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1.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2012 Jul-Sept; 56(3): 288-292
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-146123
2.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2010 Jan-Mar; 54(1): 5-20
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-145951

RESUMO

Homosexuality has been in practice even prior to its recorded history. In the Indian cultural context, discourse on sexuality had never gained an agreeable consensus from any platform. However, in the recent past, efforts were made by governmental and nongovernmental organizations to bring sex-related issues to the masses after speculation on presumably the fast spread of AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) particularly through illegal homosexual activities. Nevertheless, strong cultural and religious ideologies discouraged any valid discussions on homosexuality. In light of the given scenario, the present essay aimed to highlight several aspects of homosexuality that include a brief history, biological basis, effect of nature versus nurture, evolutionary perspective and related issues concerning general well-being and health.

3.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2007 Jul-Sep; 51(3): 216-34
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-108187

RESUMO

Glutamate is ubiquitous in nature and is present in all living organisms. It is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system. Glutamate is being used as food additive for enhancing flavour for over last 1200 years imparting a unique taste known as "umami" in Japanese. It is being marketed for about last 100 years. The taste of umami is now recognized as the fifth basic taste. Many of the foods used in cooking for enhancing flavour contain high amount of glutamate. Breast milk has the highest concentration of glutamate amongst all amino acids. Glutamate in high doses as gavage or parenteral injection have been reported to produce neurodegeneration in infant rodents. The neurodegeneration was not produced when gluamate was given with food. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, based on enumerable scientific evidence, has declared that, "glutamate as an additive in food" is not an health hazard to human being. Glutamate is used as signaling molecule not only in neuronal but also in non-neuronal tissues. Excessive accumulation of glutamate in the synaptic cleft has been associated with excitotoxicty and glutamate is implicated in number of neurological disorders. Excessive accumulation could be attributed to increase release, failure of transport system for uptake mechanism, neuronal injury due to hypoxia-ischemia, trauma and associated metabolic failures. The role blood brain barrier, vesicular glutamate and sodium dependent excitatory amino acid transporters in glutamate homeostasis are emphasized in the review.


Assuntos
Animais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Degeneração Neural/induzido quimicamente , Especificidade da Espécie
4.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2007 Jan-Mar; 51(1): 81-5
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107617

RESUMO

Brain mechanisms for the refractory period that characteristically follows ejaculation in animals and human are poorly understood. The possibility of active inhibition of brain areas being responsible for the post-ejaculatory inhibitory state has not been ruled out. Using Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we have mapped brain areas in healthy young volunteers immediately after ejaculation. Functional imaging of the brain for 30 minutes beginning after three minutes of ejaculation induced by masturbation showed spatio-temporal activation in amygdala, temporal lobes and septal areas. The septal areas were observed to be active for a shorter duration than the amygdala and the temporal lobe. Thus the temporal sequence of involvement of the above neural structures may contribute to temporary inhibition of sexual arousal/penile erection during the post-ejaculatory refractory period in humans.


Assuntos
Adulto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Imagem Ecoplanar/métodos , Ejaculação/fisiologia , Lobo Frontal/fisiologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Masturbação , Área Pré-Óptica/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação , Período Refratário Eletrofisiológico/fisiologia , Septo do Cérebro/fisiologia , Lobo Temporal/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo
5.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2005 Jul-Sep; 49(3): 325-30
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-108355

RESUMO

The medial preoptic area neurons related to male sexual behaviour in rats were identified by their responses to dorsal penile nerve stimulation. These neurons were further tested with norepinephrine applied iontophoretically. From the 21 medial preoptic area neurons recorded in urethane anaesthetized rats, 17 neurons responded to dorsal penile nerve stimulation. Excitatory and inhibitory responses were found in almost equal number of neurons. 14 neurons responded to norepinephrine application, out of which six neurons were excited and eight were inhibited. The direction of changes produced by dorsal penile nerve stimulation and norepinephrine application were similar in 10 neurons. The results suggest that the sensory inputs from the genitalia are possibly gated by norepinephrine at the level of the medial preoptic area. Afferent information from the genitalia carried by dorsal penile nerve and the availability of norepinephrine at the level of the medial preoptic area probably help in maintaining adequate level of sexual arousal.


Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Animais , Estimulação Elétrica , Iontoforese , Masculino , Inibição Neural/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Norepinefrina/administração & dosagem , Pênis/inervação , Área Pré-Óptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
6.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2005 Jan; 49(1): 103-7
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107168

RESUMO

To investigate the role of specific adrenoreceptors subtypes on sexual behavior, atenolol, butoxamine, a mixture of atenolol and butoxamine, and saline (vehicle) were injected into the lateral septum in four different groups of sexually active male rats. Application of a mixture of atenolol and butoxamine produced inhibition of copulatory activity. On the other hand, application of either atenolol or butoxamine alone did not inhibit copulatory activity. But it produced stimulation of some of the components of male sexual behavior. Inability of either atenolol or butoxamine to inhibit the male sexual behavior, and inhibition of the same by the mixture of atenolol and butoxamine, indicate that both beta-adrenoreceptors at the lateral septum are involved in the elaboration of male sexual behavior. Stimulation of some components of sexual behavior on application of atenolol or butoxamine could be attributed to an unbalanced activity of beta-adrenoreceptors.


Assuntos
Animais , Atenolol/administração & dosagem , Butoxamina/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/fisiologia , Núcleos Septais/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2004 Jul; 48(3): 365-9
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-108443

RESUMO

Free amino acids levels in the milk of 11 healthy Indian mothers were determined using automatic precolumn derivatization procedure. The aim of the study was to find out the relative concentration of glutamic acid and glutamine in the milk. Glutamic acid is the dominant free amino acid found in the milk of Indian mothers. Glutamic acid and glutamine together formed the major nonessential amino acids present in the human milk. Although glutamic acid has been shown to be the major amino acid in human milk in many studies, to the best our knowledge, this is the first report to confirm that glutamic acid is the most abundant amino acid in milk in Indian mothers.


Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/análise , Glutamina/análise , Humanos , Índia , Leite Humano/química
8.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2001 Oct; 45(4): 445-50
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107906

RESUMO

This study was conducted to find out whether the medial preoptic area (mPOA) plays a role in the selection of ambient temperature by rats. Adult male Wistar rats were kept in an environmental chamber having three interconnected compartments, maintained at three different temperatures (18 degrees, 24 degrees and 30 degrees C) in which the animals could move freely from one compartment to the other. Normal rats preferred to stay at the chamber maintained at 24 degrees C for most of the time, during day and night. The temperature preference shifted to 30 degrees C after the mPOA of these rats had been lesioned by local administration of 5 micrograms of N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in 0.2 microliter distilled water. The results of the study suggest that the mPOA acts as a fine tuning center for homeostatic regulation of thermal balance, including selection of appropriate thermal environment. It is proposed that after the mPOA lesion, the animal cannot assess properly the energy status of the body and thereby prefers a higher ambient temperature.


Assuntos
Animais , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Masculino , Área Pré-Óptica/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Temperatura
9.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2001 Jul; 45(3): 269-95
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-108254

RESUMO

Prof. BK Anand the living legend, is the founder of modern neurophysiology in India. His career spanned an era that marks the beginning of Brain Research in India. His contributions to understanding of brain functions began with the epoch making discovery of lateral hypothalamic area as the 'feeding center'. Subsequently it encompasses a wider range of studies from elucidation of the intricate mechanisms underlying ingestive behaviour to hypothalamic regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal activity and regulation of various physiological functions by limbic system. The following review gives an account of the contributions made by Prof Anand and his colleagues during twenty five years of his illustrious career. The publications resulted from his studies has not only stood as a testimony to understanding of the neural control of ingestive behaviour and limbic functions but also have been a sources of a great interest to those who pursue knowledge in this field.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Afeto/fisiologia , Altitude , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Sistema Endócrino/inervação , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Hemostasia/fisiologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Índia , Fisiologia/história , Yoga/história
10.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 1993 Apr; 37(2): 141-6
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-106397

RESUMO

An accurate method of recording the frequencies of copulatory events, the latencies of initiation to copulation and the time spent in different behavioural categories is described. A microcomputer (IBM-PC) based data collection system for acquisition and analysis of male rodent sex behaviour has been developed. This software features ease of data entry and operation, using single key presses by assigning a preset code to each. Internal clock of the computer is made to function as a timer for accurate recording of latencies and intervals. A print out of the frequency or duration of data can be obtained either concurrently or after the completion of the experiment, as required. The least count of the technique is about 10(-4) min and this precludes its use for extremely rapidly changing behaviour.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Microcomputadores , Ratos , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Software
11.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 1988 Oct-Dec; 32(4): 265-70
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107410

RESUMO

The effect of injection of norepinephrine in the anterior regions of hypothalamus on rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate in rhesus monkeys was studied. The injection of 2 micrograms of norepinephrine in the preoptic area produced a fall in body temperature without any accompanying change in skin temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. The findings suggest that the suppression of heat production may be responsible for the norepinephrine induced hypothermia in monkeys.


Assuntos
Animais , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotermia/induzido quimicamente , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Norepinefrina/administração & dosagem , Área Pré-Óptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Cutânea/efeitos dos fármacos
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