Compromiso gastrointestinal por Triypanosoma cruzi: ¿cuándo buscar y cuándo tratar? / Digestive involvement by Trypanosoma cruzi: when to look for it and when to treat

Chagas disease is an endemic zoonosis that can cause chronic medical complications in a third of those infected, usually decades after infection. It mainly affects the peripheral nervous system of heart, esophagus and colon. At digestive level, motor dysfunction leads to the development of megaesophagus and megacolon whose predominant symptoms are dysphagia and constipation. It should be suspected in patients with epidemiological history and compatible symptoms. In the chronic phase it is confirmed with the detection of specific antibodies. The etiological treatment is effective in early stages after infection. In the chronic stage the management is symptomatic, medical and/or surgical.

La enfermedad de Chagas es una zoonosis endémica que puede producir complicaciones médicas crónicas en un tercio de los infectados, habitualmente décadas luego de la infección. Afecta principalmente el sistema nervioso periférico de corazón, esófago y colon. A nivel digestivo la disfunción motora lleva a la formación de megaesófago y megacolon cuyos síntomas predominantes son disfagia y constipación. Debe sospecharse en pacientes con antecedentes epidemiológicos y síntomas compatibles. En la fase crónica se confirma con la detección de anticuerpos específicos. El tratamiento etiológico es efectivo en las fases tempranas post-contagio. En la etapa crónica el manejo es sintomático, médico y/o quirúrgico.

Aspectos relevantes en la realización de la endoscopia digestiva: propuestas basadas en la evidencia. Curso ACHED 2013 / Relevant aspects of digestive endoscopy. Evidence-based suggestions. Chilean Association of Digestive Endoscopy (ACHED), Course 2013

Digestive endoscopy is a complex tool for diagnosis and treatment, with continuous development both in technical aspects and in their application for the different pathologies where this technique is required. Therefore, a continuous education program is necessary for the practitioner using this technique. With the purpose of reaching an agreement between different aspects of the performance of these procedures and also generating proposals for its application that are useful for the physicians of this area of expertise, during 2013 the Chilean Association of Digestive Endoscopy (ACHED) developed a workshop called ‘Relevant aspects of digestive endoscopy. Evidence-based suggestions’. This workshop was attended by gastroenterologists and trainee practitioners, who worked in groups during a period of two months where they reviewed available evidence to answer several questions relating to milestones and lesions that need to be described in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the preparation of the GI endoscopy report, technical aspects and quality measures in colonoscopy. This review resulted in proposals that were analyzed and agreed on in the form of recommendations presented for further analysis and discussion amongst endoscopic teams in our country.

La endoscopia digestiva es una herramienta de diagnóstico y tratamiento médico compleja, en continuo desarrollo tanto en lo técnico como en los conceptos de manejo de las patologías en las que se utiliza.Por lo tanto, es deseable una estrategia de formación continua del profesional que la realiza. Con el objetivode consensuar diferentes aspectos en la realización de estos procedimientos y generar propuestas de manejoque sean de utilidad para todos los médicos involucrados en esta especialidad, la Asociación Chilenade Endoscopia Digestiva (ACHED) realizó durante el año 2013 un curso taller denominado “Aspectosrelevantes en la realización de la endoscopia digestiva. Propuestas basadas en la evidencia”. Este cursoconvocó a gastroenterólogos y médicos en formación de la especialidad que conformaron grupos de trabajoque durante 2 meses revisaron la evidencia disponible para responder diversas preguntas en relación a los hitos y lesiones a describir en endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), la realización del informe en EDA, aspectos técnicos y medidores de calidad en colonoscopia. La revisión les permitió generar propuestas que fuerondiscutidas y consensuadas en recomendaciones que se proponen para su discusión por los equipos endoscópicos de nuestro país.

