[Expression of Ezrin and intercellular adhesion Molecule-1 [Icam-1] In Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Non-Neoplastic Liver Lesions of Hcv infected patients]

Objectives: To investigate the expression of ezrin and ICAM-1 proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] and non-neoplastic liver lesions on top of HCV infection

Methods: This study was carried out on a total number of 95 specimens; they were grouped as: Group I: 47 HCC specimens, Group II: 19 HCV related liver cirrhosis specimens. Group III: 18 chronic hepatitis C [CHC] specimens. The specimens of these groups were obtained from HCV positive patients. Group IV: 11 normal liver specimens obtained from donors for liver transplantation proved to be negative for HCV and HBV infection by serological tests [as controls]. The expression of ezrin and ICAM-1 in all groups was examined by immunohistochemical method and scored as Immunoreactivity score [IRS]. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS version 16.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA]

Results: Both ezrin and ICAM-1 protein expressions were low in normal liver [means of IRS +/- SE were 0.36 +/- 0.15 and 0.64 +/- 0.15, respectively], with significant increase in the mean of ezrin IRS in CHC group [3.89 +/- 0.65], while mean of ICAM-1 IRS was insignificantly increased [0.94 +/- 0.29]. Both ezrin and ICAM-1 IRS showed significant increase with transition from cirrhosis [1.31 +/- 0.42 and 0.94 +/- 0.31, respectively] to HCC [4.74 +/- 0.45 and 3.21 +/- 0.41, respectively] [p < 0.001]. There were significant positive correlations between ezrin and ICAM-1 expression and both elevated serum AFP [r = 0.539 and 0.777, respectively, p < 0.001] and vascular invasion in HCC specimens [r = 0.395 and 0.425, respectively, p < 0.01]

Conclusions: Ezrin and ICAM-1 were over expressed in HCC, and correlated with elevated serum AFP and vascular invasion in HCC specimens. In cirrhosis and HCC groups, there was positive correlation between ezrin and ICAM-1 staining. It indicates that ezrin may increase the expression of ICAM-1 to promote the development and advancement of HCC

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Saudi Arabian population: clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and outcome analysis

Current published literature on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [HCM] comes primarily from Western populations. There is no published data on clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and long-term outcome of HCM in an Arab population. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients 16 years or older diagnosed with HCM at our institution. Detailed clinical and echocardiographic data were collected and outcome was analyzed. A total of 69 patients were identified as having HCM. The mean age was 42 +/- 16 years with 71% male patients. All patients were Saudi citizens with Arab ancestry. Details about family history and presenting symptoms were available for 44 and 48 patients consecutively. Nine [18%] patients were asymptomatic and were diagnosed based on abnormal cardiac auscultation. The commonest presenting symptoms were dyspnea with or without chest pain and palpitations occurring in 40 [81%] patients. Only four [9%] of 44 patients had a family history of HCM and /or sudden cardiac death [SCD]. The most common ECG abnormality was left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] present in 60 [86%] patients. The commonest septal hypertrophy morphology was mid-septal [catenoid] in 30 [43%] followed by neutral in 23 [33%], basal septal [sigmoid] in 3 [4%] and apical in 6 [8%] patients. Twenty [28%] patients had evidence of resting left ventricular cavity gradient of >/= 30mmHg. Eleven [16%] patients had evidence of biventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in 65 [94%] patients. Over a median [25-75 percentile] follow-up of 7 years [4.5-10], only three patients died, all of non-cardiac causes. There were no cases of SCD during the follow-up period. Six patients required an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator [ICD]; five for primary prevention and one for secondary prevention. Only one patient progressed to end stage dilated cardiomyopathy. The natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Saudi population appears to be benign with catenoid morphology being the most common septal hypertrophy pattern. Risk of SCD appears to be quite low in this population

Effect of amino acid and protein addition on the flavour of extruded corn flour

THE AMINO acids and vegetable proteins have been recommended as safe flavouring precursors of thermal process flavouring. Therefore the present work was designed to examine the effect of such compounds on the overall qualities of corn flavour extrudates. Amino acids [proline and cysteine], vegetable proteins [soybean and gluten] and sucrose were added to corn flour pre-extrusion process. A sample free from any additives was considered as control. The sensory evaluation for each sample was carried out, the expansion ratio and protein content were determined, the results showed a significant increase in all sensory attributes comparing with the control sample. Samples containing proline or cysteine showed high quality attributes whereas addition of soybean protein or gluten resulted in significant decrease in appearance and texture attributes compared with the sample containing sucrose only. An agreement between the sensory results and expansion ratio for all samples was observed for the protein content. On the other hand, the GC and GC-MS analysis confirmed the aroma quality of each sample

