Impact of biofilm production in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among diabetic foot patient

Background: Diabetic Foot Infection poses many problems in clinical practice. It is usually polymicrobial, and Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated

Objective: To determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus [MRSA] and MRSA biofilm production among diabetic patients with chronic leg ulcers

Methodology: This study included 150 patients suffering from infected diabetic foot ulcers. We used VITEK 2 system to identify isolated bacteria. Colonies of S. aureus were screened for resis¬tance to methicillin on Mueller–Hinton agar supplemented with oxacillin at 4 µg/mL Antibiotic sensitivity test was investigated using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Investigation of biofilm formation was performed by tissue culture plate method. Detection of icaA and icaD genes was investigated by PCR

Results:S. aureus was isolated from 70 [46.6%] patients. Among the 70 S. aureus, 34 [22.6%] were [MRSA], Pseudomonas aeruginosa 36[24.0%], Klebseilla pneumoniae 25[16.6%] and E.coli were 19[12.6%]. Twenty eight out of 34 tested MRSA [82.35%] were able to form biofilm.Twenty five isolates [73.3%] were strong biofilm former, 3 isolates [8.8%] were moderate biofilm producer and 6 isolates [17.6%] were non biofilm producers. Twenty two were positive for both icaA and icaD genes, On the other hand eight isolates were negative for both genes

Conclusion: A high prevalence of biofilm producing MRSA was detected in S. aureus isolated from patients with Diabetic foot

Concomitant Anomalous Branching of Facial Nerve and Double Parotid Duct: A Case Report

The facial nerve divides within the parotid gland into upper temporozygomatic and lower cervicofacial branches. The two branches further subdivide and emerge from the parotid gland as five main branches. We observed a rare anomalous branching pattern of the facial nerve along with double parotid duct on the right side of a 50-year-old male cadaver. The two parotid ducts emerged at the level of the anterior border of parotid gland then united to form one single duct thereby opened into the oral cavity. The first duct (D1) emerged from the upper one third of the anterior border of the parotid gland and traversed horizontally for 9 mm to join the second duct. Knowledge of anomalous branching pattern of facial nerve and double parotid ducts may be beneficial for maxillofacial surgeons.

Validation of evidence-based clinical practice guideline: nursing intervention for newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients at community setting

Tuberculosis is a major contributor to disease burden in the developing countries. It is considered the second fatal disease all over the world and the third most important public health problem in Egypt. The direct causes of increasing the burden of tuberculosis are the inconsistent and fragmented health services. The nursing interventions of tuberculosis in community settings require a system of recommendations that ensure the consistency of care. The present study aimed at providing a valid evidence-based clinical guideline that assists nurses to intervene consistently to the newly diagnosed patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. The intended guideline was developed according to the criteria of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [SIGN] and the American Academy of Neurology. This guideline was developed based on the need for assessments of the intended users [nurses] and the end-point beneficiaries [newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. The development process of the guideline consisted of seven main steps. The SIGN appraisal tools were used for the critical appraisal phase of the retrieved studies, and the ''Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation [AGREE] Instrument'', that was used for appraising the internal validity of the developed guideline. The developed guideline included thirty recommendations categorized into four main themes, which are assessment, nursing diagnosis, nursing care plan and implementation of care plan. The overall assessment of the guideline revealed that two-thirds of academic appraisers strongly recommended the guideline to be used in practice and most of practitioner nurses and practitioner physicians recommended the guideline to be in practice. The development of this guideline was based on the needs of the targeted users [nurses] and end-point beneficiaries [patients]. It was strongly recommended by the appraisers to be used in the outpatients chest clinics. The study recommended that this developed guideline should be disseminated to the policy makers to be approved for application

Butyrate regulates leptin expression through different signaling pathways in adipocytes

