Synthesis and antibacterial screening of S-substituted derivatives of 5-[3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol

The most emerging class among the heterocyclic compounds is 1,3,4-oxadiazoles for their diverse biological activities. In the present research work, piperonylic acid [1] was converted consecutively into corresponding ester [2], hydrazide [3] and 1,3,4-oxadiazole [4] through intermolecular cyclization. The synthesized compound 4 was subjected further to S-alkylation/aralkylation, using alkyl/aralkyl halides [5a-m] and S-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized [6a-m]. The structure elucidation of the synthesized molecules was processed through [1]H-NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The antibacterial activity showed these molecules moderately good inhibitors of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Effective role of lady health workers in immunization of children in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the association of Lady Health Worker's role with immunization of children in Pakistan

Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on data obtained from Pakistan's Demographic and Health Survey. Children who did not receive all doses of vaccines were considered incompletely immunized or vice versa. The association between determinants was assessed by simple and multivariable binary logistic regression

Results: The mothers and fathers had a mean age of 32.7 [SD+8.6] years and 37.9 [SD +10.1] years, respectively. Age of mother greater than 35 [OR=0.93; 95% CI: 0.70-1.25]; born in Baluchistan [OR=3.47,95% CI: 2.21-5.49]; rural area dwellers [OR=2.04; 95% CI:1.65-2.51]; female gender [OR=1.06; 95% CI: 0.87-1.29]; birth order [of last born child] greater than 7 [OR=2.21, 95% CI:1.60-3.06]; delivered at home [OR=2.20, 95% CI:1.76-2.74]; long distance to health care facility [OR=2.66, 95% CI:2.16-3.28]; and no LHW visit in last 12 months [OR=1.91,CI:1.48-2.47] were significantly associated with incomplete immunization in bivariate analysis. In final model of multinomial regression analysis the absence of visit by LHW in last 12 months was the most significant factor when all risk factors were analyzed in last model

Conclusions: This study has concluded that visit of LHW in last 12 months was significantly associated with immunization

Psychosocial risk factors of myocardial infarction and adverse effects of streptokinase in public sector hospitals

This study investigated the psychosocial risk factors of myocardial infarction and time related adverse effects of administration of streptokinase on short-term morbidity and mortality in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]. One hundred patients with STEMI treated with streptokinase in the hospital setting were prospectively enrolled in the study. The primary outcome parameter was the incidence of major adverse cardiac events. During hospital stay the psychosocial and demographic risk factors were also investigated. The overall mortality rate was similar in both groups and it was not significant. [5.7% vs 14.5%; P = 0.18]. The number of recurrent chest pain was significantly higher in the group 2 compared to the group 1 [25% vs 62.5%; P = .01]. The number of hypotesion was significantly higher in the group 1 as compared to the group 2 [30.7% vs 6.2%; P = .009]. The demographic and psychosocial risk factors were recorded. The early intravenous administration of streptokinase in the hospital setting leads to a reduced rate of major cardiovascular events compared to delayed administration beyond 2 hours. However, mortality rates were not significantly affected. Secondary prevention should be targeted on modifiable demographic, dietary, and psychosocial risk factors of STEMI

Endometrial abnormalities on transvaginal ultrasonographyand histopathology in women after quinacrine sterilization

To describe endometrial abnormalities on transvaginal ultrasonography and histopathology in women after quinacrine sterilization. It was an analytical cross sectional study conducted during February 2012 to April 2013. The sample size calculated at 95% confidence level was 540. Sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The medical history, examination, transvaginal ultrasonography and biopsy of suspected lesion was performed in quinacrine sterilized women. The calculation of statistics showed the mean age at quinacrine sterilization was 38.5 years, standard deviation 6.517, and standard error 0.461. The endometrium was regular and smooth with homogenous images in 86% [n=466], irregular endometrium with heterogeneous images on transvaginal ultrasound in 9.4% [n=51] and endometrial growth with high level echoes in 4.2% women [n=23]. The histological findings included hyperplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma in two patients respectively. The irregular endometrium, adhesions, and growths were found after quinacrine sterilization. The risk of endometrial growth was more after 10 years duration of quinacrine sterilization