Outcome of extensive compound fractures associated with brain fungation

Head injury patients may present with extensive compound fractures associated with brain fungation. This type of injury may associated with craniofacial injuries, orbital injuries and skull base fractures. The management and outcome of those patients is still unclear. To evaluate the outcome of those patients who had this type of injuries and highlighted the methods of their management. During the last four years, 18 patients were admitted to department of neurosurgery in Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Holy Makkaha, They were suffering from extensive compound fractures associated with brain fungation. Cause of injury included R.T.A in 11 patients, fall from height in 2 children, work injury in 2 patients, fall of heavy object in one patient, history of assault in one patient, and a kick by a horse in one child. Fourteen patients were males and 4 females. Mean age was 21 years [range from 4 to 37 years]. On admission, Fourteen patients had severe and 4 had moderate head injuries according to GCS. Eight patients had associated maxillofacial injuries, six had orbital injuries, two had nasal injuries and 11 had skull base fractures and 10 of them had CSF rhinorrhea. After resuscitation, CT Scan was done for the brain, orbit, facial bones and cervical spine. Urgent surgical repair was done for 18 patients by cleaning of the wound, control of bleeding, excision of lacerated brain, repair of the dura using fascia lata, reposition of skull bone fragments, and scalp repair. Optic nerve decompression was done in 2 patients to elevate compressing bone fragments. Open facial, nasal and orbital injuries were managed in the same time by concerned specialities. Closed maxillofacial fractures were managed after 10-14 days. All patients were managed initially in ICU by mechanical ventilation. Mean follow-up period was 22 months [range from 6- 42 months. Bilateral loss of vision occurred in one patient and unilateral blindness in 3 patients. CSF rhinorrhea stopped spontaneously within 10 days in seven patients and external lumber drainage for several days was done in 3 patients to control the condition. Postoperative meningitis developed in 3 [16.7%] out of 18 operated patients, two of them recovered and one died because of the infection after three months, another patient died due to severe brain injury and postoperative the patient became brain death and died after 24 hours. Outcome was evaluated according to Glasgow Outcome Scale, seven patients had Glasgow outcome score [GOS] of 4, another 6 patients had COS of 3, and 3 patients had GOS of 2. The mortality rate [2 patients 11%]. Urgent neurosurgical repair for extensive compound fractures associated with brain fungation would be associated with good outcome and had low mortality rate due to infection and severe injury. These results are better than that of closed head injury. However, traumatic unilateral or bilateral loss of vision may develop in one third of those patients. In future this study needs large number of patients to be involved and intracranial pressure monitoring during the initial course of treatment in intensive care unit

Early experience with surgical management of cerebral aneurysms: report of 32 cases

To review the results of surgical intervention in 32 patients with cerebral aneurysms aiming to find out the pitfalls and lessons one can learn from this early experience with aneurysm surgery. The clinical, radiological and operative data of 32 patients operated for cerebral aneurysms were correlated with 3-month clinical outcome. Clinical data included: age, gender and clinical grading according to the World Federation of Neurological surgeons classification. Radiological data included site, size, neck size of the aneurysm, and the presence of associated vasospasm, intracerebral hemorrhage, and/or hydrocephalus. Operative data included brain swelling, intraoperative aneurysm rupture, temporary clipping of parent vessels, and difficult clipping. Outcome was assessed according the Glasgow outcome score [GOS]. Out of 32 patients, 25 [78.1%] had favorable outcome [GOS 3 and 4], and 7 [21.9%] had unfavorable outcome [GOS 0, 1 and 2]. All early-operated grade 4- and 5-patients died [n=4]. On the other hand, unfavorable outcome was observed in 22% of grade 3-patients and in 5% only of grade 1- and 2-patients. Meanwhile, the following factors were associated with unfavorable outcome: brain edema [40%], vasospasm [33.3%], temporary clipping [55.5%], intraoperative rupture of aneurysm [57%]. These factors were frequently observed in early-operated grade 3-, 4- and 5-patients. In grade 3-, 4- and 5-patients, unfavorable outcomes associated with early- and late-surgery were 83% and 14%, respectively. When early-operated grade 3-, 4- and 5-patients were eliminated from the analysis, the incidence of unfavorable outcome decreased to less than 8%.In order to minimize the postoperative morbidity and mortality in newly-developed neurovascular centers, it would be recommended to avoid early surgical intervention for patients in grade 3, 4 and 5

