Elevated Levels of Naturally-Occurring Autoantibodies Against the Extracellular Domain of p75NTR Aggravate the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease / 神经科学通报·英文版

The extracellular domain (p75ECD) of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) antagonizes Aβ neurotoxicity and promotes Aβ clearance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The impaired shedding of p75ECD is a key pathological process in AD, but its regulatory mechanism is largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate the presence and alterations of naturally-occurring autoantibodies against p75ECD (p75ECD-NAbs) in AD patients and their effects on AD pathology. We found that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of p75ECD-NAbs was increased in AD, and negatively associated with the CSF levels of p75ECD. Transgenic AD mice actively immunized with p75ECD showed a lower level of p75ECD and more severe AD pathology in the brain, as well as worse cognitive functions than the control groups, which were immunized with Re-p75ECD (the reverse sequence of p75ECD) and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. These findings demonstrate the impact of p75ECD-NAbs on p75NTR/p75ECD imbalance, providing a novel insight into the role of autoimmunity and p75NTR in AD.

Financial burden and financial aid for medical students in Singapore: a national survey across all three medical schools

INTRODUCTION@#Singapore has had three medical schools since 2013. We undertook a cross-sectional quantitative national survey to determine the financial impact of medical education on medical students in Singapore.@*METHODS@#All 1,829 medical students in Singapore were invited to participate in this study. Information on demographics, financial aid utilisation and outside work was collected and analysed.@*RESULTS@#1,241 (67.9%) of 1,829 students participated in the survey. While the overall proportion of students from households with monthly incomes < SGD 3,000 was only 21.2% compared to the national figure of 31.4%, 85.4% of medical students expected to graduate with debts > SGD 75,000. There were significant differences in per capita incomes among the schools, with 54.5%, 23.3% and 7.8% of Duke-NUS Medical School (Duke-NUS), NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine) and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine) students, respectively, reporting a per capita income of < SGD 1,000 (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in financial support: 75.0%, 34.1% and 38.8% of Duke-NUS, NUS Medicine and LKCMedicine students, respectively, received financial aid (p < 0.001). The top reasons for not applying for aid included a troublesome application process (21.4%) and the perception that it would be too difficult to obtain (21.0%).@*CONCLUSION@#Students in the three medical schools in Singapore differ in their financial needs and levels of financial support received. A national approach to funding medical education may be needed to ensure that financial burdens do not hamper the optimal training of doctors for Singapore's future.

Effective online large-group teaching in health professions education / 한국의학교육

Online large-group teaching (OLGT), employed to reach a large group of learners in separate physical locations, allows asynchronous learning and facilitates social distancing. While online large-groups can be a powerful and resource-lean means of health professions education, it has challenges and potential pitfalls that may affect the learning process and outcomes. Through a sociomateriality framework, this article describes strategies for effective online large-group teaching in health professions education in three key strands. Firstly, to optimize learning, OLGT sessions should match learning needs with appropriate OLGT platforms, incorporate strategies to sustain learner attention, and accommodate learners of different abilities. Secondly, to develop a learning culture, OLGT must not only focus on cognitive aspects of learning but also build a community of practice, nurture digital professionalism and professional identity. Thirdly, we discuss the avoidance of pitfalls such as cognitive overload of both tutors and learners, technical issues and security risks, mitigating inequities in access to online learning, and the use of program evaluation to plan for sustained improvements. We conclude with a case vignette that discusses the challenges of OLGT and the application of the above strategies in a teaching scenario.

Automated classification of ICD-O-3 morphology code from pathology reports using text-mining and support vector machine / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the accuracy of automated classification of ICD-O-3 morphology code from pathology reports by text-mining and support vector machine ( SVM ) , in order to provide basis for automated tumor coding in Chinese. @*Methods@#The tumor report cards of Zhejiang residents from 2017 to 2019 were collected from Chronic Disease Surveillance Information Management System of Zhejiang Province. According to ICD-O-3, the keywords of the pathology reports were extracted, and SVM was used for automatic classification. The classification results were compared with those of 16 professionals with more than two years of experience in tumor coding, and the accuracy rate, recall rate and F-score were calculated for effect evaluation. @*Results@#Totally 83 082 cases from 2017 to 2019 were included and were categorized into 17 morphological classifications, with 52 877 ( 63.65% ) cases of adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. A total of 1 090 keywords were enrolled into main corpus. The total F-score, accuracy rate and recall rate are 85.69, 77.20% and 96.27%, respectively. @*Conclusion@#Text-mining combined with SVM can improve the efficiency of ICD-O-3 morphology coding; however, the accuracy needs to be further improved.

