Survey of exposure to second-hand smoke in residents aged 15 years and over one year after implementation of tobacco control regulation in public places in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To monitor the second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in residents aged 15 years and over in public venues, indoor workplaces, on public transportation vehicles and at home in Beijing and evaluate the effect of Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation.@*Methods@#Data from 2014 and 2016 Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey were used. The surveys covered 16 districts in Beijing. The study subjects were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling with probability proportional to population size, and data were collected by using electronic questionnaire in face-to-face household interviews. A total of 8 484 and 9 372 valid questionnaires were collected for the surveys in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Statistical packages SPSS 20.0 and R 3.4.4 were used for data analyses. After weighting the samples using complex survey designs, the SHS exposure rates in different places in adults of Beijing were estimated. χ2 tests were performed for the comparison.@*Results@#The SHS exposure rates of residents aged 15 years and over in Beijing who visited health care facilities, government buildings, universities, primary and secondary schools and restaurants declined from 12.8%, 19.7%, 24.3%, 32.8% and 65.7% in 2014 to 6.2%, 10.8%, 12.5%, 19.1% and 32.5% in 2016, respectively. The SHS exposure rates in bars/nightclubs were 89.5% in 2014 and 80.3% in 2016. From 2014 to 2016, the SHS exposure rates declined from 35.7% to 20.0% in indoor workplaces and declined from 3.9% to 2.5% on public transportation vehicles. The SHS exposure rates at home were 39.8% in 2014 and 37.6% in 2016, respectively.@*Conclusions@#The SHS exposure rates in public places declined obviously in Beijing after the one year implementation of Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation, indicating the effect of the regulation implementation.

One year after the implementation of 2015 Tobacco Control Regulation on persons aged 15 years and over tobacco use in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the current status of smoking and smoking cessation in persons aged 15 years and over in Beijing and evaluate the effect of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation.Methods In 2014 and 2016,based on the principles and methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.A total of 50 communities or townships were selected from 324 communities or townships in Beijing through multistage cluster sampling,and 2 community (village) committees from each community or township were selected with the method of probability proportional to size (PPS).A total of 100 surveillance sites were set,and 100 households were selected from each surveillance site by using simple random sampling.Data were collected through face-to-face interview from the eligible family members aged 15 years and over with the assistance of a tablet computen Statistical analyses were conducted by using complex sampling analyses module of SPSS 20.0,with weights as a combination of sampling weights,non-response weights and post-stratification weights,for the calculation of current smoking prevalence,daily smoking prevalence,smoking cessation rate,etc.Results A total of 8 484 and 9 372 valid questionnaires were obtained,respectively,in 2014 and 2016,with the response rate of 86.5％ and 96.5％.The current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over was 23.4％ in 2014,and 22.3％ in 2016.According to the 6th national census data,the current smoking population decreased by 199 000 in Beijing.The proportion of daily smokers declined from 20.7％ in 2014 to 19.2％ in 2016.The daily number of cigarettes consumed by current smokers increased from 14.6 in 2014 to 15.4 in 2016.The smoking cessation rate was 14.9％ in 2014 and 16.8％ in 2016.The proportion of current smokers who had at least one smoking cessation attempt in the past 12 months increased from 22.3％ in 2014 to 23.2％ in 2016,and the proportion of current smokers who planned to quit smoking increased from 11.6％ to 15.5％.Among the current smokers who had visited doctors in the past 12 months,the proportion of those having smoking cessation advice was 58.9％ in 2014 and 59.2％ in 2016.In 2016,among the current smokers who had attempted to quit in the past 12 months,36.8％ were aware of the smoking cessation clinics,and 29.5％were aware of the quitline.Among those who were aware,only 7.7％ had actually visited the cessation clinics,and 5.5％ had used the quitline.Conclusions After the implementation of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation for 1 year,the current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over showed decreasing.It is necessary to further prompt the expansion of smoking cessation service to cover more current smokers.