Leptin is an adipocytokine that regulates body weight, and maintains energy homeostasis by promoting reduced food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Leptin expression and secretion is regulated by various factors including hormones and fatty acids. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid that acts as source of energy in humans. We determined whether this fatty acid can play a role in leptin expression in fully differentiated human adipocytes. Mature differentiated adipocytes were incubated with or without increasing concentrations of butyrate. RNA was extracted and leptin mRNA expression was examined by Northern blot analysis. Moreover, the cells were incubated with regulators that may affect signals which may alter leptin expression and analyzed with Northern blotting. Butyrate stimulated leptin expression, and stimulated mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospho-CREB signaling in a time-dependent manner. Prior treatment of the cells with signal transduction inhibitors as pertusis toxin, Gi protein antagonist, PD98059 (a MAPK inhibitor), and wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) abolished leptin mRNA expression. These results suggest that butyrate can regulate leptin expression in humans at the transcriptional level. This is accomplished by: 1) Gi protein-coupled receptors specific for short-chain fatty acids, and 2) MAPK and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways.

Portal vein parameters in Egyptian patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [SBP] is a severe complication of cirrhosis and the role of portal hypertension in the development of SBP has been suggested. This study assessed the portal vein [PV] haemodynamic changes in patients with SBP. The study was conducted on 20 ascitic patients with SBP [GI], 20 ascitic patients without SBP [GII], 20 cirrhotic patients without ascites [GIII] and 20 healthy cross-matched controls [GIV]. All groups were subjected to complete clinical assessment and routine laboratory investigations. Portal vein diameter, velocity and congestion index [CI] were assessed by Doppler ultrasound. The results showed no significant difference between SBP patients and ascitic patients without SBP as regard PV diameter, velocity or CI. Portal vein diameter was significantly wider in patients with SBP [14.9 +/- 2.08 mm] and cirrhotic ascites [14.15 +/- 2.3] than normal persons [10.5 +/- 2.24 mm] or cirrhotic compensated patients [13.15 +/- 1.6mm]. The mean velocity of PV was significantly lower in patients with SBP [10.4 +/- 2.11] and ascites [10.7 +/- 2.22] than normal persons [15.35 +/- 2.08] or cirrhotic compensated patients [14 +/- 2.6], with no significant difference between controls and cirrhotic compensated patients. The CI of PV was significantly higher in patients with SBP [0.1825 +/- 0.036] and ascites [0.1743 +/- 0.051] than controls [0.05 +/- 0.050] or cirrhotic compensated patients [0.0955 +/- 0.091]. Cirrhotic compensated patients showed significantly wider PV [13.15 +/- 1.6] and higher congestion index [0.0955 +/- 0.091] than normal persons [10.55 +/- 2.24 and 0.05 +/- 0.050 respectively]

Role of protease inhibitors and acylation stimulating protein in the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells

Treatment of AIDS (HIV) and hepatitis C virus needs protease inhibitors (PI) to prevent viral replication. Uses of PI in therapy are usually associated with a decrease in body weight and dyslipidemia. Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is a protein synthesized in adipocytes to increase triglycerides biosynthesis, for that the relation of PI and ASP to adipogenesis is tested in this work. ASP expression was increased during 3T3-L1 differentiation and reached a peak at day 8 with cell maturation. Addition of PI during adipocytes differentiation dose dependently and significantly (p < 0.5) inhibited the degree of triglycerides (TG) accumulation. Moreover, presence of ASP (450 ng/mL) in media significantly (p < 0.5) stimulated the degree of TG accumulation and there was additive stimulation for ASP when added with insulin (10 microgram/mL). Finally, when ASP in different doses (Low, 16.7; Medium, 45 and High, 450 ng/mL) incubated with a dose of x150 PI, ASP partially inhibited the PI-inhibited adipogenesis and TG accumulation. The results in this study show that PI inhibit lipids accumulation and confirm role of ASP in TG biosynthesis and adipogenesis.