Cancer incidence and mortality in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China, 2016: a population-based study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUNDS@#Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide, seriously threatening human health and life expectancy. We aimed to analyze the cancer incidence and mortality rates during 2016 in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China.@*METHODS@#Data were collected from 14 population-based cancer registries across Zhejiang Province of China. Cancer incidence and mortality rates stratified by sex and region were analyzed. The crude rate, age-standardized rate, age-specific and region-specific rate, and cumulative rate were calculated. The proportions of 10 common cancers in different groups and the incidence and mortality rates of the top five cancers in different age groups were also calculated. The Chinese national census of 2000 and the world Segi population was used for calculating the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates.@*RESULTS@#The 14 cancer registries covered a population of 14,250,844 individuals, accounting for 29.13% of the population of Zhejiang Province. The total reported cancer cases and deaths were 55,835 and 27,013, respectively. The proportion of morphological verification (MV%) was 78.95% of the population, and percentage of incident cases identified through death certificates only (DCO%) was 1.23% with a mortality-to-incidence ratio (M/I ratio) of 0.48. The crude incidence rate in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 391.80/105; the age-standardized incidence rate of the Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and the age-standardized incidence rate of the world standard population (ASIRW) were 229.76/105 and 220.96/105, respectively. The incidence rate in men was higher than that in women. The incidence rate increased rapidly after 45 years of age and peaked in individuals aged 80 to 84 years. The top 10 incidence rates of cancers were lung cancer, female breast cancer, thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, and pancreatic cancer (from highest to lowest). The crude mortality rate in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 189.55/105; the age-standardized mortality rate of the Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and the age-standardized mortality rate of the world standard population (ASMRW) were 94.46/105 and 93.42/105, respectively. The mortality rate in men was higher than that in women, and the male population in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas. The cancer mortality rate increased rapidly after 50 years of age and peaked in individuals aged 85+ years. The top 10 mortality rates of cancers were lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, female breast cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia (from highest to lowest).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Lung cancer, female breast cancer, thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer were the most common cancers in Zhejiang Province. Effective prevention and control measures should be established after considering the different characteristics of cancers in urban and rural areas.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells against High Glucose-Induced Mitochondria-Related Apoptosis through Activating SIRT3 Signalling Pathway / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) can protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against high glucose-induced apoptosis and examine the underlying mechanism.@*METHODS@#HUVECs were divided into 5 groups: control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose (HG, 40 mmol/L) treatment group, Rb1 (50 µ mol/L) treatment group, Rb1 plus HG treatment group, and Rb1 and 3-(@*RESULTS@#Rb1 ameliorated survival in cells in which apoptosis was induced by high glucose (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Upon the addition of Rb1, mitochondrial and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and malondialdehyde levels were decreased (P<0.01), while the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Rb1 preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced the release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytosol (P<0.01). In addition, Rb1 upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis-associated proteins (P<0.01). Notably, the cytoprotective effects of Rb1 were correlated with SIRT3 signalling pathway activation (P<0.01). The effect of Rb1 against high glucose-induced mitochondria-related apoptosis was restrained by 3-TYP (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Rb1 could protect HUVECs from high glucose-induced apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial function and suppressing oxidative stress through the SIRT3 signalling pathway.