Studies on the antioxidant activity of the volatile and non volatile compounds isolated from Eucalyptus globules leaves

The Eucalyptus globules leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation for 8 hoursusing a Clevenger type apparatus; the yield of the obtained essential oil wasabout 0.6%. The residue of the leaves was subjected to sequential extractionwith n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Each extract was reduced byevaporation to a standard volume then stored in a dark container at 5 deguntil work up. The antioxidant activity of each extract and of the essentialoil was determined using the reducing power test and the thiobarbituric acidmethod. The ethanol extract had the highest reducing power compared with theother extracts, and with butylated hydroxy toluene [BHT] and butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA]. Each extract was fractionated using column chromatography. Evaluation of the most active fraction was carried out, in addition tocharacterization of the major fractions

Use of thallium-201 sepct to differentiate recurrent glioma from radiation necrosis

Recurrent glioma in patients who are symptomatic after high dose of radiotherapy is difficult to differentiate from radiation necrosis by conventional imaging techniques [CT] scan and MR imaging. Thailuim-201 SPECT is useful in prediction the viable tumour cells in patients with glioma. To clarify the usefuillness of TL-201 SPECT in differentiating the tumour recurrence from radiation necrosis and to evaluate the relationship between tumour perfusion and early TL-201 uptake. Thirty-six patients [age ranged from 16 to 65 years old 26 males and 10 females] deteriorated clinically after high dose of radiation therapy. CT scan or MR imaging performed in all patients, but failed to differentiate between the recurrence of tumour and radiation necrosis 111 MBQ of Thallium-201 were injected and first minute perfusion, early [15 minutes post injection] and late [3 hours post injection] SPECT images were acquired. The results were assessed by both visual [semi quantitative] and Quantitative evaluation. We found a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 97.2% 93.2 and 94.4% respectively for visual evaluation. And for the quantitative evaluation the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100%, 94.4% and 97.2% respective. The mean Thallium-201index [T1] and retention index [R1] for recurrent gliomas were 2.6 and 2.0 for both early and delayed Scans respectively: while in radiation necrosis the indices were [1.1 +/- SD 0.1] in early scans and [1.1 +/- SD0] for delayed scans. Two patients in our study had a contradictory results; one had a recurrent glioma with TL-201 index [T1] 1.8 and retention index [R1] 13% [false negative] while the other patient diagnosed pathologically as radiation necrosis and had a T1 and R1 of 2.7 and 18,5% respectively [false positive]. The mean retention indices for both recurrence and radiation necrosis in our study were 21% and 8.7% respectively. Also we found a poor correlation between perfusion and early TL-201 uptake in the study group [rho= 0.41]. The quantitative 201 TL SPECT is a useful noninvasive tool for differentiating recurrent glioma from post radiation necrosis

Lumbar interlaminar microdiscectomy

The primary rationale lor surgery for disc prolapse is to relieve nerve root irritation or compression due to herniaied disc material. From 1997 to 1999; a total of 47 patients had microdiscectomy through an interlaminar approach for lumbar disc herniation, 27 men and 20 women, had a mean age of 42 years. The procedure was performed under surgical microscope. Clinical outcome and patient satisfaction were assessed at an average follow-up of 12.5 months. The results showed 83% excellent, 13% good, 2% fair, and 2% poor outcome. Microsurgical discectomy has significant shorter operative time [p =0.001] and significant reduction in back and leg pain [p =0.0001]. There were also a significant improvement of function, spinal range of motion, tension signs and sensation [p=0,0001], Although the rate of satisfactory outcomes was approximately the same in both microscopic discectomy and the standard procedure mentioned in previous literatures, microdiscectomy had a shorter duration of postoperative disability and used medications. The use of the microscope can facilitate the operation and give a better visual comfort. Moreover, the surgeon must be familiar with this technique and must have received training in its use

Use of thallium-201 spect to differentiate recurrent glioma from radiation necrosis

