Puesta al día: carcinoma paratiroideo / An update on parathyroid carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignant disease that presents as a sporadic or familial primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). The latter is associated with some genetic syndromes. It occurs with equal frequency in both sexes, unlike PHP caused by parathyroid adenoma that is more common in women. It should be suspected in cases of severe hypercalcemia, with high parathyroid hormone levels and a palpable cervical mass. Given the difficulty in distinguishing between parathyroid carcinoma and adenoma prior to the surgery, the diagnosis is often made after parathyroidectomy. The only curative treatment is complete surgical resection with oncologic block resection of the primary tumor to ensure free margins. Adjuvant therapies with chemotherapy or radiation therapy do not modify overall or disease-free survival. Recurrences are common and re-operation of resectable recurrent disease is recommended. The palliative treatment of symptomatic hypercalcemia is crucial in persistent or recurrent disease after surgery since morbidity and mortality are more associated with hypercalcemia than with tumor burden.

Aplicación del protocolo FAST-HUG y su asociación con la mortalidad del paciente crítico en UCI / Application of the FAST-HUG protocol and its association with the mortality of the critical patient in the ICU / Aplicação do protocolo FAST-HUG e sua associação com a mortalidade do paciente crítico na UTI

Resumen: Introducción: La mnemotecnia FAST-HUG engloba siete aspectos mínimos en la atención del paciente crítico (alimentación, analgesia, sedación, tromboprofilaxis, elevación de la cabecera, prevención de úlceras de estrés y control de glucosa). Su cumplimiento ha demostrado mejoría en el pronóstico. Objetivo: Establecer si existe asociación entre el cumplimiento del FAST-HUG y la mortalidad del paciente crítico al evaluar su gravedad al ingreso mediante la escala de SOFA. Material y métodos: Estudio clínico, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Incluyó pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital General La Villa y Hospital General «Dr. Rubén Leñero¼, en el periodo del 28 de febrero al 31 de mayo de 2018. Se registraron los siguientes datos: edad, sexo, tipo de diagnóstico, puntaje SOFA, número de variables cumplidas del FAST-HUG, alimentación, analgesia, sedación, RASS, tromboprofilaxis, grados de inclinación de la cabecera, profilaxis de úlcera gástrica, cifra de glucosa capilar, procedencia, destino, días de estancia, complicaciones y defunción. Resultados: Se estudiaron 129 pacientes, 52 (40%) mujeres y 77 (60%) hombres, media de edad 49 años DE ± 17.3, diagnósticos médicos 36 (28%), quirúrgicos 61 (47%), traumáticos 22 (17%) y obstétricos 10 (8%). Puntaje SOFA más frecuente de 0-6 puntos en 59 pacientes (46%). Variable que más se cumplió fue la U 122 (95%). La media de cumplimiento de las variables fue de 5 DE ± 1.04. El cumplimiento de la F, S y T tuvieron significancia estadística en cuanto a la mortalidad. F (p < 0.01), S (p < 0.01), T (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: La aplicación del FAST-HUG en los pacientes críticos disminuye el riesgo de mortalidad, específicamente cuando se cumplen al menos tres variables (alimentación, sedación y tromboprofilaxis).

Abstract: Introduction: FAST-HUG mnemotechnics encompasses seven minimum aspects in critical patient care (feeding, analgesia, sedation, thromboprophylaxis, elevation of the head, prevention of stress ulcers and glucose control). Its compliance has shown improvement in the prognosis. Objective: To establish if there is an association between the compliance of the FAST-HUG and the mortality of the critical patient when assessing the severity of admission using the SOFA scale. Material and methods: Clinical, descriptive, transversal and prospective study. It included patients admitted to the ICU of La Villa General Hospital and «Dr. Rubén Leñero¼ General Hospital, from February 28 to May 31, 2018. The following data were recorded: age, sex, type of diagnosis, SOFA score, number of variables fulfilled by FAST-HUG, feeding, analgesia, sedation, RASS, thromboprophylaxis, degrees of inclination of the head, prophylaxis of gastric ulcer, capillary glucose Figure, origin, destination, days of stay, complications and death. Results: 129 patients were studied, female 52 (40%), 77 male (60%), mean age 49 years SD ± 17.3, medical diagnoses 36 (28%), surgical 61 (47%), traumatic 22 (17%) and obstetricians 10 (8%). Most frequent SOFA score of 0-6 points in 59 patients (46%). The most fulfilled variable was U 122 (95%). The mean compliance of the variables was 5 SD ± 1.04. Compliance with F, S and T had statistical significance in terms of mortality. F (p < 0.01), S (p < 0.01), T (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of FAST-HUG in critical patients reduces the risk of mortality specifically when at least three variables are met (diet, sedation and thromboprophylaxis).