Effects of Competing Endogenous RNA on Proliferation and Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Cells / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

The skeletal muscle is an important part of the animal body, which is closely related to body movement, energy consumption, production performance and its development process is regulated by many factors. The molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle growth and development is not only closely related to animal husbandry production, but also provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of muscle dis-eases, such as amyotrophic muscular dystrophy, and so on. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a kind of RNA without coding ability, in which circular RNA (circRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) have been proved to play an important role in the development of skeletal muscles. miR-NA can specifically bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of the target gene through its seed se-quence, so as to inhibit the translation process of the target gene or directly degrade the target gene, and become a prominent participant in a variety of biological processes. Studies have shown that circRNA, ln-cRNA, pseudogenes and mRNA with miRNA response elements (MRE) can competitively combine miRNA to regulate gene expression, forming a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network model. This hypothesis subverts the previous concept of unidirectional regulation of target genes by miRNA, and endows them with new biological functions in transcriptome, which is of great biological significance. In recent years, it has been found that ceRNA plays an important regulatory role in the growth and development of skeletal muscles. This paper reviews the role of miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA in the proliferation and differentiation of animal skeletal muscle cells, which is an important member of ceRNA mechanism, in order to broaden the research direction of skeletal muscle mechanism and provide new ideas for the development of animal husbandry and the treatment of muscle diseases.

Therapeutic window analysis of Tripterygium wilfordii processed by liquorice: an instantiation using allergic contact dermatitis / 中国中药杂志

The present study was aimed to explore the dose-toxicity-effect relationship of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f( TW) processed by liquorice,to establish the safe and effective therapeutic window,and further to provide scientific reference for the clinical use of TW. The toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of six doses of raw TW and TW processed by liquorice( 0. 78,1. 56,3. 12,6. 24,12. 48,15. 60 g·kg-1) in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene( DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis( ACD) model were mainly examined by histopathology and serum biochemistry. The liver biochemical parameters including ALT and AST,related inflammatory factors including TNF-α and IL-2,together with liver index,kidney index and the other pharmacodynamic indicators,were examined and compared. The results showed that compared with the control group,the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2 of the model group were significantly increased( P<0. 01),which proved that the ACD model was successful. The comprehensive analysis of liver biochemical indexes,serum inflammatory factors and the other indexes showed that the safe and effective therapeutic window of TW processed by liquorice was 3. 12-12. 48 g·kg-1. The results showed the therapeutic window of TW processed by liquorice was much broader than that of raw TW. And it could provide scientific reference for the clinical rational use of TW.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Attenuates Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Senescence Induced by High Glucose through Sirt3/SOD2 Pathway / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

@#Abstract】 【Objective】To investigate the effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 attenuating human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) senescence induced by high glucose through Sirt3/SOD2 pathway.【Methods】The senescence of HUVEC induced by high glucose(40 mmol/L)was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-Gal)staining,and the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1)and P16. Annexin V-FITC/PI was performed to measure apoptotic effect. The expression of sirtuins 3(Sirt3)and superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)was detected by western blot. Meanwhile,the level of intracellular malondialdehyde(MDA)and the activity of SOD2 were measured.【Results】Treatment of HUVEC with high glucose for 24 hours induced premature senescence instead of apoptosis,as indicated by a larger proportion of the cells stained with SA-β-Gal and the up-regulated expression of PAI-1 and P16. Pretreatment of HUVEC with ginsenoside Rb1(40 μmol/L)could reverse endothelial cell senescence,as indicated by the reduced SA-β-Gal positive cells and the down-regulated expression of PAI-1 and P16. Furthermore,ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment upregulated the protein expression of Sirt3 and SOD2,and eventually increased the activity of SOD2 and decreased the level of MDA.【Conclusion】Ginsenoside Rb1 could antagonize high glucose-induced premature senescence of HUVEC via Sirt3/SOD2 signaling pathway.

Clinical data and mutation analysis of two cases of CHARGE syndrome / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations and possible gene mutation sites of Chinese patients in order to improve the clinician's understanding of CHARGE syndrome. Methods Clinical data were collected and blood samples were obtained from the proband of CHARGE syndrome and their relatives. The peripheral blood DNA was extracted and sequenced by PCR amplification. Mutation sites were verified by Sanger sequencing. Results For the first proband, a heterozygous mutation was detected in the intron 10 of CHD7 gene. His parents and brother did not have mutation. For the second proband, total repeat sequence in exon 7 of CHD7 gene was detected. His father carried the same mutation and his mother did not have mutation. Conclusion For the patients who are diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome based on the clinical manifestations, genetic mutation detection should be proceeded. It is useful for studying possible genetic pathogenesis and enhancing the awareness of clinicians.

