Modulación de marcadores de inflamación y estrés oxidativo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y sobrepeso que participan en un programa de cambio de estilo de vida / Modulation of Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in overweight type 1 Diabetes patients participating in a lifestyle change program

Introduction: Reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress associated with exercise will protect against cardiovascular complications in Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Aim: The aim of this study was evaluated cardiovascular fitness (VO2 Max), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and serum lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in overweight patients with Type-1 diabetes (T1DM) participating in a lifestyle-change program. Results: 20 T1DM overweight patients (43.3 ± 13.8 years), with BMI= 29.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2 , initial HbA1c 7.9 ± 0.91% and treated with multiple insulin injections, were included in this work. The lifestyle-change program consisted of: a) walking 10,000 steps/day, b) sequence of exercises of 24 minutes, 3-5 times/week, c) ¨healthy-plate¨ (and counting carbohydrates, and d) prandial insulin as blood-glucose levels. VO2 max, HbA1c, TBARS, IL6, MCP-1 were determined before starting the lifestyle-change program. Six months of adherence later, participants showed an average number of steps of 8242 ± 1834, a significant increase in VO2 max, (33.4 ±1.3 vs 36.2 ±1.5 ml.Kg-1.min-1 p= 0.008), a significant decrease in serum MCP-1 (314 ±42 vs 235 ±43 MFI p= 0.02), and less TBARS (3.01 ±0.44 vs 2.12 ±0.22 µmol/mL p= 0.015). IL-6 and HbA1c showed no significant decrease. Conclusion: Our results showed that a 6-month systemized and simple exercise plan improves cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max), and reduces both circulating oxidative stress and inflammation markers in overweight patients with T1DM.

Introducción: La reducción en la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios y de estrés oxidativo asociado con el ejercicio podría proteger contra las complicaciones cardiovasculares de la diabetes mellitus (DM). Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en pacientes con DM tipo1 (DMT1) y sobrepeso, la capacidad cardiorespiratoria (VO2 Max), la expresión sérica de marcadores inflamatorios (IL-6 y MCP-1) y la peroxidación lipídica sérica (TBARS), luego de participar por 6 meses de un programa de cambios de estilo de vida. Resultados: Veinte pacientes adultos (43.3 ± 13.8 años), de ambos sexos, con un Índice de Masa Corporal de 29.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2 , HbA1c inicial de 7,9% ± 0,91, en tratamiento con inyecciones múltiples de insulina participaron del estudio. Se indicó: 1) caminar 10.000 pasos/día, 2) realizar en domicilio una secuencia de ejercicios de 20 minutos, 3-5 veces/semana, 3) plato saludable (consumo de 1 fruta antes de las 3 comidas principales), 4) Insulina prandial según glucemia y conteo de carbohidratos. Se registraron parámetros antropométricos, presión arterial, se determinó VO2 max, y se midieron los niveles séricos de HbA1c, IL6, MCP-1 y TBARs. Luego de seis meses, los participantes alcanzaron un número promedio de pasos de 8242 ± 1834 y mostraron un aumento significativo en VO2 max, (33.4 ±1.3 vs 36.2 ±1.5 ml.Kg-1.min-1 p= 0.008). Además, se encontró una disminución significativa de MCP-1 (314 ±42 vs 235 ±43 MFI p=0.02) y TBARs (3.01 ±0.44 vs 2.12 ±0.22 µmol/mL p= 0.015) en comparación con el día 0. No se observaron modificaciones en los niveles de IL-6 y HbA1c. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados demuestran que el ejercicio, implementado como un plan accesible y acompañado, es adecuado para reducir los riesgos de inflamación y estado pro-oxidativo en pacientes con DM tipo1.

