Epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies in Zhoushan City from 2004 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies in Zhoushan City from 2004 to 2021, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of public health emergencies. @*Methods @#Data pertaining to public health emergencies and their associated data in Zhoushan City from 2004 to 2021 were retrieved from Emergency Public Health Management Information System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The type, date of occurrence and places of public health emergencies were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#Sixty public health emergencies were reported in Zhoushan City from 2004 to 2021, during which 1 527 cases were reported and 52 661 individuals were involved, with an attack rate of 2.90% (95%CI: 2.78%-3.02%). There were 3 Ⅲ-level (5.00%), 13 Ⅳ-level (21.67%) and 44 unclassified public health emergencies (73.33%), and no Ⅰ- or Ⅱ-level emergencies were reported. The reported public health emergencies peaked in January (9), August (6) and December (9), and there were 47 infectious disease emergencies (78.33%), 10 food poisoning emergencies (16.67%) and 3 chemical gas poisoning emergencies (5.00%), respectively. The four most common infectious disease emergencies included other infectious diarrhea (25.53%), COVID-19 (17.02%), influenza (14.89%) and chickenpox (14.89%). School and kindergarten were predominant places where public health emergencies occurred (39, 65.00%), and the three most common public health emergencies reported by schools and kindergartens included other infectious diarrhea (28.21%), influenza (17.95%) and chickenpox (17.95%).@*Conclusions@#Infectious disease emergencies were predominant public health emergencies in Zhoushan City from 2004 to 2021, and Ⅳ-level and unclassified emergencies were predominant. Public health emergencies mainly occurred in schools and kindergartens.

Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19）cases in Zhoushan / 预防医学

Objective @#To study the epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Zhoushan, so as to provide reference for improving the prevention and control capability of COVID-19.@*Methods @#All the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Zhoushan, diagnosed according to China’s “COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment plan （fifth version） ” and reported from January 19 to February 17, 2020, were extracted from the infectious disease surveillance system. Data of general information, clinical characteristics, laboratory Results, transmission and detection routes were collected and analyzed. @*Results @#By February 17, Ten confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Zhoushan had been reported, including 7 males and 3 females. They were all adults, with an average age of （50.90±15.00） years. Five cases were discharged. The incubation period ranged from 2 to 12 days, with a median of 5 days. The first symptoms were fever （8 cases）, cough （7 cases） and muscle pain （2 cases）. Chest computed tomographic （CT） scans showed ground glass opacities in the lungs of all the cases. Six cases had Wuhan related exposure. SARS-CoV-2 was tested positive in the sputum specimens or throat swabs of all the cases and the faeces of 4 cases. The last suspicious exposure of 5 cases occurred before, and that of another 5 cases occurred after the onset of clinical symptoms in the confirmed maternal cases. Three cases were found in active consultation after clinical symptoms, and another 7 cases were found in the monitoring of close contacts.@*Conclusions @#The 10 confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported in Zhoushan are all adults, and most have Wuhan related exposure. SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the fecal samples, but the existence of fecal-oral transmission needs more research. SARS-CoV-2 has strong infectivity, and may also have infectivity before the onset of symptoms （at the end of incubation period）. Isolation and early detection of close contacts are conducive for early case-finding.

Establishment of influenza risk forecasting model by analytical flow chart method / 预防医学

Objective @#To apply analytical flow chart method to building a model for forecasting the risk of influenza and providing preventive measures.@*Methods @#Surveillance data of influenza in Zhoushan from 2015 to 2018 was collected. Analytical flow chart method was used to evaluate the real-time risk of influenza,which were stratified by the seasonality of influenza,the percentage of influenza-like patients （ILI%） and whether there were effective prevention and treatment measures. The trend-line,warning line and action line of the influenza in 2018 were fit and the risk grades of influenza forecast were defined,which were compared with the actual risk grands during the first 20 weeks in 2018,to evaluate the accuracy of influenza forecast index.@*Results @#Through the analysis of the flow chart,the influenza index was divided into six grades,very high risk（gradeⅠ,n=0）,high risk （gradeⅡ,n=14,ILI%=12.61%±7.54%）,relative high risk （gradeⅢ,n=16,ILI%=7.76%±3.53%）,general risk（gradeⅣ,n=57,ILI%=6.31%±2.26%）,relative low risk （gradeⅤ,n=32,ILI%=5.37%±1.96%）and low risk （grade Ⅵ,n=37,ILI%=4.30%±1.40%）. The concordance rate between the forecast risk and actual risk was 70.00% （14/20）.@*Conclusion @#This influenza forecasting model could well forecast the levels of influenza risk each week.

