Revisión bibliométrica de la producción científica de salud bucal en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia deCOVID-19 / Bibliometric review of the scientific production of oral health in Latin America and The Caribbean during COVID-19pandemic

Introducción: El análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica en salud permite detallar el interés de autores, instituciones, organizaciones y revistas que coadyuvaron a un mejor entendimiento de la historia natural del SARS-CoV-2, con relación a la salud bucal. Objetivo: Caracterizar la bibliometría de la producción científica en salud bucal, relacionada con la pandemia de la COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos: Se analizaron 143 artículos de la base de datos Scopus, publicados durante los años 2020 y 2021. Se consideró la producción científica anual, los diez autores e instituciones y organizaciones con mayor actividad en publicación, las diez principales revistas involucradas en publicaciones de artículos del tema, así como los términos bibliométricos más citados. Resultados: En el año 2020 se publicaron 73 artículos sobre el tema, que disminuyeron en 5,47 por ciento para el año 2021. Las instituciones más involucradas en publicaciones pertenecieron a Estados Unidos, Perú y Brasil. El autor más activo fue Machado R.A. La revista Investigación Brasileña en Odontopediatría y Clínica Integrada fue la más citada con 8,47 por ciento, el artículo más citado fue "Impactos del coronavirus COVID-19 en la Odontología y el potencial salival" con 119 citas y los descriptores más utilizados fueron "los humanos", "pandemia" y "odontología". Conclusión: La mayor producción científica de artículos citados, autores con más número de citaciones y revistas de gran publicación en salud bucal de América Latina y el Caribe está en Brasil. En EE.UU. se encuentra la institución con mayor actividad de apoyo para la publicación de artículos científicos y los descriptores más utilizados "pandemia", "humano" y "enfermedad coronavirus 2019"(AU)

Introduction: The bibliometric analysis of the scientific production in health allows detailing the interest of authors, institutions, organizations and journals that contributed to a better understanding of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2, in relation to oral health. Objective: To characterize the bibliometrics of scientific production in oral health, related to COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods: One hundred forty-three articles were analyzed from Scopus database, which were published in 2020 and 2021. This study considered the annual scientific production, the ten authors, institutions and organizations with the greatest publication activity, the ten main journals involved in article publications on the subject, as well as the most cited bibliometric terms. Results: In 2020, seventy three articles on the subject were published, which decreased by 5.47 percent for 2021. The institutions most involved in publications were from the United States, Peru, and Brazil. The most active author was Machado R.A. The journal Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada was the most cited with 8.47 percent, the most cited article was "Impacts of coronavirus COVID-19 on Dentistry and salivary potential" with 119 citations and the most used descriptors were "the humans", "pandemic" and "dentistry". Conclusion: The largest scientific production of cited articles, authors with the highest number of citations, and highly-published journals on oral health in Latin America and the Caribbean is in Brazil. The institution with the greatest support activity for the publication of scientific articles and the most used descriptors "pandemic", "human" and "2019 coronavirus disease" are in the United States(AU)

Antibacterial Effect of Hypochlorous Acid on Bacteria Associated with the Formation of Periodontal Biofilms: An in vitro Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid on Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Material and Methods: In this in vitro experiment, the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the strains S. gordonii, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis was evaluated using 4% sodium hypochlorite, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and distilled water as controls. The four groups were placed on each plate, and each group was replicated five times. The agar diffusion method by zones measurement was used. The data were processed with SPSS using the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparison tests. Results: Hypochlorous acid showed an average inhibition halo of 9.28 mm on S. gordonii. As expected with distilled water, no zone of inhibition was noted for any of the bacteria, nor were zones of inhibition observed with HOCl for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Hypochlorous acid showed antimicrobial properties against only S. gordonii and was less effective than 4% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine, although no significant differences were found between the latter.