Application of objective structured clinical examination in community health nursing course: experience of staff members and students

Objective Structured Clinical Examination [OSCE] is the most valid and reliable tool for evaluation of performance competency. There are different formats of OSCE to assess the cognitive and psychomotor skills as well as the knowledge recall and communication skills in an objective and consistent manner. It is important to involve students and examiners in changing or innovating of evaluation pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the perception and experience of staff members and students toward introducing OSCE as a new approach of assessment in community health nursing course. In addition to compare the applicability of using three different structured methods of simulated patient [Lay person with staff members, Staff members play double roles and two staff members], in order to find out the most appropriate simulated patient method. The study is a mix of quantitative and qualitative design. It was carried out at the fourth year community health-nursing students, totaling 160 students. All examiners [n= 16] and only 60 students participated at the focus group sessions. Results revealed that most of students and examiners were satisfied with the objectivity of OSCE and the variety of questions that increase the chance of gaining marks. The students' level of performance ranged from good to excellent in all stations for most of students. The study recommends introducing OSCE into the curriculum of community health nursing course and holding comprehensive training for staff members on being a simulated patient and examiner at the same time

Raising awareness' of risky women of osteoporosis towards healthy lifestyle

Osteoporosis is a major threat to public health today and the most common bone disease world wide. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density and quality of bone is reducing and increasing the risk of fracture. There is an increased awareness that osteoporosis is an international health care concern that affects millions of individuals worldwide, women are four times more likely than men to develop the disease. Therefore, raising awareness of risky women of osteoporosis towards healthy lifestyle can help the maintenance of healthy behaviors and reduction of life style factors that inhabit bone density. So, the aim of this study was raising the awareness' of risky women of osteoporosis towards healthy lifestyle. A quasi experimental design was used. The study was conducted from September 2008 up to January 2009, and the sample included 130 women. Three tools were developed by the researchers to cover the actual life style and assess the knowledge about osteoporosis and its prevention before and after awareness session and evaluate these sessions by using 3 points lickert scale. Results revealed that 65.4% of women prefered fatty and starch food, 84.6% of them were drinking black tea, cola or coffee while 57.6% lacked of exercises. There was significant difference [P

Comparison of auditory steady state response among normal hearers and patients with different degrees of sensorineural hearing loss

50 adult subjects [100 ears], with a mean age of 33.47 years +/- 10.53 ranging from 18 to 70 years, were enrolled in this study. Ears were divided into 7 groups according to the degree of hearing obtained by pure tone audiometry [PTA]. Auditory steady state response [ASSR] was done for all groups by means of the MASTER biologic. To study the ASSR among normal individuals and patients with different degrees of sensorineural hearing loss [SNHL] and find out the ASSR and behavioural threshold difference in these groups. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups as regards age or gender [p>0.05]. There was a statistically significant difference [p<0.05] among the groups as regards the mean PTA-ASSR hearing threshold difference at all frequencies. The difference decreased as the degree of hearing loss increased [the mean hearing threshold level obtained by ASSR approaches that obtained by PTA] at severer degrees of SNHL [at groups 5, 6 and 7]. The behavioural thresholds obtained by PTA and physiologic thresholds obtained by ASSR were highly correlated. The relationships were described by the following equations: Average PTA = -25.76 + [1.11 x Average ASSR] and according to the frequencies, at 500 Hz: PTA= -22.77 + [1.02xASSR]; at 1000 Hz: PTA= -21.30 + [1.03xASSR]; at 2000 Hz: PTA= -14.58 + [0.99xASSR] and at 4000 Hz: PTA= -14.50 + [0.98xASSR]. ASSR threshold does not reflect the PTA threshold reliably in normal hearers and in milder degrees of SNHL. And ASSR threshold reflects PTA threshold more reliably at severer degrees of SNHL especially at mid frequencies [1000 and 2000 Hz]. So we recommend using ASSR as an additional objective method in estimating the behavioural threshold at moderately severe, severe and profound SNHL with attention in estimating the hearing threshold by ASSR in normal hearing and in slight, mild and moderate degrees of SNHL

validated clinical practice guideline for community health nurse working in tuberculosis out-patient clinics

Tuberculosis is a major contributor to disease burden in developing countries; it is considered the second fatal disease all over the world and the third most important public health problem in Egypt. The direct causes of increasing the burden of tuberculosis are the inconsistent and fragmented health services, The nursing interventions of tuberculosis in community settings require system of recommendation that ensures the consistency of care. The present study aimed at providing a valid clinical guideline that assist nurses to intervene consistently to the newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patient. The needs analysis of community health nurses working in out patient chest clinics in addition to the expectation of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patient regarding nursing interventions. The guideline development process established according to the criteria of experts of guideline development organizations. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [Sign] research appraisal tools were used for the critical appraisal phase of the obtained evidence. AGREE instrument was used for assessing the internal validity of the guideline. The guideline and apprised for internal validity by academic nursing and medical staff, nursing, and medical practitioners. The scores of all appraisers in relation to scope and Purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigour of development ranged from [62.9-77.7%, 53.5-77.7%, and 66.6-76.2%], respectively. While the scores for the clarity and presentation were 50-76.4, applicability were 61.9-68.5, and editorial independence were 88-93. The four groups of revision strongly recommended the application of the guideline

