 27.55 (correct answer rate 70.64%) of 39 for knowledge, and 75.93 of 92 for fever management practice. There were significant differences in scores for knowledge according to the number of children and number of visits to doctors for treatment of a fever. There were no differences in scores for practice. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practice. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that mothers' knowledge and practice of childhood fever management were insufficient to provide accurate management of childhood fevers. Therefore, to improve the mothers' ability to provide appropriate fever management, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge need to be developed.

Factors Affecting Health Promotion Behaviors of Upper Grade Elementary Students

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting health promotion behaviors of upper grade elementary students. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out with 282 fifth or sixth elementary school students from two cities, Korea. Data were collected using self-administrative questionnaires containing items on health knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavior control and health promotion behavior, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Cronbach's α, Pearson Correlation Coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations between health promotion behavior and health knowledge (r=.36, p<.001), attitudes (r=.41, p<.001), subjective norms (r=.36, p<.001), perceived behavior control (r=.49, p<.001). Perceived behavior control (β=.38, p<.001), health knowledge (β=.26, p<.001), perceived health status - good (β=.15, p=.005) were significant factors affecting health promotion behavior and explained 31%(F=43.29, p<.001) of variance. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that level of health promotion behavior is appropriate and perceived behavior control is the most important factor for health promotion behavior among the predictors. These findings also suggest that it is necessary to promote perceived behavior control and health knowledge in developing health promotion intervention programs for these students, as well as a need to strengthen education on sex behavior and health, accident prevention and first aid.

Influence of Hospitalization Recognition and Hospital-Related Fear on the Adjustment to Hospital Life by Hospitalized School-Aged Children

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level of adjustment to hospital life, hospitalization recognition and hospital-related fear by school-aged children, and investigate the influence of hospitalization recognition and hospital-related fear on the hospital life of these children. METHODS: Participants were 112 three to six grade students who were hospitalized from 3 to 7 days at one of two children's hospital. Date were collected from September 2015 to March 2016. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean score for adjustment to hospital life was 3.43±0.40 of 5, for hospitalization recognition, 2.98±0.46 of 4 and for hospital-related fear, 1.37±0.28 of 3. Factors affecting adjustment to hospital life were hospital-related fear (β=-.28, p=.002) and hospitalization recognition (β=.27, p=.003). These factors explained 17% of the variance in adjustment to hospital life. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that adjustment to hospital life by school-aged children is not sufficient enough for them to cope with illnesses and hospitalization. Therefore, to improve adjustment to hospital life by school-aged children, nursing interventions that focus on increasing hospitalization recognition and decreasing hospital-related fear need to be developed.

Development and Effects of a Child Health Management Program Based on Cooperative Learning for Mothers of Preschool Children

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and test effects of a child health management program based on cooperative learning for mothers of preschool children. METHODS: For this quasi-experimental study, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Outcome measures were level of child health management self-efficacy, child health management practices, child's health behavior. Participants were 55 mothers (experimental group 28, control group 27). The program was composed of 6 categories of home health management for preschool children, and provided for three 120-minute sessions. Data were collected from September to October, 2015, at 3 times: baseline, 3 and 6 weeks after beginning the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: After 3 and 6 weeks, there were significant differences between the two groups in child health management self-efficacy (F=18.33, p<.001), child health management practices (F=8.91, p<.001), and child's health behavior (F=9.91, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that this child health management program based on cooperative learning is effective and can be recommended as an intervention for mothers of preschool children. It will contribute to enhanced child health management self-efficacy and health management practices and improved child's health behavior.

Effect of Caregiver's Role Improvement Program on the Uncertainty, Stress, and Role Performance of Caregivers with Hospitalized Children

PURPOSE: In this study a caregiver's role improvement program was developed and tested to identify the effect on uncertainty, stress, and role performance of caregivers with hospitalized children. METHODS: The design of this study was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group and a non-synchronized design. Thirty-three caregivers were assigned to the experimental group and 33 to the control group. Data were collected from March 5 2016 to April 10 2016. For the experimental treatment, each individual was given on-site education with situated learning (given 30 minutes each, for 2 sessions), and self-repetition learning activities were performed from the e-book. Data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. RESULTS: The level of uncertainty and stress decreased, and role performance level improved for these caregivers with hospitalized children. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that using on-site education through situated learning and self-repetition learning with an e-book as in the caregiver's role improvement program is an effective intervention. Therefore, utilizing the caregiver role improvement program developed in this study is recommended as an effective intervention for caregivers of hospitalized children.