One year after the implementation of 2015 Tobacco Control Regulation on persons aged 15 years and over tobacco use in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the current status of smoking and smoking cessation in persons aged 15 years and over in Beijing and evaluate the effect of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation.Methods In 2014 and 2016,based on the principles and methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.A total of 50 communities or townships were selected from 324 communities or townships in Beijing through multistage cluster sampling,and 2 community (village) committees from each community or township were selected with the method of probability proportional to size (PPS).A total of 100 surveillance sites were set,and 100 households were selected from each surveillance site by using simple random sampling.Data were collected through face-to-face interview from the eligible family members aged 15 years and over with the assistance of a tablet computen Statistical analyses were conducted by using complex sampling analyses module of SPSS 20.0,with weights as a combination of sampling weights,non-response weights and post-stratification weights,for the calculation of current smoking prevalence,daily smoking prevalence,smoking cessation rate,etc.Results A total of 8 484 and 9 372 valid questionnaires were obtained,respectively,in 2014 and 2016,with the response rate of 86.5％ and 96.5％.The current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over was 23.4％ in 2014,and 22.3％ in 2016.According to the 6th national census data,the current smoking population decreased by 199 000 in Beijing.The proportion of daily smokers declined from 20.7％ in 2014 to 19.2％ in 2016.The daily number of cigarettes consumed by current smokers increased from 14.6 in 2014 to 15.4 in 2016.The smoking cessation rate was 14.9％ in 2014 and 16.8％ in 2016.The proportion of current smokers who had at least one smoking cessation attempt in the past 12 months increased from 22.3％ in 2014 to 23.2％ in 2016,and the proportion of current smokers who planned to quit smoking increased from 11.6％ to 15.5％.Among the current smokers who had visited doctors in the past 12 months,the proportion of those having smoking cessation advice was 58.9％ in 2014 and 59.2％ in 2016.In 2016,among the current smokers who had attempted to quit in the past 12 months,36.8％ were aware of the smoking cessation clinics,and 29.5％were aware of the quitline.Among those who were aware,only 7.7％ had actually visited the cessation clinics,and 5.5％ had used the quitline.Conclusions After the implementation of 2015 Beijing Tobacco Control Regulation for 1 year,the current smoking prevalence in persons aged 15 years and over showed decreasing.It is necessary to further prompt the expansion of smoking cessation service to cover more current smokers.

Relative risk factors of bone cement leakage after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the related risk factors of bone cement leakage after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture.Methods A retrospective study was made on 108 patients (114 vertebrae) undergone PVP and PKP between January 2008 and June 2014.There were 32 patients with cement leakage and 76 patients without cement leakage.Between-group differences were analyzed in terms of gender,age,number of one-time treated vertebrae,anatomic dissection,surgical procedures (PKP or PVP),integrity of the posterior vertebral wall,puncture approaches (unilateral or bilateral),technical level of surgeons and bone cement volume.Results Bone cement leakage occurred in 36 vertebrae (with the proportion of 31.6％).Cement leakage was associated with number of one-time treated vertebrae,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and bone cement volume (P ＜ 0.05),but not with gender,age,anatomical site of injury,puncture approaches,and technical level of surgeons (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Bone cement leakage after PKP or PVP correlated with number of vertebrae with one-time therapy,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and volume of bone cement.A good master of technical procedures and indications and suitable injection of high viscosity bone cement can help reduce the incidence of cement leakage.

Improvement research on cleaning quality control methods of surgical needles / 局解手术学杂志

Objective As there are difficult problems in surgical puncture needle cleaning and cleaning effect monitoring,we are aiming at finding some reliable solutions through relevant comparative tests. Methods Lumbar puncture needle,bone puncture needle and anesthe-sia spinal needle after clinical use,80 of each kind,were randomly collected and equally divided into the experimental group and the control group. The control group was given traditional lumen surgical instruments cleaning procedure,and the experimental group was given newly cre-ated small lumen instruments manual cleaning procedures. Magnifying glass,self-made instruments monitoring and ATP bioluminescence mo-nitoring were respectively used to verify the cleaning effect. Results All needles were monitored with magnifying glass,self-made instruments monitoring and ATP bioluminescence monitoring after cleaning,and the qualified rate were 98. 33%,97. 00% and 93. 33% respectively in the experimental group while 95. 00%,83. 33% and 78. 33% respectively in the control group. Results of self-made instruments monitoring and ATP bioluminescence monitoring showed that there was no difference between the two kinds of detection methods. Conclusion Newly created small lumen instruments manual cleaning procedures and self-made instruments monitoring were of reliable effect and strong operabili-ty in terms of puncture needle cleaning and cleaning effect monitoring,and they were worthy of further research and application.

Exploration of the optimization of training mode and standards for military residents or specialists / 医学研究生学报

Resident or specialist training plays a very important role in developing qualified clinicians and improving medical quality.In combination with the status quo of resident or specialist training in our country , brief analysis has been made on the characteristicsof military resident or specialist training .As a result, the 3 +X +militarymode has been put forward in military resident orspecialist training.According to Specialist Training Standards by National Health and Family Planning Commission , training criteria upto military requirements have been established in order to achieve systematic military residency , develop medical support capability andpromote military health development.

Treatment of perioperative complications in patients with cervical cord injury / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To investigate the clinical treatments of perioperative complications in patients with cervical cord injury.[Method]Totally 155 cases of cervical cord injury associated with fracture of the cervical spine were enrolled in this study from January 1997 to December 2007.Eighty-five cases were treated with anterior internal fixation,66 with expansive open-door laminoplasty of the cervical spine,and 4 with one stage anterior and posterior approach operations.[Result]Forty-five cases were complicated with hyperpyrexia,31 with respiratory dysfunction,43 with pulmonary infection,70 with hyponatremia,25 with urinary system infection,3 with stress ulcer,10 with deep venous thrombosis,5 with palsy of the C5 nerve root,3 with injury of superior laryngeal nerve or recurrent nerve,1 with leakage of cerebrospinal fluid,2 with cervical hematoma,1 with loosening of interal fixation,1 with esophageal fislula,and 10 died.[Conclusion]There are many perioperative complications from cervical cord injury.To pay attention to the treatments of perioperative complications will bring a satisfactory clinical effect.