Impact of financial background and student debt on postgraduate residency choices of medical students in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Medical school fees are rising globally. Student debt and financial background may affect residency choices, but few studies have been conducted in Asia. This study aimed to explore the relationship between financial background, student debt and postgraduate residency choices among medical students in Singapore.@*METHODS@#An anonymised survey of all medical students in Singapore was conducted and had a response rate of 67.9%.@*RESULTS@#40.5% of our study population would graduate with debt. Medical students with monthly per capita household income < SGD 1,000 were more likely to graduate with debt (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-2.7; p < 0.001) and feel burdened by the cost of medical education (unadjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0-3.9; p < 0.001). Students with monthly per capita household income < SGD 1,000 (unadjusted OR 1.818, 95% CI 1.338-2.470, p < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.692, 95% CI 1.202-2.381, p = 0.003) and those with debt (unadjusted OR 1.623, 95% CI 1.261-2.090, p < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.393, 95% CI 1.048-1.851, p = 0.022) were more likely to rank at least one economic factor as 'very significant' in influencing their postgraduate training choices.@*CONCLUSION@#It is concerning that despite financial aid schemes, the cost of medical education remains a burden to students from lower-income households in Singapore. Student debt and financial background may distort postgraduate career choices, creating an undue push towards high-paying specialties.

Research progress of regulation mechanism of innate immunity in malaria / 中国药理学通报

Malaria is a kind of disease detrimental to human health and plasmodium is a critical pathogen in it. The immunity against foreign antigens including plasmodium could be divided into two categories, namely, adaptive immunity and innate im-munity. Innate immunity induces non-specific immune response, and is composed of monocyte,macrophage,γδT cell,DC,NK, and cytokines etc. Innate immunity cooperates with adaptive im-munity efficiently to protect against malaria. Meanwhile,autoph-agy is not only the cellular degrading process, but also gets in-volved in regulating immune system and defending against plas-modium infection. Therefore, elucidation of corresponding mechanism could provide proof for efficiently controlling and cu-ring malaria,developing related medicine and vaccine,and clin-ical treatment as well. This article reviews the constitution of in-nate immunity in malaria,related regulation mechanism and rel-evant therapeutic targets for it.

Decreased Expression of TRPV4 Channels in HEI-OC1 Cells Induced by High Glucose Is Associated with Hearing Impairment

PURPOSE: Previous reports have shown that hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid sub type 4 (TRPV4), a transient receptor potential ion channel, affects the severity of hearing impairment (HI). In this study, we explored the role of TRPV4 in HI using HEI-OC1 cells exposed to high glucose (HG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HEI-OC1 cells were cultured in a HG environment (25 mM D-glucose) for 48 hours, and qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of TRPV4 at the mRNA and protein level. TRPV4 agonist (GSK1016790A) or antagonist (HC-067047) in cultured HEI-OC1 cells was used to obtain abnormal TRPV4 expression. Functional TRPV4 activity was assessed in cultured HEI-OC1 cells using the MTT assay and a cell death detection ELISA. RESULTS: TRPV4 agonists exerted protective effects against HG-induced HI, as evidenced by increased MTT levels and inhibition of apoptosis in HEI-OC1 cells. TRPV4 overexpression significantly increased protein levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), while TRPV4 antagonists had the opposite effect. Our results indicated that TRPV4 is a hyperglycemia-related factor that can inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis by activating the MAPK signaling pathway in HEI-OC1 cells. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the overexpression of TRPV4 can attenuate cell death in HEI-OC1 cells exposed to HG.

Landscape of PD-1/PD-L1 Regulation and Targeted Immunotherapy / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a significant immune checkpoint, and the dysfunction of this axis contributes to tumor metastasis and immune escape. PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signal network induces PD-1/PD-L1 expression and facilitates tumor progression. Transcriptional factors such as hypoxia induced factors, PTEN, p53, CDK5, BRD4, STAT modulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression. PD-1/PD-L1 level is also regulated via epigenetic and post-translational manner. The underlying mechanisms mentioned above may provide potential targets for tumor treatment. At present, the combination therapy of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies plus small molecular inhibitors has achieved good outcomes in tumor treatment.