Encefalopatía hepática mínima: conceptos actuales sobre una entidad emergente / Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: current concepts of an emerging clinical entity

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible neuropsychiatric disorder, consequence of hepatocellular failure and/or portal shunt to the systemic circulation. The neurological abnormalities are heterogeneous, affecting different cognitive and motor functions and its magnitude has a wide spectrum, ranging from a subclinical level (minimal hepatic encephalopathy, MHE) to coma. The relevance of MHE has been recognized only recently, with studies that have shown high prevalence among cirrhotic patients and significant complications such as poor quality of life, risk of vehicular accidents, predisposition to development overt HE and increased mortality. Despite this, one of the limitations for routine screening is the lack of a simple and objective diagnostic method, since MHE is not detectable by conventional medical assessment and diagnosis is only made through specialized tests that assess different cognitive domains. There isn´t a diagnostic gold standard; and some of the most recognizable methods that have been implemented in clinical practice in some countries are: Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score, Critical Flicker Frequency, and Inhibitory Control Test. The main therapies that have been evaluated for EHM are lactulose and rifaximin, with favorable impact on different outcomes. More multicentric studies with longer follow-up and clinically relevant outcomes that demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of screening and treatment of this important complication are needed.

La encefalopatía hepática (EH) corresponde a un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico reversible producido como consecuencia de una falla hepatocelular y/o de la desviación del flujo portal a la circulación sistémica.El compromiso producido es heterogéneo, afectando diversas funciones cognitivas y motoras y su magnitud presenta un amplio espectro que abarca desde un nivel subclínico correspondiente a la encefalopatíahepática mínima (EHM), hasta el coma. La relevancia de la EHM se ha reconocido sólo recientemente, conestudios que han mostrado su alta prevalencia entre los pacientes cirróticos y una trascendencia clínicasignificativa, asociándose a una pobre calidad de vida, riesgos de accidentalidad vial, predisposición a desarrollo de EH evidente y mayor mortalidad. A pesar de lo anterior, una de las limitantes para su pesquisarutinaria es la falta de un método diagnóstico simple y objetivo, ya que la EHM no es detectable medianteuna evaluación médica convencional y sólo se diagnostica a través de test especializados que evalúan distintosdominios cognitivos. No existe un estándar de oro diagnóstico; entre los métodos más reconocidos y que se han implementado en la práctica clínica enalgunos países se encuentran el Score Psicométrico de Encefalopatía Hepática, el Test de Frecuencia Críticade Parpadeo, y el Test de Control Inhibitorio. Entre las terapias para EHM más evaluadas se encuentran la lactulosa y rifaximina, con impacto favorable en distintos outcomes, sin embargo, faltan estudios multicéntricos, con seguimientos prolongados y con objetivos clínicamente relevantes que demuestren la costo-efectividad de la pesquisa y tratamiento de estarelevante complicación.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y embarazo: experiencia de 16 años / Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease: Experience in 17 patients

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a peak incidence between 15 and 25 years of age, thereby affecting women of reproductive age. Fertility rates with inactive IBD are similar to the general population, and drugs currently used, with the exception of methotrexate and thalidomide, have a good safety and efficacy profile during pregnancy. Starting a pregnancy with inactive IBD significantly reduces the potential maternal and fetal complications. Aim: To assess the evolution of pregnancy and the underlying disease in women with IBD. Patients and Methods: Retrospective and prospective study of female patients with IBD controlled in our hospital who became pregnant from January 1994 to February, 2011. Results: We followed 17patients with a total of 19 pregnancies. In two patients the onset of IBD occurred during pregnancy and from the remaining, 11 patients became pregnant during remission of IBD. Most of the patients continued the same treatment during pregnancy and the few flares that occurred were treated satisfactorily. Major complications occurred in three patients, all associated with IBD activity. Fifteen patients had full-term deliveries and the majority of the newborns had normal weight and Apgar score. None had malformations. Conclusions: Pregnancies among patients with an inactive IBD, have a good evolution. A multidisciplinary approach and patient education are invaluable to achieve these good results.