Reproductive behavior of crossbred dairy cows grazing an intensive silvopastoral system under tropical dry forest conditions / Comportamento reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças pastando um sistema silvipastoril intensivo em condições de floresta tropical seca

It is widely accepted that selection for high milk yield in dairy cows has negatively affected their reproductive performance. After calving, dairy cows experience a nutritional imbalance due to an asynchrony in the occurrence of the lactation and dry matter intake peaks. In the tropics, this situation is exacerbated due to poor quality and/ or availability of the diet. A study was carried out to describe the nutritional and reproductive behavior of two-to-four parturition crossbred cows (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)) divided in two groups according to their calving to first service interval (CFSI): Group 1: ≤50 days CFSI, n=7; Group 2: ≥50 days CFSI, n=8. Animals were grazing in an intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) based on Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus and also received protein, energy and mineral supplementation. Dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake were individually estimated and correlations between reproductive and nutritional parameters were performed. Additionally, serum progesterone concentration was monitored. Group 2 had greater forage and total DMI and milk production than Group 1 (P<0.05). Hence, Group 2 had greater nutrient intake from forages than Group 1 (P<0.05). Group 1 had a positive nutritional balance and an optimum reproductive performance compared to Group 2, which had a negative energy balance and lengthier days with open intervals (P<0.05). It was corroborated that protein and energy are required in adequate levels, to ensure that uterus undergoes involution correctly and ovarian activity starts soon in the postpartum period.(AU)

É amplamente aceito que a seleção para alta produção de leite em vacas leiteiras tem interferido no seu desempenho reprodutivo. Depois do parto, um extraordinário desafio nutritivo é experimentado pelas vacas leiteiras, devido a uma assincronia entre a ocorrência do pico de lactação e a do pico de consumo de matéria seca. Este estudo foi realizado para descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de vacas mestiças de dois a quatro partos (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)), divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com seu intervalo parto ao primeiro serviço (IPPS): grupo 1: ≤ 50 dias IPPS, n = 7; grupo 2: ≥50 IPPS dias, n = 8. Os animais pastaram em um sistema silvipastoril intensivo (SSI), com base em Leucaena leucocephala e Cynodon plectostachyus, e receberam também suplementação de proteína, energia e mineral. Matéria seca (CMS) e ingestão de nutrientes foram estimadas individualmente e correlações entre parâmetros reprodutivos e nutricionais foram realizadas. Além disso, a concentração de progesterona em soro foi monitorizada. Vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior ingestão de forragem, de dieta total e de produção total de leite do que vacas do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Dessa forma, vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes de forrageiras do que os animais do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Vacas do grupo 1 tinham um equilíbrio nutricional positivo e um ótimo desempenho reprodutivo em relação ao grupo 2, que teve um balanço energético negativo e mais longos intervalos de dias abertos (P<0,05). Foi corroborado que a proteína e a energia são necessárias em níveis adequados, assim o útero sofre involução corretamente e a atividade ovariana começa logo no período pós-parto.(AU)

Métodos de evaluación del rendimiento masticatorio: una revisión / A review of different masticatory performance tests

Desde comienzos del siglo pasado han sido utilizados una amplia variedad de métodos para evaluar el rendimiento masticatorio. Existen tests que usan alimentos naturales como material de prueba, otros utilizan alimentos artificiales; además se han propuesto distintos sistemas de procesamiento del material triturado, como el tamizado fraccional, espectrofotométrico, de aire comprimido, observación de área, concentración de azúcar, fotométrico y escaneo óptico. En este trabajo se describen y discuten algunos métodos de trascendencia en la historia de la evaluación del rendimiento masticatorio.

Masticatory performance has been assessed with varying methods throughout last century. Some of them use natural food as a test material and some others use artificial components instead of food. There have also been proposed various systems of processing the crushed material, such as fractional sieving, spectrophotometric analysis, compressed air, area observation, sugar concentration, photometric and optical scanning. This paper describes and discusses some relevant methods in the history of the evaluation of masticatory performance.