Countermeasures to the factors affecting the quality of clinical exercise of the five-year-course medical students / 医学研究生学报

Clinical exercise is an important stage to combine theory and practice,and an essential process for medical student to become a doctor.The quality of clinical exercise directly influences the practicing ability of graduated medical students and the achievement of medical education.This article analyzes factors that influence the quality of clinical exercise by collecting and sorting relative data,and presents some countermeasures thereby.

Confirmative factor analysis in the health literacy questionnaire and its applications in Chinese residents / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To evaluate construct validity of China residents health literacy questionnaire and explore the application of confirmative factor analysis(CFA)in health literacy measurements.Methods:CFA was performed on dimension of basic healthy skills in the questionnaire.Latent variable scores and comprehensive score based on factor variance weight were calculated.Comparison among the latent variable scores,comprehensive scores and proportion of knowing was conducted via GLM or Logistic model.Results:Two factors named general capacity and emergency capacity were well fitted(?2=12.12,P=0.356,IFI=0.998,TLI=0.996,RMSEA=0.007).According to comprehensive score the sample qualification rate of basic health literacy was 38.5%(785/2 040),much similar to 38.2%(780/2 040)which is calculated by original item scores.Latent variable score or comprehensive score has more statistical power than that of proportion of knowing in multivariate analysis.Conclusion:CFA is a useful tool and valuable for applying in the field of health literacy measurement and analysis.

Practice of diagnostics teaching in seven-year clinical medicine students / 医学研究生学报

The key to the management of clinical colleges is to improve teaching-administering bodies and construct the faculty of diagnostics.Factors that ensure teaching quality include formulating a syllabus corresponding to training objectives,compiling teaching material with essential contents and good operability,adopting teaching method capable of best developing students′ abilities to learn and practice,and using information technology.

Development of multimedia network testing system on "three-primary" training / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop multimedia network testing system on"three-primary" Training.Methods Java was used to develop the application program,MySQL was used to establish database of test questions.The stable communication protocol(SOAP,Web service,etc.) and link were applied.Results With this system,random test questions and choices are provided;questions are answered by human-computer interaction;answer time is restricted;the paper is automatically scored;database of test questions is managed openly;test paper is automatically set.Conclusion This testing system is highly automatic,secure,impersonal,extensible,stable,open and efficient.

Therapeutic analysis of non-fracture and dislocation injury of cervical spinalcord / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To explore the differences between the conservative treatment and the operative treatment in the management of cervical spinal cord injury, and the timing of the operation. Methods The therapeutic effectiveness o f the 45 cases who were treated from October 1996 to January 2002 was analyzed. 21 of them underwent conservative treatment and 24 operative treatment. The corr elation between the therapeutic effects of the operation and its timing was expl ored. Results The myeloid functional recovery was poor in the patients who had b een treated with conservative means but good in those who had been given an oper ation. The earlier the operation, the more effective it could be, and the higher the probability of the myeloid functional recovery. Conclusions The operative treatment promises better outcome than the conservative treatment. To get the be st effects, the operation should be done within one month after the injury, for the longer the lapse between the injury and the operation, the worse the effect.

Inhibition of activation of NF-?B enhanced apoptosis induced by cytosine arabinoside in leukemic cells / 中国癌症杂志

Purpose:To explore effects of dexamethasone and vincristine on apoptosis and activation of NF ?B of HL60 n cells induced by cytosine arabinoside (Ara C). Methods:Apoptosis induced by Ara C in HL60 n cells was analysed by Tunel and DNA electrophoresis. The DNA binding activation of NF ?B of HL60 n cells was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA).Results:The apoptosis and activation of NF ?B of HL60 n cells could be induced by Ara C. Dexamethasone 1?mol/L and vincristine 0.1?mol/L increased significantly the apoptosis induced by Ara C (increased by 39.1% and 59.2%, P

Cleaning Efficacy on Medical Instrument / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To inspect and analyze the cleaning efficacy on surgical instrument after cleaning cycle and maintenance procedures.METHODS The medical instrument was collected from each department based on the weekly usages.Focus on the timing of the cleaning after use and the efficacy of the cleaning methods.Use naked eyes to inspect the cleanness of the medical instrument after each cleaning cycle.RESULTS The combination of the machine washing and manual washing immediately after the surgical procedures provided better cleaning efficacy.It was more difficult to clean the instrument once the dried bio-burden on it or after soaking in the chlorine disinfectant.CONCLUSIONS The correct cleaning methods and instrument care procedures guarantee the cleaning efficacy,disinfections,and the sterilization for the medical instrument.