Identification of Proteins Associated with the Formation of Oral Biofilms

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify proteins associated with the formation of Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilms. Material and Methods: Biofilms composed of two bacterial species, S. gordonii and F. nucleatum, were cultured for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days. The presence of both species was confirmed via amplification of the srtA and radD genes using real-time PCR. The concentrations of proteins associated with the biofilms and individual species were quantified using Western blotting. Results: The protein profiles of S. gordonii and F. nucleatum from individual cultures determined using one-dimensional electrophoresis revealed proteins found in S. gordonii and in F. nucleatum. Ct and reciprocal Ct values were determined for the exposed S. gordonii and F. nucleatum biofilms. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein was detected in biofilms and F. nucleatum, whereas HSP40 protein was present only in biofilms after 7 and 10 days of formation. Conclusion: HSP40 was detected only in the formed biofilms; thus, HSP40 is an essential proteins for adhesion.

Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Essential Oils Associated with Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis / Efectividad de la clorhexidina y aceites esenciales asociados al raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de periodontitis crónica / Efetividade da clorexidina e aceites essenciais associados à raspagem e alisamento radicular no tratamento de periodontite crónica

Abstract Introduction: Adjunctive treatment for periodontal disease is quite varied and depends on many factors. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine and essential oils associated with scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Material and methods: The sample included 42 patients randomly assigned to three groups. Decrease in periodontal status was measured with the World Health Organization's periodontal probe by analyzing probe depth values and level of clinical insertion at 3, 4, and 5 months. Statistical analysis of the progress of the three therapies was conducted using Student's t, Anova, and Tukey tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The obtained values demonstrated that 0.12% chlorhexidine is more effective in all of its follow ups, whereas no significant difference existed between essential oils and the control group. A significant difference was observed over time in each separate treatment. Conclusión: Chlorhexidine at a 0.12% concentration associated with root scaling and planing is better than essential oil therapies for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Resumen Introducción: el tratamiento coadyuvante de la enfermedad periodontal es muy variado y depende de muchos factores. El objetivo del presente artículo fue comparar la efectividad entre clorhexidina al 0.12 % y aceites esenciales asociados al raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de periodontitis crónica. Materiales y métodos: la muestra estuvo conformada por 42 pacientes distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos. La disminución del estado periodontal se midió con la sonda periodontal de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, analizando los valores profundidad al sondaje y el nivel de inserción clínica a los 3, 4 y 5 meses. Para el análisis estadístico de la evolución de las 3 terapias se empleó la t de Student, análisis de varianza y test de Tukey con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: los valores obtenidos demostraron que la clorhexidina al 0.12 % es más efectiva en todos sus controles; mientras que no existe diferencia significativa entre aceites esenciales y el grupo control. Existe diferencia significativa a través del tiempo en cada tratamiento por separado. Conclusión: la clorhexidina al 0.12 %> asociada al raspado y alisado radicular es superior a los tratamientos con aceites esenciales en el tratamiento de la periodontitis crónica.

Resumo Introdução: o tratamento coadjuvante da doença periodontal é muito variado e depende de muitos fatores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comprar a efetividade entre clorexidina ao 0.12% e aceites essenciais associados à raspagem e alisamento radicular no tratamento de periodontite crónica. Materiais e métodos: a amostra esteve conformada por 42 pacientes distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos. A diminuição de estado periodontal se mediu com a sonda periodontal as Organização Mundial da Saúde analisando os valores profundidade à sondagem e nível de inserção clínica aos 3, 4 e 5 meses. A análise estatística da evolução das 3 terapias, se realizou empregando t de Student, Anova e teste de Tukey com um nível de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: os valores obtidos demostraram que a clorexidina ao 0.12% é mais efetiva em todos seus controles, enquanto não existe diferença significativa entre aceites essenciais e o grupo controle. Existe diferença significativa através do tempo em cada tratamento por separado. Conclusão: a clorexidina ao 0.12% associada à raspagem e alisamento radicular é superior aos tratamentos com aceites essenciais no tratamento da periodontite crónica.