Relationship between work-family balance and depression among employees in organization: A cross-lagged regression analysis / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between employees'work-family balance (WFB) and depression.Methods:Totally 259 employees from 4 departments in a petrochemical enterprise were assessed with the Work-Family Balance Scale (WFBS) and Patient Health Questionnaires-9 (PHQ-9) and were conducted a 4-months follow-up study via cross-lagged regression.Results:There were significantly negative correlation between the scores of WFBS and PHQ-9 (r =-0.12--0.22,Ps ＜ 0.05).Cross-lagged regression revealed that WFBS score at time 1 was not a predictor of PHQ-9 at time 2 (β =0.04,P ＞ 0.05),and PHQ-9 score at time 1 was a negative predictor of WFBS score at time 2 (β =-0.13,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:There may be a close relationship between work-family balance and depression,and depression could predict work-family balance among employees in organization.

Children peripheral neuroblastic tumor: pathology, biology and its clinical significance / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To summarize the histological,immunophenotypic feature and MYCN (MYC gene) amplification results of peripheral neuroblastic tumours in children,and to predict its biological behavior and prognosis.Methods The histology and immunophenotype of 100 cases of neuroblastoma (NB) and ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) were retrospectively analysed,MYCN status was detected in 60 cases.Results Among The average age of 100 cases of GN and GNB was 2.7 years old,and that of males was more than that of females.NB could be divided into three subtypes:undifferentiated,poorly differentiated and differentiating.GNB could be divided into two subtypes:intermixed (iGNB) and nodular (nGNB).Immunohistochemical staining showed neuroblastoma cells were positive for NSE,NF,PGP9.5,Syn,CgA in varying degree.Schwann cells were positive for S-100 and GFAP.MYCN amplification was detected in 1 1.67％ of the cases,and no MYCN amplification was seen in iGNB patients.Conclusion The diagnosis of peripheral neuroblastic tumours is mainly based on histological morphology,special tests (immunohistochemistry,electron microscope and cytogenetics) can helpful for identifing undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells.The prognosis of neuroblastoma derived tumors is evaluated according to the age of patients,the classification and staging of tumors,and molecular genetic alterations.

An analysis on health life expectancy of adult residents in Zhejiang Province / 预防医学

Objective To analyze the health life expectancy (HALE) of the residents aged 15 years and above in Zhejiang Province and to evaluate the health level among adults. Methods The study was based the mortality data collected from Zhejiang Chronic Disease Surveillance Information and Management System, and the mortality rates were from the Under-Reporting Survey and the sample data in Zhejiang from the 5th National Health Service Survey in 2013. A Sullivan' s method was used to calculate the HALE. Results The life expectancy and self-evaluated HALE were 63.62 years, 55.80 years, respectively, and the difference was 7.82 years (61.49 years VS 55.13 years in males and 66.10 years VS 56.57 years in females) . The self-evaluated HALE 55.89 years in urban and 55.54 years in rural residents aged 15 years and above. The proportion of self-evaluated HALE in the total life expectancy was 87.70%, and it decreased with age, and the proportion has dropped to 67.31% in ≥65 age group. Life expectancy without chronic morbidity was 46.68 years (46.35 years in males and 47.01 years in females; 44.03 years in urban and 47.15 years in rural areas) among residents aged 15 years and above, and the proportion of self-evaluated HALE without chronic morbidity in the total life expectancy without chronic morbidity was 73.37%. Conclusion In general the proportion of self-evaluated HALE in the total life expectancy was small , and males had a greater proportion than female, and adults in rural areas had a greater proportion than that in urban areas. We should consider NCDS management for the elderly residents and to improve the life quality among the elderly residents.

Status and home environment-related risk factors for falls among older adults living in the urban community / 预防医学

Objective To study the status and environment-related risk factors for falls among older adults in the urban community,and to provide evidences for the development of specific interventions.Methods A total of 993 older adults aged ≥60 years old from 2 communities in Cixi City were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Face-to-face interview and field investigation were carried out to collect participants' basic information,the situation and environment-related risk factors for falls occurred to them from November 2012 to October 2013.Results The overall incidence of falls was 14.90%,and it was significantly higher in wowen (17.19%) than in men(12.47%)(P<0.05). There were 109 participants reported to have fall-related injury with an incidence of 10.98%(109/993). Moreover,the incidence of fall-related injury for women(13.87%) was significantly higher than that for men(7.69%)(P<0.05). Among them, 35.14% falls occurred in home,the washroom(93.62%)and drawing room(85.02%) had higher proportion of having falling-related environmental risk factors. The multivariate logistic analysis showed that uneven carpet in aisle (OR=3. 542,95% CI:1.235-10.161)and having clutters beside the bed (OR=8.611,95% CI:2.051-36.574) were two main environmental risk factors for elder falls in home.Conclusion The incidence of falls of older adult in Cixi was 14.90%. Uneven carpet in aisle and having clutters beside the bed were two main environmental risk factors for falls among the elderly at home.