Effect of Visiting and a Smartphone Application Based Infection Prevention Education Program for Child Care Teachers: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: This study was performed to develop an infection prevention education program for child care teachers and to verify its effects. METHODS: The study was conducted using a nonequivalent control group with a pretest-posttest design. Four private daycare centers (2 centers per city) that were alike in terms of the number of children by age, number of child care teachers, and child care environment were chosen. Participants were assigned to the experimental group (n=20) or control group (n=20). As a part of the program, visiting education (90 min) was provided in the 1st week, and smartphone application education (10 min) was provided thrice a week, in the 2nd and 3rd weeks. RESULTS: Child care teachers' self-efficacy for infection prevention revealed a significant interaction effect between the group and time of measurement (F=21.62, p < .001). In terms of infection prevention behavior, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups (z=−5.36, p < .001). CONCLUSION: The program implemented in this study was effective in improving the infection prevention self-efficacy and infection prevention behavior of child care teachers. Thus, this program may be effective in enhancing their infection control.

Knowledge and Practice in Self-Management on Asthma of School-Aged Children with Asthma

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level of knowledge and practice of self-management on asthma of school-aged children and to provide data for the development of an intervention program to improve self-management on asthma. METHODS: The participants were 100 school-aged children who were treated currently for asthma in J city located in G province. Data were collected from 25th August to 30th October 2014. RESULTS: The mean scores were 14.37 of 20 for self-management knowledge (percentage of correct answer 71.9%), 21.65 of 30 for self-management practice. There were significant differences in knowledge according to grade, diagnosed age, food allergy, education on asthma and hardship in school life, and in practice according to gender and economic status, hardship in school life and experience of first-aid on asthma. There were positive correlations between knowledge and practice. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that school-aged children' knowledge and practice in self-management of asthma were not sufficient enough to perform accurate management of asthma. Therefore, to improve self-management ability of school-aged children to manage effectively asthma, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge need to be developed.

Influence of Self Esteem, Family Function and Social Support on Wellness of Mothers of Children with Disabilities

PURPOSE: Purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing wellness, and provide basic data for development of intervention programs to improve wellness in mothers of children with disabilities. METHODS: Participants were 147 mothers of children with disabilities from an elementary school and kindergarten for children with disabilities located in J and C cities in G province. Data were collected from February 24 to April 24, 2015 using questionnaires. RESULTS: Mean scores were 3.24+/-0.38 of 5 for wellness, 2.40+/-0.41 of 4 for self-esteem, and 2.87+/-0.36 of 4 for family function. There were significant differences in wellness according to religion, education, and type of education program for the children. There were positive correlations between self-esteem, family function, social support, and wellness. Factors influencing wellness were selfesteem (beta =.450), family function (beta =.313), type of education program for the children (beta =.140), and religion (beta =.127). These factors explained 42.7% of the variance in wellness. CONCLUSION: Findings show that levels of wellness in these mothers are not sufficient to allow them to care for their children and to maintain their own overall health. Therefore to increase wellness of mothers of children with disabilities, intervention strategies that focus on improving self-esteem and family functioning need to be developed.

Development and Effects of Cancer Prevention Program for Nursing Students

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the effects of a cancer prevention program for nursing students. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 53 nursing students (intervention group: 26, control group: 27). The cancer prevention program was provided for 3 weeks (3 sessions, 6 hours). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, nursing students in the cancer prevention program group showed significant differences in perceived benefits (F=6.98, p=.001), perceived self-efficacy (F=16.00, p<.001), activity related affect (F=14.01, p<.001) and health behavior for cancer prevention (F=16.59, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that the cancer prevention program for nursing students is effective and can be recommended as an intervention for improving the health behavior of cancer prevention in nursing students.

Nursing Needs and Nursing Performance as Perceived by Caregivers with Hospitalized Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify differences between the degree of nursing need and nursing performance as perceived by caregivers of hospitalized children. METHODS: Participants included 200 main caregivers from two pediatric hospitals where their children had been hospitalized for at least 2 days. Data were collected from October 30 to December 10, 2014. RESULTS: The degree (2.64+/-0.40) of nursing performance perceived by caregivers with hospitalized children was found to be significantly lower than that (3.39+/-0.21) of nursing needs of caregivers. Of nursing needs, direct nursing had the highest score at 3.59, and nursing assessment, the lowest at 3.23. For nursing performance, nursing assessment had the highest score at 2.76, and education and counseling, the lowest at 2.35. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that performance of nursing activities by nurses caring for hospitalized children do not meet the nursing needs of the caregivers. Therefore it is necessary to develop nursing strategies to reduce the gap between nursing needs and nursing performance.

A Phenomenological Study on Oncology Adaptation Experiences of New Nurses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and nature of adaptation experiences among newly employed nurses in oncology ward. METHODS: The present study adopted a phenomenological method. The participants were 9 nurses employed for less than one year. Data were collected by using in-depth interviews. The question of this study was, "What are your experiences as a newly employed nurse in oncology?" RESULTS: 150 significant statements were extracted from the data, and these were clustered into 5 main categories: a 'Difficulty in performing the work of a cancer ward', 'problems with interpersonal relationships', 'striving to be a good nurse', 'satisfaction and rewarding nursing', and 'adapted oneself to be a nurse'. CONCLUSION: Newly employed nurses in oncology ward experienced and perceived feelings of difficulty in performing the work of a cancer ward, problems with interpersonal relationships, striving to be a good nurse, satisfaction and rewarding nursing, and adapting oneself to be a nurse. It is necessary to understand the experiences of new nurses, and to provide strategies that could help new nurses effectively adapt and find the meaning in their adaptation to work in oncology wards. Further research is needed on development of a program focusing on training to improve practicing ability and interpersonal relationships skills.

An Analysis of Nursing Research on Child Rearing in Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze papers on child rearing in Korea and to suggest future research and nursing practice directions for child rearing. METHODS: An on-line search via 5 web sites yielded 201 research papers. The analysis of key concepts was based on the attributes of parenting and type of knowledge held by the parents. RESULTS: The research papers found in the search were 27.3% experimental and 72.7% non-experimental. Among the participants, 77.0% of parents raising the child were mothers and the children were mostly young children under the age of one year. Types of knowledge related to child rearing varied widely, but explanatory knowledge (55.2%) was the most common, followed by prescriptive knowledge (30.0%) and descriptive knowledge (14.8%). For attributes of parenting, reaction to parenting (49.9%) followed by parenting behavior/practice (43.1%) was most common. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study indicate that further research is necessary regarding fathers and surrogate caregivers and on prescriptive knowledge for health promotion of children at different developmental stages. Also the results suggest a need for research toward developing child care policies.

Nursery Teachers' Knowledge, Attitude and Performance Ability in CardioPulmonary Resuscitation

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level of knowledge, attitude and performance ability in CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and provided data for the development of an education program to improve CPR performance ability of nursery teachers. METHODS: The participants were 220 nursery teachers working in daycare centers in A city located in G province. Data were collected during July, 2013. RESULTS: The mean scores were 45.88 of 100 for knowledge, 3.69 of 5 for attitude, 2.65 of 5 for performance ability. There were significant differences in knowledge and performance ability according to education experience. There were positive correlations between knowledge and performance ability, and between attitude and performance ability. Factors affecting CPR performance ability were knowledge (beta=.133), attitude (beta=.327), and education in CPR (beta=.343). These factors explained 29.4% of the variance in CPR performance ability. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that nursery teachers' knowledge, attitude and CPR performance ability were not sufficient enough to perform accurate CPR in an emergency. Therefore, to improve performance ability of nursery teachers to carry out CPR in a cardiac arrest emergency of a child, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge and attitude need to be developed.

Health Literacy of Elementary School Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify health literacy levels of elementary school students. METHODS: Participants were 331 fifth and sixth graders in nine elementary schools located in Gyeongsangnam-do. Instruments were 42 health-related words derived from fifth-grade textbook 'Health in Daily Life' for linguistic health literacy, modified Korean Health Literacy Assessment Tool (KHLAT) for numeracy section of functional health literacy, items from a snack box and newspaper article for reading comprehension section of functional health literacy. Data were collected from July 15 to August 15, 2013. RESULTS: The mean score for linguistic health literacy was 24.02+/-7.16 of 42 (57.2% were correct answers). The mean score for functional health literacy was 9.27+/-2.30 of 12 (77.3% were correct answers). There were significant differences in health literacy by grade and academic performance. CONCLUSION: This study results show that both linguistic and functional health literacy among elementary school students were not high enough to use health-related information and make appropriate health-related decisions. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies aimed at increasing health literacy levels, especially focused on underperforming students. It is also necessary that studies be done on the factors affecting the health literacy of elementary-school students.