Assessment of nurses' knowledge and attitude toward infection standards precautions in primary health care settings

Standards precautions are designed to protect staff from risks resulting from exposure to blood and body fluids and to protect patients from potential cross infection. Knowledge of clinical infection control practices is continually growing and changing. The present study was conducted to assess nurses' Knowledge about Infection control standards precautions in primary health care settings. This study was cross sectional study that was conducted in six primary health care settings [PHC] in Manzala District affiliated to the Ministry of Health and Population. PHC settings were selected by stratified random sample method. 79 nurses were included in the study. Data were collected by using open ended questions sheet, which was self-administered. The nurses showed a poor level of knowledge regarding most categories of standard precautions. Mandatory regular base educational program must be planned to overcome the weak level of knowledge and improve and update the nursing performance regarding standard precautions

Correlation between clinical presentation and genotypes of human giardiasis

The aim was to study the genotypes of human giardiasis and its relation to the symptoms of the clinical presentation. 105 patients. with giardiasis In the stool, 61 were symptomatizing and 44 were asymptomatic. and 20 subjects serving as a control group with negative stool examination for giradiasis. all were examined by PCR of stool to detect genotypes of G.L. PCR detected G.L. in 73.3% and failed to detect G.L in 26.7% of cases with G.L. in stool, and was negative in all control subjects. this mean. RCR specificity is 100% and sensitivity 73.3% for G.L. Three genotypes were detected, genotypes I in 36.19%. genotype II in 12.38% and genotype III in 9.52%, and mixed genotypes were detected in 15%, of cases with G.L In the symptomatic patients genotype I was 32.79%, genotype II was 16.39% and genotype III was 9.64%, mixed genotypes infection in 16.39% and undetermined genotypes was 24.59% while in the asymptomatic group. genotype I detected in 40.91% genotype II In 6.82%. genotype II in 9.59% mixed genotypes in 13.64% and undetermined in 29.55%. There was no statistically significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic group regarding G.L genotype distribution and the genotype of G.L was not related to symptoms of clinical presentation. the study revealed genetic diversity of G. Lamblia infection in the studied population and the genotypes of G. Lamblia were not related to the symptoms of clinical presentations

In vitro evaluation of bovine turbinate cells and Sarcocystis falcatula Proliferation in response to serum-free Medium and other media supplements

A serum-free medium [SFM] was evaluated for the growth of bovine turbinate [BT] cells used for the production of Sarcocystis falcatula merozoites. Serum free cultures used to propagate S. falcatula were compared to cultures maintained in media supplemented with fetal calf serum [FCS] or horse serum [HS]. Serum free cultures were more effective and very promising than the others in supporting the proliferation of S. falcatula merozoites. However, the serum free cultures were unable to adequately support BT cell proliferation compared to the serum-supplemented cultures. No significant differences were seen between cultures supplemented with HS or FCS used for the production of S. falcatula merozoites or BT cells. The rate of BT cell proliferation in response to SFM and different media supplements was assessed in a 96-well plate format using methylene blue staining assay. This technique was superior to manual counting method and allowed quick and accurate quantitative comparison between the response of proliferating BT cells to different growth conditions