Resumo: Introdução: A mnemotécnica FAST-HUG engloba sete aspectos mínimos no cuidado do paciente crítico (alimentação, analgesia, sedação, tromboprofilaxia, elevação da cabeceira, prevenção de úlceras de estresse e controle glicêmico). Sua adesão mostrou melhora no prognóstico. Objetivo: Estabelecer se existe uma associação entre a adesão do FAST-HUG e a mortalidade do paciente crítico ao avaliar a gravidade da internação utilizando a escala SOFA. Material e métodos: Estudo clínico, descritivo, transversal e prospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes admitidos na UTI do Hospital Geral La Villa e do Hospital Geral Dr. Rubén Leñero, no período de 28 de fevereiro a 31 de maio de 2018. Os seguintes dados foram registrados: Idade, sexo, tipo de diagnóstico, escore SOFA, número das variáveis preenchidas pelo FAST-HUG, alimentação, analgesia, sedação, RASS, tromboprofilaxia, graus de inclinação da cabeceira, profilaxia da úlcera gástrica, glicemia capilar, origem, destino, dias de internação, complicações e óbito. Resultados: Foram estudados 129 pacientes, sexo feminino 52 (40%), 77 homens (60%), idade média 49 anos DE ± 17.3 anos, diagnósticos médicos 36 (28%), cirúrgicos 61 (47%), traumáticos 22 (17%) e obstetricos 10 (8%). Escore SOFA mais freqüente de 0 a 6 pontos em 59 pacientes (46%). A variável mais preenchida foi U: 122 (95%). A complacência média das variáveis foi de 5 DP ± 1.04. A conformidade com F, S e T teve significância estatística em termos de mortalidade. F (p < 0.01), S (p < 0.01), T (p < 0.05). Conclusões: A aplicação de FAST-HUG em pacientes em estado crítico reduz o risco de mortalidade, especificamente quando pelo menos três variáveis são atendidas (dieta, sedação e tromboprofilaxia).

Recomendaciones para el uso correcto de densitometría ósea en la práctica clínica. Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes / Guidelines of the Chilean Endocrinology Society for the correct clinical use of bone densitometry

Osteoporosis is a silent and frequent disease, which increases fracture risk. Approximately half of women and one of five men over 50 years old will suffer an osteoporotic fracture throughout their lives. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows a real bone mineral density (BMD) measurement in different parts of the skeleton and is considered the "gold standard" for quantifying osteoporosis with high accuracy and precision. The Board of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes (SOCHED) required from the Bone Disease Study Group to develop a consensus about the "Correct use of bone densitometry in clinical practice in Chilean population". Therefore, we elaborated 25 questions which addressed key aspects about the indications for a DXA scan, and the details of how to perform and report this test. Since some of the evidence obtained was of low quality or inconclusive, we decided to create a multidisciplinary group of national experts in osteoporosis to develop a consensus in this subject. The group consisted of 22 physicians including endocrinologists, gynecologists, geriatricians, radiologists, rheumatologists and nuclear medicine specialists. Using the Delphi methodology to analyze previously agreed questions, we elaborated statements that were evaluated by the experts who expressed their degree of agreement. The final report of this consensus was approved by the SOCHED board.

Síndrome de Moebius: Genopatía vs efecto teratogénico / Moebius Syndrome. Genophaty vs teratogenic effect

El Síndrome de Moebius (MBS) es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada principalmente por parálisisfacial y frecuentemente acompañada de alteraciones oculares asociadas al compromiso del VI nerviocraneal. Además es frecuente encontrar anomalías orofaciales y de miembros en estos pacientes.En este artículo se presenta un paciente masculino de nueve meses con el cuadro clínico de Síndromede Moebius en el cual se discuten los aspectos genéticos y medioambientales asociados a esta patología.Desde la introducción del misoprostol y su uso inadecuado como agente abortivo, se ha observadoun incremento en la frecuencia de recién nacidos con Síndrome de Moebius asociados al uso de estemedicamento. Al día de hoy, tanto el factor genético como el factor medioambiental se encuentranasociados al Síndrome de Moebius. Finalmente, es importante alertar a la comunidad médica y a lapoblación en general acerca del riesgo teratogénico del misoprostol y de la importancia del consejogenético cuando nace un paciente con Síndrome de Moebius.

Moebius syndrome is a rare disorder mainly characterized by a facial paralyisis and ocular anomaliesinvolving the sixth craneal nerve. In addition malformations of orofacial structures and limbs arefrequently founded.In this case, a nine months old boy with Moebius syndrome is presented, clinical findings are describedand genetic or environmental aspects are discussed. Since the use of Misoprostol for abortion withoutmedical indication the number of newborn with Moebius syndrome has increased in the population.Nowadays, either genetic or environmental factors are associated with Moebius syndrome. However, itis necessary to alert general and medical community about the risk of teratogenic effects of Misoprostoldrug and about the genetic counselling utility when there is a newborn with Moebius syndrome.

Lesiones de los tejidos blandos causadas por Mycobacterium Fortuitum-chelonei / Soft tissue lesions caused by M. Fortuitum-chelonei

Se presentan 3 pacientes con lesiones de los tejidos blandos, causadas por microorganismos acido - alcohol resistentes, del complejo M. Fortuitum Chelenoid. Se senala el antecedente traumatico, la cronicidad de la infeccion y las dificultades encontradas tanto para el diagnostico como para el tratamiento