A review on the epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome / 中华流行病学杂志

Severe fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever disease in the rural areas of east-central China,which is caused by SFTSV-a newly discovered bunyavirus.SFTSV is most likely transmitted by tick bites but can also be transmitted within human beings.The onset of SFTS is sudden and with rapid progress,with main clinical manifestations as fever,thrombocytopenia,leucopenia and gastrointestinal and hepatorenal dysfunctions.Some patients may die from multiple organ failure,and the case fatality rate is approximately 10％.In this paper,we use the method of literature review to summarize the recent research progress of SFTS which includes the epidemic distribution characteristics,medium of transmission,host animals,transmission routes and susceptibility in the general population.

A review on the epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome / 中华流行病学杂志

Severe fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever disease in the rural areas of east-central China,which is caused by SFTSV-a newly discovered bunyavirus.SFTSV is most likely transmitted by tick bites but can also be transmitted within human beings.The onset of SFTS is sudden and with rapid progress,with main clinical manifestations as fever,thrombocytopenia,leucopenia and gastrointestinal and hepatorenal dysfunctions.Some patients may die from multiple organ failure,and the case fatality rate is approximately 10％.In this paper,we use the method of literature review to summarize the recent research progress of SFTS which includes the epidemic distribution characteristics,medium of transmission,host animals,transmission routes and susceptibility in the general population.

Adventitious root culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Ⅰ)—Effects of various media, saltsintensity, and organic components on adventitious root culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of various media, salt intensity, and organic components on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots and the synthesis of tanshinone ⅡA and protoca-techuic aldehyde. MethodsThe adventitious roots were obtained through tissue culture by manipulation of various media, salt intensity, and organic components and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were determined by HPLC. ResultsThe effect of media MS, LS, B5, White, and SH on adventitious roots of S. miltiorrhiza was observed. Adventitious roots grew better under high salt intensity while secondary metabolite biosynthesis was accelerated under low salt intensity in MS basal medium.The reciprocity of five organic components had significant effect on root growth; glycin favored the synthesis of tanshinone ⅡA; scarcity of one of inosital, glycin, VB1, and VB6 inhibited the synthesis of protocatechuic aldehyde. ConclusionMS Basal medium is used for adventitious root culture. The results show that salt intensity and organic components have significant effects on adventitious root culture of S. miltiorrhiza and secondary melabolite synthesis.

Tissue culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots (Ⅱ)Effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources on culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde. Methods The adventitious roots were obtained through tissue culture by manipulation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were determined by HPLC. Results Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources were necessary for the culture of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious roots. The highest times of root multiplication were achieved at sucrose level of 30 g/L after 20 d culture, 60 g/L sucrose and low level sucrose were favorable for biosyntheses of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde, respectively. The highest root yield and tanshinone ⅡA content on day 25 were obtained by intermittent sugar adding during cultivation, and the production of adventitious roots and tanshinone ⅡA were 2.3-and 2.4-fold compared with those of control, respectively. The maximum root growth rate, contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were achieved while NH4+-NO3-was 1∶4, 1∶4, and 1∶1, respectively when concentration of total nitrogen source was kept at 60 mmol/L. To compare with the control group, changing of KH2PO4 concentration could favor for the adventilious root growth, but high KH2PO4 concentration inhibited tanshinone ⅡA biosynthesis. ConclusionThe results show that various carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources have the significant effects on adventitious root culture of S. miltiorrhiza. The best carbon source and its concentration, nitrogen and phosphate sources for the growth of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious root and the synthesis of secondary metabolite are confirmed.