An analysis on factors influencing salt - restriction behavior of hypertension in rural communities / 预防医学

Objective To learn the salt intake level of residents with hypertension in rural community and the influencing factors of salt restriction behavior. Methods We used random cluster sampling method to extract two rural communities. A total of 200 residents with hypertension or high - risk of hypertension were selected as the subjects. We conducted general information questionnaire,hypertension knowledge,attitudes and behavior questionnaire,3 - day salt intake survey and urine sodium detection to evaluate the level of sodium intake. We used multivariate logistic regression equation modeling to predict influencing factors of salt restriction behavior. Results After the completion of the investigation,M (QR )for daily sodium intake of 173 cases in the intervention group was 6. 72(5. 18)g,and the main route were through the salt,monosodium glutamate ,soy sauce,pickles. Daily 24 hours urinary sodium excretion amount was 90. 10(62. 28) mmol / 24 h and 152 cases(87. 86% )of respondents had salt - restriction - spoon,and 108 cases(71. 05% )use the salt- restriction - spoon,but only 53 cases(49. 07% )used the spoon correctly. The frequency of spoon for salt restriction and sodium intake was negatively correlated(P ﹤ 0. 05),whether spoon for salt restriction was used correctly and 24 - hour urinary sodium excretion was negatively correlated( P ﹤ 0 . 0 5 ). By multivariate logistic regression analysis ,those people who had high level of the average annual household income(OR = 2. 75,95% CI:1. 16 - 6. 53),identified 6 g of salt a day(OR = 5. 43,95% CI:1. 22 - 24. 07),regular consumption of vegetables(OR = 9. 35,95% CI:1. 16 - 75. 01) and initiative to take measures to control salt( OR = 5. 05,95% CI:1. 19 - 21. 45)were more likely to use salt -restricted spoons. Residents of drinking(OR = 0. 13,95% CI:0. 02 - 0. 84)did not tend to use salt - restricted spoons. Conclusion For people with high NaCl intake and no restriction behavior,the level of health knowledge,especially the knowledge of sodium salt,should be improved and the good dietary habits including salt - limited support tools and correct methods should be promoted .

Study of metabolic pathway of Radix glycyrrhiza in decreasing liver toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii / 药学学报

In this study, rats were used to evaluate the effect of Radix glycyrrhiza on reducing liver toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii. Metabonomics techniques were used to analyze the changes of small molecular metabolites and the metabolic pathways involved in the beneficial process. Different groups of rats were given for the extractions from Tripterygium wilfordii and Tripterygium wilfordii together with Radix glycyrrhiza. The general state, pathological changes of liver tissue, biochemical indexes of liver function and the changes of inflammatory factors in rats were observed. The results showed that the liver tissue injury of Tripterygium wilfordii group was significant, and the injury was reduced by Radix glycyrrhiza. Biochemical indexes and inflammatory factors also suggested that Tripterygium wilfordii together with Radix glycyrrhizaeffectively decreased the liver toxicity. HPLC-MS/MS-IT-TOF was used to characterize the difference of serum metabolism in rats. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to screen 15 potential biomarkers, such as fatty acid, glycerol ester, glycerol phosphate, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. It mainly involved in 7 metabolic pathways, such as glycerol phospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, alpha linoleic acid metabolism, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol terminal biosynthesis. The results showed that the Tripterygium wilfordii compatibility of Radix glycyrrhizaeffectively decreased the liver toxicity induced by Tripterygium wilfordii. Phospholipid metabolism may be the key metabolic pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii hepatotoxicity and the target of Radix glycyrrhiza. This study provides a reference for the control of liver toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii.