Obstructive cholestasis and extra hepatic biliary tract surgery in dogs: clinical and pathological evaluation

The present study aimed to evaluate some surgical techniques as cholecystectomy, cholecystoduodenostomy and cholecystogastrostomy as well as liver functions via biochemical and pathological evaluation following experimental extra hepatic cholestasis. 12 apparently clinically healthy mongrel dogs were used. Extra hepatic cholestasis was induced surgically by obstruction of and common bile duct. Clinically, the animals showed several signs including partial anorexia which continued for 3 days and progressed to complete anorexia for another 2 days, then ali dogs was ate normally by the day 6[th] post operation. Visible jaundice, pale to slightly yellow mucous membrane of conjunctiva and gum, duliness, dehydration and sever emaciation was noticed. Cholecystectomy, Cholecystoduodenostomy and cholecystogastrostomy showed depression with anorexia in the first week and gradually increased until reaching its normal level. Intermittent diarrhea and vomiting were noticed at the first 3 days especially in cholecystogastrostomy. Macroscopically severe distention of gallbladders, cystic ducts and common bile ducts were clearly noticed in cholestatic dogs. Adhesions between liver surface and surrounding peritoneum were found. Serum levels of total and direct bilirubin in choestasis were significantly increased throughout the period of the experiment. GGT, AST, ALT and ALP levels showed marked increase beginning at the second day after complete billiary duct obstruction. Serum cholesterol and glucose levels showed a significant increase. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels showed a significant decrease followed by increase throughout the experiment. Biliary bypass proved as easy technique especially cholecystoduodenostomy.it is therefore suggested that; clinical signs, biochemical and pathological changes are useful diagnostic primary tools in mongri dogs affected with extra hepatic obstructive cholestatic lesions. The cholecystoduodenstomy proved as useful surgical procedure to bypass sites of obstruction affecting the extra hepatic billiary tree than cholecystectomy and cholecystodgastrotomy

Ultrasonographic imaging of the urinary tract pre and post experimental urethral obstruction in bucks

The purpose of this study is to throw a light on the validity of ultrasonographic examination of urinary tract pre and post urethral obstruction in Egyptian mixed breed non castrated bucks [male goats].Nine bucks were subjected to direct penile ligation at the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure after surgical exposure of the penis to induce urethral obstruction and subsequent urine retention. Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were carried out immediately pre experimental urethral obstruction and continued periodically every 12 hrs, throughout 48 hrs. post experimental urethral obstruction. The Ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of urinary tract compartments were assessed and compared at different examination positions using linear array endorectal probe [7.5-2.6 MHZ] and convex array general purpose probe [6-2.6 MHZ]. Both kidneys were visualized ultrasonographically through transabdominal approach and the bladder was visualized through transabdominal and transrectal approaches in all bucks. Both of them revealed normal architexture, echogenicity and dimensions before ligation. The course of the urethra in the pelvis and in the penis was not imaged in any of the bucks before ligation. There were significant increase in kidneys and bladder dimensions after urethral obstruction. The proximal portion of the pelvic urethra was visualized clearly in all bucks 24 hrs. post urethral ligation. The course of the ureters was not visualized ultrasonographically by means of the transrectal or transbdominal approaches pre-and post experimental urethral obstruction. It could be concluded that using of ultrasonography is considered a good clinical diagnostic tool for examination of the urinary tract in bucks affected with urine retention