Prevalencia y características de la hiperglicemia incidental en niños / Prevalence and characteristics of incidental hyperglycemia in children

Se describe la hiperglicemia incidental (HI) como una elevación transitoria de los niveles plasmáticos de la glucosa producida por una enfermedad intercurrente seria o sin causa aparente. Los niños con HI tienen un mayor riesgo de diabetes tipo 1, especialmente los sin enfermedad intercurrente. Nos interesó conocer la prevalencia de HI en niños sanos y sus características clínicas. En 585 niños de 2 a 18 años de edad que consultaban por control de salud o por cuadro infeccioso menor o antes de cirugía menor electiva, previo consentimiento del apoderado, se les efectuó una glicemia en sangre capilar con una máquina Optium (Abbott). Se consideró elevada una glicemia en ayunas sobre 110 mg/dL. El peso se midió con una balanza de precisión, la talla con un cartabón, los pliegues cutáneos con un Caliper de Lange, el % de grasa corporal se calculó por la fórmula de Durnin. Se encontró que un 6.9% de los niños presentó una glicemia sobre 110 mg/dL (8.8% de varones y 4.7% de mujeres). El promedio de peso y talla de nacimiento y edad gestacional fueron normales. El % de adecuación del IMC fue de 123.4%. Los 39 niños con HI comparados con los normales no tuvieron diferencias en el peso y talla de nacimiento, en las semanas de gestación, en el % de adecuación del IMC (114 vs 112%), en el % de grasa corporal. Sus madres no tuvieron mas antecedentes de diabetes previa o gestacional. Tuvieron mayor frecuencia de acantosis nigricans (9.5% vs 0.6% p< 0.001) y de estrías cutáneas (18% vs 3.0% p <0.001). Se concluye que existe un alto porcentaje de HI en una población de niños sanos, los que no presentaron mas antecedentes de riesgo de diabetes tipo 1 que los controles, pero presentaron mas acantosis y estrías de distensión que indicarían junto a los altos niveles de exceso de peso, una mayor posibilidad de hacer resistencia a la insulina y diabetes tipo 2, lo que sería de interés investigar.

Incidental hyperglycemia (IH) is a transient elevation of plasma glucose produced by a severe illness or without a cause. Children with IH have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially those without concurrent illnesses. We were interested in knowing the prevalence of IH in a population of healthy children and their clinical characteristics. A glycemia of capillary blood with an Optium machine (Abbott) was done in 585 children of both sexes, aged 2 to 18 years, going for a health control, a light infectious disease or for clinical test before minor surgery after obtaining a written consent from their parents. A fasting blood glycemia over 110 mg/dl was considered elevated. Body weight was measured with a precision scale, height with a podometer, skinfolds with a Lange Caliper and the percentage of body fat calculated by the Durnin formula. It was found that 6.9% of children presented IH (8.85% of boys and 4.7% of girls). Average birth weight and height and gestational age were normal. BMI adequacy was 123 %. Comparing the 39 children who presented IH with those who id not, they had no differences in birth weight and length, weeks of gestational age, in BMI adequacy (114% vs 112%) and in the percentage of body fat. Their mothers did not have a past history of previous diabetes or diabetes during pregnancy. IH children had increased frequency of acantosis nigricans (9.5% vs 0.6%) and dermic striae (18% vs 3.0%) when compared to control. We conclude that a high percentage of healthy children had IH without increase risk of T1D. However, increased prevalence of acantosis and striae and the increased BMI underline the possibility of developing insulin resistance and T2D which should be further investigated.

Frecuencia de factores de riesgo para adquirir toxoplasmosis en embarazadas que acuden a control prenatal en el Ambulatorio Urbano I Michelena: septiembre 2005 / Frequency of risk factors for acquiring toxoplasmosis in pregnant women attending prenatal care in the Ambulatory Urban Michelena I: september 2005

La presencia de toxoplasmosis en la embarazada, representa un riesgo importante para el desarrollo de toxoplasmosis congénita, con la finalidad de prevenir esta enfermedad, se realiza un trabajo descriptivo, de diagnóstico, transversal, en el cual se realiza una encuesta a las 30 primeras embarazadas de las 62 que para septiembre de 2005 se encontraban en control prenatal en el Ambulatorio Urbano I de Michelena Estado Táchira. Y así determinar que en esta población el 49,9 por ciento tienen bajo riesgo, el 36,6 por ciento tienen riesgo intermedio y el 13,3 por ciento tienen alto riesgo. Luego esta experiencia surge una alternativa interesante, a saber, la realización de una encuesta que sirve de filtro para las madres con riesgo de infección reciente por Toxoplasma. Preguntas simples, en términos familiares, podrían descubrir una gran proporción de madres con riesgo de toxoplasmosis.