Factors associated with postpiercing auricular cartilage keloids

To determine the factors responsible for postpiercing auricular cartilage keloids. Observational study. Department of Plastic Surgery, King Edward Medical University [KEMU], Lahore, from March 2007 to July 2010. Fifty patients of post-earpiercing keloids affecting the cartilaginous portion were included in the study. Patients with keloids at any other site, positive family history of keloids and recurrent keloids were excluded. Information regarding age at piercing, site of piercing, use of gun or home sewing needle for piercing, use of jewellery other than gold postpiercing, itching or redness with use of jewellery, tight fitting of jewellery in the piercing hole and postpiercing infection was collected. Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyse the data. All the patients had low lobule piercing at a mean age of 4.52 +/- 1.15 years and cartilage piercing at an average age of 22.32 +/- 3.74 years [p < 0.001]. Eleven patients [22%] had also simultaneous high piercing in the lobule. Only cartilage piercing sites developed the keloids. Postpiercing infection was present in all the 50 patients of cartilage piercing whereas only 3 out of 11 high lobule piercing sites got infected [p < 0.001]. Cartilage bearing portion of the ear is more likely to form keloids due to its piercing in or after adolescence and prolonged wound healing caused by infection

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre and post menopausal diabetics

This study was designed to determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome in diabetic females and to compare the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal diabetics for the presence of metabolic syndrome. This is a comparative cross-sectional study carried out at the Out patient diabetic clinic Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from Jan., 2007 to May 2007. All adult diabetic females coming for regular checkup to outpatient department of diabetic clinic during our study duration were included and informed their consent was taken. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. There were 200 participants in the study, hundred were pre-menopausal and the remaining post-menopausal. Among them 30% cases were hypertensive, 28% cases were obese 10% had dyslipidaemia. Eight percent had increased triglyceride level and 2% had decreased high density lipoproteins level. Metabolic syndrome was found in 28% of diabetic females, 21% of post-menopausal and 7% of pre-menopausal diabetics. Thus the comparison for the presence of metabolic syndrome showed a significant value [p < 0.05]. All diabetics especially post-menopausal females should be assessed for the presence of metabolic syndrome for better quality of life and prevention of complications

Comparison of traditional two injections dorsal digital block with volar block

To compare the traditional two injections dorsal digital block with volar block in terms of effectiveness of anaesthesia and pain of initial pinprick. Study Design: Quasi-experimental. Place and Duration of Study: AVH and casualty operation theatres, Mayo Hospital, KEMU, Lahore, from January to June 2007. Thirty patients requiring surgical procedure distal to proximal phalanx crease on two fingers of same or one finger of both hands were included. Cases with allergy to lignocaine, previous vascular insufficiency, previous digital replantation or peripheral neuropathy were excluded. One finger of every patient received two injection dorsal block whereas the other finger received single subcutaneous injection in the midline of the phalanx with lignocaine and epinephrine [volar block]. Patient looked away during the performance of block and wrote the severity of initial pinprick on a visual analogue scale. Effectiveness of anaesthesia was made measurable by the absence of pain during the surgical procedure. Total duration of the anaesthesia and any undesirable numbness of adjacent finger were noted. The t-test was used to compare the means and p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The mean pain scale score were 4.27+0.87 and 5.27+1.05 for volar and dorsal techniques respectively [p < 0.05]. Volar blocks were 100% effective whereas in dorsal blocks success rate was 80% [p < 0.05]. Single subcutaneous injection in the midline of phalanx with lignocaine and epinephrine [volar block] was significantly less painful to administer, is effective and safe technique to achieve digital anaesthesia, compared to the dorsal technique