Recurrent glioma in patients who are symptomatic after high dose of radiotherapy is difficult to differentiate from radiation necrosis by conventional imaging techniques [CT] scan and MR imaging. Thallium-201 SPECT is useful in prediction of the viable tumour cells in patients with glioma. This study was proposed to clarify the usefullness of TL-201 SPECT in differentiating the tumour recurrence from radiation necrosis and to evaluate the relationship between tumour perfusion and early TL-201 uptake. Thirty-six patients [age ranged from 16 to 65 years old, the mean of the age 40.5, 26 males and 10 females] deteriorated clinically after high dose of radiation therapy. CT Scan or MR imaging performed in all patients, but failed to deferentaite between the recurrence of tumour and radiation necrosis. Ill MBQ of Thallium-201 were injected and first minute perfusion, early [15 minutes post-injection] and late [3 hours post-injection] SPECT images were acquired. The results were assessed by both visual [semiqunatitative] and Quantitative evaluation. We found a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 97.2% 93.2% and 94.4% respectively for visual evaluation. And for the quantitative evaluation the sensitivity specificity and accuracy were 100%, 94.4% and 97.2% respectively. The mean Thallium-201 index [T l] for recurrent gliomas were 2.6 and 2.0 for both early and delayed scans respectively; while in radiation necrosis the indices were [1.1 +/- SD 0.1] in early scans and [1.1 +/- SDo] for delayed scans. Two patients in our study had a contradictory results; one had a recurrent glioma with TL-201 index [T l] 1.8 and retention index [R l]13% [false negative] while the other patient diagnosed pathologically as radiation necrosis and had a Tl and Rl of 2.7 and 18.5% respectively [false positive]. The mean retention indices for both recurrence and radiation necrosis in our study were 21% and 8.7% respectively. Also we found a poor correlation between perfusion and early TL-201 uptake in the study group [rho=0.41]. In conclusion we believe that quantitative 201 TL SPECT is a useful non-invasive tool for differentiating recurrent glioma from postradiation necrosis

Study of percentage of population in s-phase in primary meningioma by dna flow cytometry as predictor for recurrence: correlation with clincopathologic prognostic factors

Despite the gross total resection of meningiomas, there is a significant rate of recurrence approaching 20% at 20 years. The prediction of recurrence by clinical and histopathological factors are inadequate, Flow cytometric analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] in meningiomas has shown a correlation between a high proliferative index based on tumor cell- cycle stage [percentage of S and percentage of G2/M] and clinically aggressive behavior. Accordingly the DNA analysis of meningioma may be of value in predicting recurrence of the tumors. A series of 130 meningiomas with gross total resection were analyzed. All available microscopic slides were reclassified according to the revised World Health Organization system [WHO].Sections were then taken for flow cytometry study. Thirty-eight [29%] of primary meningiomas associated with recurrence. Only strong significant correlation of histological grading, mitotic index and tumor necrosis with recurrence [the recurrence indices were respectively 27% in Gl meningioma, 75% in GII and 100% in GIII meningiomas [p < 0.001]. Mitotic counts were statistically higher in the recurrent group [6.32 +/- 5.44 for recurrent meningioma and 0.51 +/- 0.53 for non-recurrent. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant [p< 0.001], and necrosis was more observed in recurrent meningioma in 15 cases of 27 cases had tumor necrosis. DNA flow cytometry analysis showed that recurrent benign meningiomas had high SPF in comparison with that benign without recurrence. [SPF mean 10.86 +/- 5.5 and 7.35 +/- 2.8 respectively]. In conclusion these results support the suggestion of that flow cytometry may be of value in the prediction of recurrence of histologically benign macsroscopically removed meningiomas

new scoring system for lumbar disc prolapse

The object of this study was to introduce a new scoring system for the severity of lumbar disc that has a significant stratification of outcome between individual scores of patients, and in this way, it can help in selecting patients who will most likely benefit from surgical treatment. To identify potential factors in a risk prediction tool, we conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis of patients-and lesion-specific factors suspected to be associated with outcome in a series of 383 patients with lumbar disc prolapse, of whom 160 patients were managed conservatively and 223 patients were managed surgically. Factors that were strongly associated with outcome were used to develop a comprehensive scoring system for the severity of lumbar disc prolapse. Our results showed that 10 factors were strongly associated with outcome; 4 factors in the patient's history, 3 in clinical examination and 3 in the finding of CT scan or MR imaging. In the system, one point was given for each of those 10 factors. By adding the total points, a 10-point scoring system was obtained. According to this scoring system, while the outcome was directly related to the preoperative score in the surgical group [r=0.63 and P> 0.001], it was inversely related to the preoperative score in the conservative group [r=0.59 and P<0.001]. Our results indicate that the prototype of our scoring system is easy to apply, highly predictive of outcome, and can be used as a guide for the usefulness of surgical intervention

Utilization of agro-industrial wastes in the production of fungal glucoamylase under solid state fermentation system

