RESUMO
Asthma is a chronic airway disorder which is associated to the inflammatory cells. Inflammatory and immune cells generate more reactive oxygen species in patients suffering from asthma which leads to tissue injury. To investigate the role of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in disease progression of asthmatic patients. In this study, 130 asthmatic patients and 70 healthy controls were documented. For this malondialdehyde level, total protein carbonyls, sulfhydryls, activity of superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total blood glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity [FRAP] were measured. Analysis of the data was done using unpaired student t test and one-way ANOVA analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The present work showed that the systemic levels of MDA [4.19 +/- 0.10 nmol/ml, P < 0.001] and protein carbonyls [1.13 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg, P < 0.001] were found to be remarkably higher in asthmatic patients while protein sulfhydryls [0.55 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P < 0.05] decreased as compared to controls [2.84 +/- 0.12 nmol/ml, 0.79 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg and 0.60 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, respectively]. We also observed decrease in activities of SOD [2047 +/- 50.34 U/g Hb, P < 0.05], catalase [4374 +/- 67.98 U/g Hb, P < 0.01], and GPx [40.97 +/- 1.05 U/g Hb, P < 0.01] in erythrocytes compared to control [2217 +/- 60.11 U/g Hb, 4746 +/- 89.94 U/g Hb, and 48.37 +/- 2.47 U/g Hb, respectively]. FRAP level [750.90 +/- 21.22 micromol/l, P < 0.05] in plasma was decreased, whereas total blood glutathione increased [0.94 +/- 0.02 micromol/l, P < 0.05] as seen in control [840.40 +/- 28.39 mol/l and 0.84 +/- 0.04 mmol/l]. This work supports and describes the hypothesis that an imbalance between oxidant-antioxidant is associated to the oxidative stress which plays a significant role in severity of the disease
RESUMO
In this study, immobilization of partially purified almond [Amygdalus communis] beta-galactosidase on Con A layered calcium alginate-cellulose beads was investigated. Immobilized beta-galactosidase retained 72% of the initial activity after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde. Both soluble and immobilized enzyme exhibited the same pH and temperature optima at pH 5.5 and 50.C, respectively. However, the immobilized enzyme showed a remarkable broadening in pH and temperature-activity profiles as compared to the native enzyme. Immobilized enzyme was significantly more stable against thermal denaturation at 60.C. Immobilized beta-galactosidase exhibited 67% residual activity in the presence of 5% D-galactose while its soluble counterpart retained only 35% activity under identical conditions. Soluble enzyme showed 69% residual activity after exposure to pepsin [0.15 mg/ml] for 1 h whereas the immobilized beta-galactosidase was more stable and retained nearly 84% activity under identical experimental conditions. The activity of immobilized enzyme was enhanced to 156% whereas soluble beta-galactosidase showed an enhancement upto 134% when exposed to trypsin [0.1 mg/ml] for 1 h. Moreover, immobilized beta-galactosidase exhibited greater enhancement in enzyme activity against exposure to various ions present in milk such as Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and citrate ions. The higher concentration of lactose was hydrolyzed from whey as compared to the hydrolysis from milk by immobilized enzyme at 50.C and 60.C in batch processes. Lactose was hydrolyzed to 86% and 78% after 20 days continuous operation of reactors at the flow rates of 20 ml/h and 30 ml/h, respectively. In view of its stability and utility in batch and continuous processes, such preparation could be exploited for the hydrolysis of lactose from milk and whey in a more convenient and cheaper way in dairy industries