Comparison of polymerase chain reaction on fresh tissue samples and fecal drops on filter paper for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius prolixus

PCR detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius prolixus using fresh tissue or fecal drops on filter paper showed comparable results: 38.7 percent infection rate using the fresh tissue sample and 37.9 percent by dried fecal drop

Plan de Manejo Integral de la Cuenca del Imbakucha (Lago San Pablo) / Plan of Integral Management of the Imbakucha Basin (San Pablo Lake)

El Plan de Manejo Integral de la Cuenca del Lago Imbakucha, Plan MICI, analiza el manejo integral de los recursos naturales y las inversiones necesarias para promover el desarrollo social y económico de la población en armonía con la naturaleza. Este plan fue ralizado con la activa participación de la población local y desde una comprensión y respeto de las imágenes, códigos y percepciones de la gente, su relación con el entorno, su pertenencia, su historia, a fin de plantear soluciones y políticas, estrategias y tácticas que permitan su ejecución...

Riesgo de embarazo temprano: construcción y validación de un instrumento predictor / Risk in early pregnancy: construction and validation of a predictor instrument

An early pregnancy risk scale, with scores ranging from 11 to 66 points from lower to higher risk, was constructed using variables associated with teenagers` pregnancy. This scale was applied to 3000 female teenagers, coming from Metropolitan Santiago public schools. The sample was divided in three risk groups: group A (high risk) with scores equal or over 35 points, group B (low risk) with scores equal or below 20 points and a group C (intermediate risk) with scores between 20.1 and 34.9 points. These girls were followed during 2 years. During this period, 84 girls became pregnant, 24 of 184 (13 per cent ) in group A, 60 of 2332 (2.6 per cent ) in group C and none of 307 in group B. There were 104 school desertions in group A and 37 in group B. To study associations and analyze risk, the sample was divided in two risk groups: high, with scores over 27 and low, with scores below 27. There was a high association between pregnancy risk score and the occurence of pregnancy (RR 5.25 p<0.0001) and school desertion (RR 3.32 p<0.0001). Pregnancy was predicted with a 78 per cent sensitivity and 56 per cent specificity. The importance variable weighing using multiple regression models, to improve the predictor`s sensitivity and specificity is discussed

Variables psicosociales y familiares asociadas con el embarazo de adolescentes / Psychosocial and family characteristics associated with adolescents pregnancy

Preventive measures for teenage pregnancy (TP), would decrease infant mortality early undernutrition and statal social expenditure. The cost of programs for TP would decrease with a sensitive risk indicator. We searched some pysoshocial and familial parameters, useful to built up this indicator. Self steem (Piers-Harris est), intrafamilial realtionship (Familial Apgar of Magdaleno) and the use of break time were studied in 60 pregnant teenagers (PT), 60 non pregnant teenagers at a low risk of pregnancy (LRP) and 60 non pregnant teenagers at a high risk of pregnancy (HRP). PT and HRP showed lower self steem than LRP (88,3, 70,0 Y 41,6 per cent respectivelly, under 7 points) lower familial apgar (61.6, 50 y 8.3 under score 6) and lower the quality of use of break time (66.7, 74.1 and 31.7 per cent respectivilly with regular or deficient quality). The self steem intrafamilial relationship hand use of break time were associated to early pregnancy and high risk of pregnancy. These parameters are import to built up a sensitive risk indicator of early pregnancy in order to decrease the prevalence of this serious problem