Cytokines and immunoglobulin-E in certain parasitic diseases

Ninety Egyptian patients were classified into 7 groups, 6 with different parasitic infection and 10 normal controls. Forty patients with different schistosomiasis stages [1, 2 and 3] with compensated but the last one [stage 4] of decompansated schistosomiasis. Gs3 and 4 of mixed infections with schistosomiasis and HCV and HBV respectively. The last 3 patients groups were infected with toxoplasmosis, filariasis and hymenolepiasis nana. IL2, IL4 and IgE levels were measured. The results showed significant increase in IL2 [P<0.05], [P<0.01], P<0.01] and [P<0.001] among stages [1, 2, 3 and 4] versus control respectively. In chronic schistosomiasis with HCV and HBV, significance was P= <0.001 and P<0.05 respectively, among toxoplasmosis, filariasis and hymenolepiasis patients, it was P= <0.001, 0.05 and 0.01 respectively. The IL 4 level showed highly significant increase [P< 0.001] among stage 1, 2, Gs 2, 3 and 6. There was significant increase [P<0.01] with stage 3 in Gs 4 and 5 but, without significance [P>0.05] increased in decompensate schistosomiasis patients. IgE level and test of significance versus controls were given and results were discussed

Serological diagnosis of trichinealla spiralis in experimentally infected mice

ELISA and IFA tests were used to detect IgG levels in sera of experimentally infected mice with Trichinella spiralis during a period of 12 weeks post infection. A crude saline extract of muscle larvae was used for application of ELISA technique, while the intact T. spiralis muscle larvae were used as an antigen for IFAT. In both tests, T spiralis IgG antibodies could be detected one week post infection in sera of all infected mice. ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 100% during the whole period of the experiment, while its specificity was 93.3%. Meanwhile, IFA test revealed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85%

Why schistosomiasis mansoni is still highly prevalent in rural EZBAS in Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt?

To determine the possible risk factors for the high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Ezbas [Satellites and hamlets] than a mother village [Ebshan], Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The first stage of the study was a cross sectional descriptive study. The target population were all the inhabitants above 2years [4780] of ten Ezbas and a systematic random sample from the mother village [5000]. Both were subjected to Stool analysis by Kato-Katz technique. The estimated total prevalence rate of schistosomiasis of the examined population from Ezbas was 14.7% while it was 4.3% in the mother village with a statistical significant difference between Ezbas and the mother village as regards the intensity of infection. There was a significant relationship between prevalence of schistosomiasis and GMEC by population density. The prevalence was higher among males than Females and that the peak age specific prevalence rate among the inhabitants of Ezbas was [36.5%] for males and [30.4%] for females in the age group 15-<20 years with cut upward shift in the age scale and lower prevalence in the mother village. The second stage was a case control study where Schistosoma cases from all the Ezbas [704] and age and sex matched controls [705] Porn the mother village were subjected to a questionnaire compiling sociodemographic data housing environment. Knowledge. Attitudes and Practices [KAP] about Schistosomiasis and water contact behavior. History taking and thorough clinical examination were done and abdominal ultrasonography was performed for a random sample. Malacological studies of the snail Biomphalaria Alexandrina were carried out in all water channels. The risk factors for the high prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ezbas than the mother village were illiteracy [OR=63.1], true agricultural work [79.7] low social class score [OR=2.5], low housing condition score [OR= 3.7] risky houses as regards the nearness to contaminated canals [OR=11.3] when the distance was less than 5 meters [OR=5 .3] when the distance was 5-1 Om and sewage disposal into canals [OR=48]. Among the inhabitants of Ezbas, the most risky KAP were; lack of correct knowledge and out the effective method of prevention [OR=32.1], non-avoiding direct or indirect contamination of water channels [OR=46.8], non-avoiding exposure and practicing contact to contaminated water channels even after treatment [OR=183.3] and lack of periodic screening after treatment [OR=1.38]. The most risky occupational behavior for males was irrigating fields [OR=110.3], cleaning canals [OR=77.7], washing animals [OR=23.4] and fishing [0R=22.5]. The most risky occupational behavior for males and females were rice and vegetable implantation [OR=113] and removal of harmful grass [OR=11.1]. Grain washing was a risky behavior for females [OR=38.2]. The most risky socio-cultural behavior were playing and swimming for children< 15 years [OR=36], washing utensils for females [OR=40.6] and for males; ablution [OR=16.8] and bathing [OR=10.6]. The risk increases with daily exposure [OR= 6] and with a duration >2hours in each exposure [OR=25.8] and infected B. Alexandrina snails in water channels [OR=39.4]. Most of them [85.5%] had received a previous treatment by praziquantel [PZQ]; [26.8%] of them significantly received 3 doses of PZQ in the last year. Most of the cases [86.2%] were asymptomatic. Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly and per portal fibrosis were more significantly prevalent among the inhabitants of Ezbas compared to the control as diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound [31.1%. 23.2% and 17.9% respectively]. A modification of the National Schistosomiasis Control Project is recommended for more concern towards the numerous and bas which still have a high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis

Treatment of human demodex folliculorum by camphor oil and metronidazole

A total of 15 females suffering from Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and 12 females free from other dermatological lesions was selected. Demodex folliculorum infestation density in both patients and controls was evaluated by noninvasive skin surface biopsies. Five facial sites were selected. The daily topical application of 1/3 diluted camphor oil with glycerol and 500 mg metronidazole orally were given for 15 days. The results were very successful with no clinical side effects

Why Schistosomiasis mansoni is still highly pervalent in rural ezbas in Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt?

The present study was performed to determine the possible risk factors for the high prevalence of schistosomiasis in ezbas [satellites and Hamlets] than a mother village [Ebshan], Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This work included a cross sectional descriptive study. All the inhabitants above 2 years [4780] of 10 ezbas and a systematic random sample from the mother village [5000] were included in the study. Both were subjected to stool analysis by Kato-Katz technique. A case control study was also done, where schistosomal cases from all ezbas [704] as well as age and sex matched controls [705] from the mother village were subjected to a questionnaire compiling the sociodemographic data, housing environment, knowledge, attitudes and practices [KAP] about schistosomiasis as well as water contact behavior. History taking and thorough clinical examination were done and abdominal ultrasonography was performed for a random sample. Malacological studies of the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina were carried out in all water channels. Several social, cultural, behavioral and economic factors and local environmental and ecological factors differ from ezbas and the mother village, which is urbanized nowadays, may explain the high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in ezbas, Kafr El-Sheikh. A modification of the National Schistosomiasis Control Project was recommended for more concern towards the numerous ezbas, which still have a high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis with its typical old rural pattern with a wide spread scattered geographical distribution more than the mother villages that had become urbanized with low prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis nowadays

Fascioliasis among live and slaugthered animals in nine centers of Dakahlia governorate

This work clarified the status of animal fascioliasis in Daqahlia centers based on a parasitological examination of cows, buffalos, sheep and goats. The overall rates of infection were 12.31%, 9.73%, 17.84% and 5.40%, respectively. The mean eggs per gram stool were 22, 13.6, 148.3 and 8.6 for cows, buffalos, sheep and goats. The mean numbers of Fasciola worms/liver/animal were 69.1, 62.7 and 208.1 for cows, buffalos and sheep, respectively. The highly infected sheep were in Manzalla [23.07%] and the lowest were in Mataria [6.35%]. The highly infected cows were in Manzalla [20.9%] and the lowest were in Sherbeen [9.43%]. The highly infected buffalos were in Manzalla [19.29%], the lowest were in Mit-Ghamr [4.93%]. The relatively highly infected goats were in Manzalla [12.5%] and the lowest were in Mit- Ghamr. So, sheep are the main reservoir host for the environmental pollution and human fascioliasis. On the other hand, the overall partial condemnation of liver was 3.81% [1997], 3.24% [1998], 2.66% [1999] and 2.64% [2000]; it was 6.38% in cows, 1.74% in buffalos and 1.0% in sheep

Toxoplasma andtibodies in normal and complicated pregnancy

A total of 70 women with complicated pregnancy and 20 ones with normal pregnancy [the control] was selected for this study. They were all RH positive and free from syphilis, brucellosis and malignancy. Both groups were subjected to a detection of antitoxoplasma antibodies levels by the indirect hemagglutination tests [IHAT-IgG] and by ELISA [IgG and IgM]. The results showed that all controls were IHA-IgG and ELISA-IgM negative, however two of them were ELISA IgG positive. Out of the women with complicated pregnancy, 97.1% were IHAT positive. Using ELISA, 81.4% were IHAT positive and 60% were IgM positive. The results revealed a significant difference between the complicated cases and controls