Factors Influencing Practices of Health Behavior for Cancer Prevention in University Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing practices of health behavior for cancer prevention in university students. METHODS: Data were collected by questionnaires from 332 university students in J city. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Scheffes test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed with SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: The mean score of practices of health behavior for cancer prevention was 3.18+/-.41. Significant factors that affect practices of health behavior for cancer prevention in university students were self-efficacy, perceived benefits, health status, activity related affect, exercise, family's economic status, and the fear of cancer. These variables explained 31.7% of practices of health behavior for cancer prevention. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the level of practices of health behavior is not sufficient for cancer prevention among university students. Therefore it is necessary to develop a tailored education program to improve the practices of health behavior for cancer prevention in university students. It is also suggested that the education be focused on self-efficacy, perceived benefits and activity related affect.

Trend and Perspectives of Studies on Paternal Parenting in Pediatric Nursing

The significance of father's parenting has been considered as a critical factor in facilitating growth and development and in promoting well-being of children. Pediatric nursing is a pertinent science to develop parenting roles, because it deals with knowledge and skills on growth and development and health of child. For this paper current studies were reviewed related to consequences to the family, content and factors influencing paternal parenting, and father's reactions to child rearing participation. Perspectives of future studies in pediatric nursing are summarized as follows. First, paternal parenting has to be studied more actively to contribute to family health and to meet the academic responsibility of pediatric nursing. Second, it is necessary to study the consequences to child's health and health behavior of paternal parenting. Also it is necessary to be concerned about fathers' reactions, like stress in parenting behavior, to understand the parenting father himself. Third, an objective measure of caregiving behavior (not self-reporting) is needed to determine whether the father is behaving appropriately. Further, experimental research has to be implemented to develop intervention programs for paternal parenting. It is hoped that the examination of these studies leads to develop of knowledge and practice in paternal parenting.

Health Status of Vulnerable Preschool Children and Their Mothers' Health Management

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find out preschool children's health status and their mothers' health management in the vulnerable classes. METHODS: The assessment tool was developed, taken into consideration existing studies, materials produced by the customized visiting health care system, and review of visiting nurses of health centers and related experts. Data were collected January to February 2010 from 259 mothers by visiting nurses, and analyzed using SAS program for descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Body weight less than 3 percentile was found for 5.0% children and over 97 percentile for 7.7%. Atopy was found in 17.8% children, no hand-washing after toileting and before meal in 30.9% and 36.7% respectively, no breakfast in 15.8%, and irregular meal in 32.0%. Sex education was made by 45.7% mothers, regular dental check by 56.6%, and hearing and eyesight test by 61.1% and 66.8% respectively. Home environment for upbringing is 34.3 in the scale of 41, and accident prevention 17.5 in the scale of 22. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to make an intervention on children's weight, personal sanitation and meal time in the vulnerable classes. Mothers need to be educated for appropriate health care, and home environments to improve upbringing and accident prevention.

Development and Verification of the Effect of Health Lifestyle Education Program for Cancer Prevention in Late School-aged Children

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop and test the effectiveness in late school-aged children of a healthy lifestyle education program for cancer prevention. METHODS: Participants were 26 students in the sixth grade of N elementary school in J City (experimental group) and 25 students in the sixth grade of D elementary school with same educational conditions (control group). The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data collection and execution of the study were carried out from March 10 to May 19, 2011. For the experimental treatment, 7 weekly sessions of the healthy lifestyle education program for cancer prevention were given by the researcher. Posttest was done immediately following the conclusion of the program and 4 weeks later. Frequencies, percentages, chi2-test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test with SPSS WIN 18.0 were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, activity related effect and family support significantly influenced cancer prevention knowledge and increases in healthy life styles. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that, as this program for cancer prevention was effective in increasing healthy lifestyle practices in these children, there is a need to further develop, test and implement programs in all schools.

Effects of an Elder Health Promotion Program using the Strategy of Elder Health Leader Training in Senior Citizen Halls

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and test the effects of an elder health promotion program and apply strategies for elder health leader training sessions with elders at senior citizen halls. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 49 elders at a senior citizen hall (intervention: 27, control: 22). The elder health promotion program consisted of health education and exercise. A professional leader led the program for 4 weeks, and then an elder health leader and research assistant led for 8 weeks (total 12 weeks). Scales for elder health promoting behaviors, perceived health status, life satisfaction and senior citizen hall capability were used and physical fitness levels were measured. Data were collected between April 21 and July 28, 2010 and analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: Health promoting behaviors, physical fitness, perceived health status, and senior citizen hall capacity were significantly better in the experimental group after the intervention compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that elder health promotion programs applying strategies of elder health leader training are effective and can be recommended as nursing interventions for health promotion of these elders.