Various locally agro-industrial wastes were screened for glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] production under solid state fermentation technique [SSF] by Aspergillus niger. Culture conditions for glucoamylase production were investigated using potato peels as one of the excellent wastes for enzyme production in 250 ml conical flasks containing 5.0 g of the waste. The effect of incubation period [1-8 days], initial pH [2.5-8.0], moisture level [25%-80%], moistening agent [distilled water, tap water, phosphate buffer, cheese whey and whey permeate] and nitrogen source [urea, ammonium oxalate, ammonium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate] were investigated. Glucoamylase production was maximal after 5 days incubation at initial pH value 6.0 with moisture level 50% using urea as the nitrogen source at level 1 mg N/g solid substrate. The obtained enzyme activity was 320 U/g fermented waste [W]. The enzyme was active in a wide range of pH values [3.0-7.5] as well as it proceeds at a broad range of temperatures [50 - 75C]. The enzyme was stable at 75C for 26 hr retained 50% of initial activity after 29 hr and was inactivated after 31 hr. The enzyme could hydrolyse up to 30% starch slurries giving about 95.5% glucose

Economic utilization of agro-industrial wastes through solid state fermentation by aspergillus niger f-21 for alpha-amylase production

Solid state fermentation technique was carried out in utilization of various agro-industrial wastes from different industries for the production of fungal alpha-amylase [E.C. 3.2.1.1] by locally isolated strain of Aspergillus niger. Culture conditions affect enzyme formation such as incubation time, initial pH, moisture level, moistening agent and nitrogen source were investigated. High level of enzyme activity could be obtained after 48 hr using potato peels as a substrate with initial pH 6.0 using whey permeate level of 50% as a moistening agent and urea as a cheap nitrogen source at level 400 mg N/1 moistening agent. The obtained enzyme has an activity of 620 U/g fermented substrate. The obtained enzyme was stable in a wide range of pH between 3-9 as well as the enzyme proceeds through wide range of temperature ranged between 50-85C. The enzyme looses only about 10% from its optimal activity between 90-100C and at 105C the relative activity was about 27%. The crude enzyme was heat stable when incubated at 70C for 39 hr retaining its maximum activity. Crude enzyme was applied for potato starch digestion using different slurries concentrations up to 30% giving about 96% digestion

Alcohol production from potato industry starchy waste

Potato starchy waste from potato chips industry amounted about 18% of company production could be utilized in alcohol production. The starchy waste was hydrolyzed using 0.5 N sulfuric acid at 121C for one hour using solid: liquid ratio 4:5 resulting in glucose syrup of about 70% glucose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae AFZ-998 with high power to produce alcohol by fermentation from cane-molasses was employed using batch fermentation. Physiological studies to optimize the culture conditions for efficient ethanol production were conducted. Slow shaking resulted a decrease in the fermentation period from 60 to 48 hr. Similarly, increasing the inoculum size to 8% [v/v] resulted in shortening of the fermentation time from 48 to 36 hr. The highest alcohol level [13.2% v/v] was achieved after 24 hr at 34C in a medium contained 25% w/v glucose with initial pH 5.0 using urea as the sole nitrogen source at a level of 0.075%, orthophosphoric acid 0.05% [v/v], inoculum size 8% [v/v] and shaking rate 100 rpm. Under the above conditions, the culture gave 12.5 g dry yeast/l contained 36% crude protein and can be used in feeding purposes

Cofermentation of whey permate and starchy waste for ethanol and biomass production

Whey permeate was supplemented as a liquid portion of potato starchy waste which was enzymatically hydrolyzed by a fungal alpha-amylase/ glucoamylase filtrate culture of Aspergillus niger grown by solid state fermentation to increase the ethanol content and make the process more economically viable. Glucose-maltose lactose mash was fermented using a mixed yeast inoculum of Kluyveromyces fragilis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Simultaneous and staggered inoculation procedures were studied. The staggered inoculation process had an advantage for sugars utilization, ethanol and biomass production. A staggered inoculation procedure was accomplished using K. fragilis followed by S. pombe after 18 hr in an attempt to optimize the culture conditions. Fermentation time up to 60 hr, inoculum size of both two strains [0.5-5.0% v/v], initial pH value [30 to 6.5], temperature [20-40C], urea amount [0.5 to 5.0 g/l] and phosphorus source and amount [potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium phosphate and orthophosphoric acid] were investigated. The maximum alcohol riches in fermentation mash [8.6% v/v] and biomass [16.5 g dry cells with 37.2% crude protein/l] were achieved after 36 hr fermentation at 30C using the staggered inoculation procedure. The mash mixture used was composed of 40% whey ultra filtrate and 60% starch hydrolysate containing 18.78 total sugars [58.86% glucose, 32.85% maltose and 8.47% lactose] with an initial pH of 6.0 and fortified with urea, 0.2%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 mg/l and initial inoculum size 4% [v/v] K. fragilis and 1% [v/v] S. pombe added after 18 hr of the beginning of the fermentation. Under the above fermentation condition, the total uptake of sugars was 98.4%