Proteína C-reactiva asociada a la condición periodontal de gestantes / C-reactive protein associated with the periodontal condition of pregnant women

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el nivel de proteína C-reactiva según el estado periodontal, edad y trimestre de gestación en gestantes del Centro de Salud Magna Vallejo en Cajamarca, Perú. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se trabajó con una muestra de 60 gestantes divididas en tres grupos: gestantes periodontalmente sanas, con gingivitis y con periodontitis. Se empleó el índice de Rusell para la determinación del estado periodontal. El valor del nivel de proteína C-reactiva fue tomado del registro de la historia clínica de cada paciente. Resultados Se encontró un nivel de proteína C-reactiva elevado en el 66,70 % de gestantes con gingivitis y en el 100 % de gestantes con periodontitis, así mismo en el 84,60 % de gestantes adultas. Conclusiones Los niveles de proteína C-reactiva tienden a elevarse en las pacientes con enfermedad periodontal y se incrementa con la edad de las gestantes.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the C-reactive protein level according to the periodontal state, age and trimester of pregnancy in pregnant women who attend the Centro de Salud Magna Vallejo, Cajamarca, Peru. Materials and methods An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in a sample of 60 pregnant women divided into three groups: those who were periodontally healthy, those with gingivitis and those with periodontitis. The Russell Index was used to determine the periodontal status. The value of the C-reactive protein level was taken from each patient's medical record. Results An elevated C-reactive protein level was found in 66.70 % of the pregnant women with gingivitis, 100 % of the pregnant women with periodontitis and 84.60 % of the adult pregnant women. Conclusions C-reactive protein levels tend to rise in patients with periodontal disease and increase in adult pregnant women.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Plantago Major Extract on Periodontal Pathogens

Abstract Objective: To determine the in vitro antibacterial effect of different concentrations of the ethanol extract of Plantago major (plantain) on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Material and Methods: Bacterial susceptibility tests were used in conjunction with the agar diffusion test and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test using the broth macrodilution technique. Results: Different concentrations of ethanol extract (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) dissolved in 70% ethanol were used, with a positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetyl-pyridinium chloride) and a negative control (70% alcohol). The extracts at 75% and 100% showed inhibition halos against both strains studied. With 0.12% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetyl-pyridinium chloride, inhibition halos averaged 14.9 mm, in contrast to 70º alcohol, where no bacterial inhibition was observed. The MIC was 50% for both species. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Plantago major presents an in vitro antibacterial effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, they may have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products.

Efectividad analgésica del clonixinato de lisina asociado con el paracetamol en el tratamiento posoperatorio de exodoncias / Analgesic Effectiveness of Lysine Clonixinate Associated with Paracetamol in the Postoperative Treatment of Exodontias / Efetividade analgésica do clonixinato de lisina associado ao paracetamol no tratamento pós-operatório de exodontias

Resumen Introducción : el uso de terapias analgésicas para controlar el dolor postexodoncia es muy variado y depende muchos factores. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la efectividad analgésica del paracetamol asociado con el clonixinato de lisina y compararlo con monoterapias de paracetamol e ibuprofeno en el tratamiento posoperatorio de exodoncias. Materiales y métodos : la muestra estuvo conformada por 39 pacientes distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos. El dolor posoperatorio se midió utilizando la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) 1 h, 8 h y 24 h postexodoncia. El análisis estadístico de la evolución de las tres terapias, se realizó empleando el test t de Student, ANOVA y test de Tuckey, con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados : los valores obtenidos demostraron que la combinación analgésica de paracetamol asociado con el clonixinato de lisina fue más efectiva 1 h y 8 h después. A las 24 h no existieron diferencias en los tres grupos de estudio. Conclusión : la analgesia de la terapia combinada de Paracetamol asociada con el Clonixinato de lisina es superior a la producida por la dosis estándar de Ibuprofeno y Paracetamol en el tratamiento del dolor posoperatorio de exodoncias simples.

