RESUMO
The present investigation was conducted to study the antibacterial effect of aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Teucrium polium plant on the bacteria isolated from urine samples of those with UTI and to compare it with the effect of commonly used antibiotics in treating UTIs. The antibiotic resistance of 147 strains of bacteria causing UTIs to the antibiotics selected through Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was determined. In the meantime, the aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of T. polium plant were prepared. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was examined using Disk Diffusion Method. Finally, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration [MBC] of antibacterial were determined using serial dilution method. T. polium extracts were merely effective in enterococcus and pseudomonas bacteria. In general, the MIC rate of aqueous extract in enterococcus was 1.25-5 mg/ml. The MIC rate of ethanolic extract for enterococcus was calculated as 10 mg/ml. The MIC of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts for pseudomonas bacteria were achieved as 5 and 20 mg/ml, respectively. The MBC contents of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of teucrium for pseudomonas bacteria was 10 mg/ml in aqueous and 20 mg/ml in ethyl acetate extracts. The MBC content of extracts for enterococcus bacteria were 10 mg/ml in aqueous extract and 20 mg/ml in ethanolic extract. T. polium extract can be effective in some bacteria causing urinary tract infection, especially enterococcus
RESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal agents that are often used in combination with either a beta -lactam or a glycopeptide, especially in the treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis. The main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance in staphylococci is drug inactivation by cellular aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. The main aim of the present study is determining the prevalence of ant[4]-Ia gene encoding one of the most important aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and simultaneous detection of mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by Multiplex-PCR method. A total of 100 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Shariati and Baqiatollah hospitals in Tehran, then antibiotic susceptibility pattern of strains were determined by disk diffusion method using penicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin and kanamycin disks, considering CLSI principles. Using agar dilution method the MIC for oxacillin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin were also determined. In order to detect resistance genes, ant[4]-Ia and mecA, two pairs of specific primers were used and their prevalence was determined by using a Multiplex-PCR method. All strains were resistant to penicillin [100%] and after that the highest rate of resistance was observed against kanamycin [68%], tetracycline [61%], erythromycin [56%], tobramycin [53%], gentamicin [52%], amikacin and oxacillin [48%] and netilmicin [22%], respectively. All of the strains were also susceptible to vancomycin. In agar dilution method 50% of strains were oxacillin resistant and 49%, 45% and 51% of the strains showed resistance toward gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin, respectively. Thirty-seven percent of the strains also showed high-level gentamicin resistance with MIC of >/= 128 micro g/ml. In Multiplex-PCR method 53% of the strains possessed mecA gene and 58% of the strains were ant[4?]-Ia positive. Results obtained by phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility determination tests show that there is a statistically meaningful relationship between methicillin resistance and aminoglycoside resistance in MRSA strains [P<0.05]