Production of thermostable amyloytic enzymes by aspergillus niger F-909 under soild state fermentation

The production of three thermostable amylolytic enzymes; namely, alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1], glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] and alpha- glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.20] was obtained by cultivating a new local isolate of Aspergillus niger on radicle the waste of malt beverages manufacture using solid state fermentation technique [SSF]. The enzymes production was markedly affected by the amount of waste in the fermentation vessel; however, the amylases were produced under a wide range of pH values [3.0-7.0]. Inoculum size had a slight effect on the production level. Investigation of the medium constituents showed that radicle can be used individually as complete medium for amylases production without any other supplementation. The enzymes filtrates were employed to hydrolyze 20% slurry of raw potato starch giving 98.2% digestion and 97.6% saccharification after 16 and 22 hours, respectively

Utilization of potato chips industry by products for production of thermostable bacterial alpha-amylase using solid state fermentation system II. effect of moistening agent, supplementary substrates nitrogen source and application of the solid fermented substrate for some starches digestion

The effect of moistening agent and nitrogen source as well as the supplementary substrates on the formation level of thermostable alpha- amylase [EC3.2.1.1] by Bacillus subtilis VF50 on potato chips industry by-products using solid state fermentation technique [SSF] was investigated. The results revealed that whey permeate and cheese whey were excellent moistening agents; on the opposite, saline solution and distilled water were the lowest inducer moistening agents for enzyme formation among various inorganic nitrogen sources used. Wheat bran, defatted soybean meal and fodder yeast were employed as supplementary solid substrates by 50% [w/w] with the three tested wastes. The defatted soybean meal enchanted the formation of enzyme by about 10%-25%. The solid fermented substrate was applied to hydrolyze different concentrations of soluble potato, raw potato, maize and wheat starches. The crude enzyme in its solid state was more effective in hydrolyzing most of these substrates

Improvement of fodder yeast for emoloyment as baker's yeast in balady bread making

Saccharomyces cerevesiae which is used for ethanol production from sugar-cane molasses and the biomass is a by-product used as fodder yeast from molasses in sugar factories in Egypt was optimized to be used as a Baker's yeast. The nitrogen and phosphorus sources i.e. urea and super calcium phosphate were replaced by diammonium phosphate as a sole for both nitrogen and phosphorus in the growth medium. The modification in the constituents of growth medium led to high ethanol and yeast production as well as the ash content decreased from 11.2% to be 7.8%, viable cells increased from 9x 10[9] 1g to 9.45 x 10[9] /g and gas production increased from 510 m m.Hg to be 650 m m.Hg for fodder yeast and improved fodder yeast respectively. The baking quality, organoleptic properties and staling rate of balady bread prepared with those different types of yeast indicated that, the new isolate yeast [improved fodder yeast] is a good source as baker's yeast

Production of baker's yeast from starchy waste of potato chips industry

Raw Potato starchy waste from Potato industry was enzymatically hydrolysed by alpha-amylase / glucoamylase produced by Aspergillus niger F- 21 under solid state fermentation [SSF] conditions. The starch hydrolyzate was used as a growth medium for the production of baker's yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHF-5 in shake culture. Physiological studies for optimization of culture conditions included sugars concentrations, pH value, nitrogen source, inoculum size and mixing speed were investigated. The highest yeast biomass production was achieved using 5% sugars concentration, pH 5.0, urea at 0.125%, H[3] P0[4], 0.2%, inoculum size 8% [V/V] and mixing speed [250 r.p.m] at 32°C. The fresh yeast [71% moisture] contained viable cells 10.1 x10[9] per gram. The dried yeast contained total carbohydrates 56.5%, crude protein 27.3%, ether extract 4.2%, crude fiber 6.7%, nucleic acids 4.2% and ash content 6.7%. The obtained yeast was compared with the local baker's yeast present in the market for gas production on, glucose, sucrose, maltose and wheat flour [82% extraction]