Abstract Introduction : The use of analgesic therapies to control post-exodontia pain is very varied and depends on many factors. The study had two aims: to compare the analgesic effectiveness of paracetamol associated with lysine clonixinate and to compare it with monotherapies of paracetamol and ibuprofen in exodontias' postoperative treatment. Materials and methods : The sample consisted of 39 patients randomized into three groups. The postoperative pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), at 1h, 8h, and 24h after exodontia. Statistical analysis of the evolution of the three therapies was performed using Student's t-test, ANOVA and Tuckey's test, with a level of significance of p <0.05. Results : The values obtained showed that the analgesic combination of paracetamol associated with clonixinate of lysine was more effective at 1h and 8h. At 24h, there were no differences in the three study groups. Conclusion : The analgesia of the combined therapy of paracetamol associated with clonixinate of lysine is superior to that produced by the standard dose of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the treatment of post-operation pain of simple extractions.

Resumo Introdução : o uso de terapias analgésicas para controlar a dor pós-exodontia é muito variada e depende de muitos fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a efetividade analgésica do paracetamol associado ao clonixinato de lisina e compará-lo com monoterapias de paracetamol e ibuprofeno no tratamento pós-operatório de exodontias. Materiais e métodos : a amostra esteve conformada por 39 pacientes distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos. A dor pós-operatória mediu-se utilizando a Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) às 1 h, 8 h e 24 h pós-exodontia. A análise estatística da evolução das três terapias, se realizaram empregando o teste t de Student, ANOVA e teste de Tuckey, com um nível de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados : os valores obtidos demostraram que a combinação analgésica de paracetamol associado a clonixinato de lisina, foi mais efetiva às 1 h e 8 h. Às 24 h, não existiram diferenças nos três grupos de estudo. Conclusão : a analgesia da terapia combinada de Paracetamol associado a Clonixinato de lisina, é superior à produzida pela dose standard de Ibuprofeno e Paracetamol no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de exodontias simples.

Eficacia de la azitromicina asociada al raspado y alisado radicular en periodontitis crónica / Efficacy of azithromycin associated with scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis

RESUMEN: Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la azitromicina asociada al RAR asociada al (raspado y alisado radicular) en pacientes con periodontitis crónica. Material y método: El presente ensayo clínico paralelo aleatorizado, controlado y triple ciego, se desarrolló en la Clínica Estomatológica de la Universidad Católica Los Ángeles de Chimbote (Trujillo, Perú), entre marzo y diciembre de 2015. Participaron 30 pacientes adultos, distribuidos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos, designados con las letras A y B, de 15 integrantes cada uno. Cada paciente fue evaluado periodontalmente antes de realizarle el raspado y alisado radicular y optimización de las técnicas de higiene. A los pacientes del grupo A se les indicó tratamiento antibiótico con Azitromicina 500 mg por vía oral cada 24 horas durante 3 días y al grupo B se les indicó un placebo con las mismas características físicas del antibiótico escogido. Los pacientes fueron evaluados a los 3, 4 y 5 meses. La eficacia fue evaluada mediante el test T de Student para comparación de medias, considerando un nivel de significancia para los valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Se encontró que ambos grupos lograron mejorar la profundidad de sondaje y el nivel de inserción clínica sin embargo no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos. Conclusión: La azitromicina asociada al RAR no es eficaz como terapia coadyuvante en pacientes con periodontitis crónica.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin associated with the RAR (scaling and root planing) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: This clinical trial parallel randomized, controlled, triple blind, was developed in the Stomatology Clinic of the Catholic University Los Angeles of Chimbote (Trujillo, Peru), between March and December 2015. The participants were 30 adult patients randomized 2 groups, designated by the letters A and B of 15 members each. Each patient was evaluated periodontally before Give you the scaling and root planing and optimization hygiene techniques. Patients in group A, were prescribed antibiotic treatment with azithromycin 500 mg orally every 24 hours for 3 days. While, group B were prescribed a placebo with the same physical characteristics of the antibiotic chosen. Patients were evaluated at 3, 4 and 5 months. The efficacy was evaluated using the Student t test to compare means, considering a level of significance for the values of p <0.05. Results: It was found that both groups were able to improve probing depth and clinical attachment level however no statistically significant differences between them. Conclusion: Azithromycin associated with the RAR is not effective as adjunctive therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis.