Relationship between Eating Behavior and Healthy Eating Competency of Single-Person and Multi-Person Households by Age Group / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Objectives@#The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between eating behaviour and healthy dietary competency of single and multi-person households, to improve healthy eating behavior. @*Methods@#This study was conducted on 6,355 adult household members who participated in the Food Consumption Behavior Survey 2020. The subjects were divided into age groups comprising young people in their 20s and 30s, middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s, and the elderly in their 60s and above. The eating behavior and healthy dietary competency of single-person and multi-person households were then analyzed. @*Results@#The average age of the members in the single-person households was found to be higher. Single-person households were also found to have a lower marriage rate and lower monthly household income than multi-person households across the age groups of young, middle-aged, and elderly people (P < 0.05). Among each of the age groups, single-person households had significantly higher rates of skipping breakfast and eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner alone than multi-person households (P < 0.05). Young single-person households had lower average scores on healthy dietary competency than multi-person households (P = 0.032). When adjusted for age, gender, marriage, education, occupation, and household income, single-person households had a higher risk of delivery/take-out, eating out, or skipping meals compared to multi-person households (P < 0.05). In multi-person households, the risk of skipping meals, eating alone, eating out, or delivery/take-out decreased as healthy dietary competency improved (P< 0.05). On the other hand, in single-person households, as healthy dietary competency increased, the risk of delivery/take-out or eating alone decreased (P< 0.05). @*Conclusions@#The results of this study suggest that healthy dietary competency and eating practices can be improved by providing customized dietary education by age group for single and multi-person households.

Relationship between Food Hygiene Education Experience and Food Purchasing Behavior, Knowledge, and Practices

Background@#This study aimed to investigate the effect of food safety awareness, purchasing behavior, food safety knowledge, and food safety practice in accordance with food hygiene education experiences in adults. @*Methods@#A self-administered questionnaire was answered by 305 adults in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions.Chi-square test, independent t-test, and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between food hygiene education experience and related factors. @*Results@#The need for information was found to be significantly higher for the group with experience in food hygiene education. As for purchasing behavior, participants mainly considered price, taste, and safety of food, and frequently confirmed the expiration date and price using food labels. Participants considered major supermarkets and convenience stores as safe places to purchase food. Food hygiene knowledge showed significantly higher correct answer rates in almost all items for the group with education experience. Even if the expiration date had not yet been reached the habit of not eating food if there was a strange smell when opened was practiced, and the group with more educational experience practiced this significantly more often.Participants with higher awareness of food hygiene showed significantly greater intention to participate in food hygiene education. @*Conclusions@#The group with experience in food hygiene education showed a greater need to obtain information on food hygiene and had better knowledge and practices regarding food hygiene. Therefore, food hygiene education and information are necessary to ensure the safety of food hygiene and to promote the health of the people.

Fast Food Intake Frequency and Health Practices

Background@#The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fast food awareness, dietary behaviors, and health practices according to the fast food intake frequency in Korean adults. @*Methods@#The investigation was conducted using a self-completed questionnaire for adults. Chi-square test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between intake frequency of fast food and related factors. @*Results@#The frequent intake group’s (more than twice a week) results were 38.6%, the normal intake group (less than twice a week) was 33.3%, and the non-intake group (less than once a month) was 28.1%. Subjects who frequently consumed fast food were positively aware of their fast food consumption. The frequent intake group showed significantly higher body weight gain after fast food intake than other groups. They consumed more foods containing oil and wheat flour than the non-intake group whose intake was mainly protein-sourced foods, green vegetables, and fruits, and dietary behavior showed statistically significant differences according to intake frequency of fast food. The fast food non-intake group was significantly better at practicing health practices such as maintaining health and normal weight, regular exercise, and correct posture than other groups. It was seen that the higher frequency of fast food intake group appeared to follow fewer health practices than other groups. @*Conclusions@#High frequency of fast food intake is associated with undesirable dietary behaviors such as high caloric intake and low health practices, suggesting the need for appropriate information to reduce the nutritional imbalance caused by fast food intake.

Relationship between Food Hygiene Education Experience and Food Purchasing Behavior, Knowledge, and Practices

Background@#This study aimed to investigate the effect of food safety awareness, purchasing behavior, food safety knowledge, and food safety practice in accordance with food hygiene education experiences in adults. @*Methods@#A self-administered questionnaire was answered by 305 adults in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions.Chi-square test, independent t-test, and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between food hygiene education experience and related factors. @*Results@#The need for information was found to be significantly higher for the group with experience in food hygiene education. As for purchasing behavior, participants mainly considered price, taste, and safety of food, and frequently confirmed the expiration date and price using food labels. Participants considered major supermarkets and convenience stores as safe places to purchase food. Food hygiene knowledge showed significantly higher correct answer rates in almost all items for the group with education experience. Even if the expiration date had not yet been reached the habit of not eating food if there was a strange smell when opened was practiced, and the group with more educational experience practiced this significantly more often.Participants with higher awareness of food hygiene showed significantly greater intention to participate in food hygiene education. @*Conclusions@#The group with experience in food hygiene education showed a greater need to obtain information on food hygiene and had better knowledge and practices regarding food hygiene. Therefore, food hygiene education and information are necessary to ensure the safety of food hygiene and to promote the health of the people.

Neurological Outcome of Ischemic Stroke in Children: a Single Center Study / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Ischemic stroke is rarely seen in children, but it could cause mortality and result in developmental disabilities such as motor paralysis, cognitive dysfunction, and epilepsy. In this study, the neurological outcomes of ischemic stroke in children were reviewed and the factors associated with the neurological outcomes were to be analyzed. METHODS: Medical records of patients younger than 15 years of age who were newly diagnosed with ischemic stroke between January 2006 and December 2016 in Chonnam National University Hospital were reviewed. RESULTS: This study consisted of 38 patients with ischemic stroke (male/female= 18/20, mean age=6 years 1 month±4 years 8 months). Neurological outcomes assessment was done at least 1 year after the onset of ischemic stroke. 10 patients (26.3%) had no neurological impairments. Motor paralysis was noted in 22 (57.9%), cognitive dysfunction was in 9 (23.7%), and epilepsy in 20 (52.6%). Among the possible risk factors for neurological impairments (age, sex, early seizures, characteristics of the infarcted lesions, abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) findings), abnormalities on EEG findings were significantly associated with cognitive dysfunction (P=0.026) and the occurrence of early seizures with epilepsy (P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Neurological impairments were remained in 73.7% of children one year after ischemic stroke. Cognitive dysfunction was associated with abnormalities on EEG findings within 2 weeks after the onset of ischemic stroke and epilepsy with the occurrence of early seizures.

Acute Childhood Encephalitis and Encephalopathy following Infectious Symptoms: a Single Center Study / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy are preceded by respiratory or enteric infection, whose pathogens can be detected more easily with advanced tools. However, studies for pathogens in Korea remain scarce. We investigated the clinical characteristics and pathogens in childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children with acute encephalitis and encephalopathy admitted to our hospital between March 2013 and February 2017. RESULTS: The 51 included patients were aged 5.8±4.4 years (mean±standard deviation), comprising 36 with encephalitis (70.6%) and 15 with encephalopathy (29.4%). Respiratory symptoms (62.7%) were more common than enteric symptoms (45.1%). Brain MRI was abnormal in 54.9%, and leu-kocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid was noted in 41.2%. The prevalence of diseases was highest in winter (29.4%). In encephalitis, eight patients had infective encephalitis (15.7%), comprising enterovirus (N=4), Epstein-Barr virus (N=3; one with HHV6 coinfection), and tsutsugamushi in-fection (N=1). The 11 patients with ADEM included 1each with adenovirus, influenza A, and mycoplasmal infection. One patient with Bickerstaff-brainstem encephalitis had mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 15 patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology, rhinovirus (N=3), influenza A (N=2), adenovirus (N=1), and mycoplasmal infection (N=6) were found. In the encephalopa-thy group, three patients had abnormal brain MRI: ANE with influenza A, AESD with exanthem subitum, and norovirus-associated MERS. In the remaining 12 patients, influenza A (N=2), ade-novirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus (N=1 for each virus), and mycoplasmal infection (N=4) were found. CONCLUSION: Acute childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy were the most prevalent in winter and were fre-quently associated with respiratory infections.

Alcohol Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether alcohol intake is associated with the risk of thyroid cancer by a meta-analysis of observational studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed and EMBASE in June of 2015 to locate eligible studies. We included observational studies such as cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies reporting odd ratios (ORs) or relative risk (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We included 33 observational studies with two cross-sectional studies, 20 case-controls studies, and 11 cohort studies, which involved a total of 7,725 thyroid cancer patients and 3,113,679 participants without thyroid cancer in the final analysis. In the fixed-effect model meta-analysis of all 33 studies, we found that alcohol intake was consistently associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer (OR or RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.83; I2=38.6%). In the subgroup meta-analysis by type of study, alcohol intake also decreased the risk of thyroid cancer in both case-control studies (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92; I2=29.5%; n=20) and cohort studies (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.82; I2=0%; n=11). Moreover, subgroup meta-analyses by type of thyroid cancer, gender, amount of alcohol consumed, and methodological quality of study showed that alcohol intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis of observational studies found that, unlike most of other types of cancer, alcohol intake decreased the risk of thyroid cancer.

The Relations between Diabetic Dietary Compliance, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between diabetic dietary compliance and dietary intake, physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Seventy five subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes visiting the D hospital in Dongducheon from May 2014 to Dec 2014 were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their diabetic dietary compliance score (median 39); low diabetic dietary compliance (LDDC) group (n=44) and high diabetic dietary compliance (HDDC) group (n=31). Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method. The nutrient intake, food intake and KDDS (Korean's dietary diversity score), DVS (dietary variety score) and GMVDF (grain, meat, vegetable, dairy and fruit) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Metabolic parameters were obtained from the hospital records. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test and general linear model adjusted for sex. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 59.7% in the participating diabetic patients. The prevalence of MS of the HDDC (39.3%) was significantly lower than that of the LDDC (72.7%). The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups (p=0.006). The intakes of seeds and nuts of the HDDC were significantly lower than those of the LDDC. Fat and vegetable fat intakes and % fat of energy in the HDDC were significantly lower than those in the LDDC. But, carbohydrate (CHO) and potassium intake and %CHO of energy in the HDDC were significantly higher than those in the LDDC. KDDS and GMVDF showed significant differences between groups (p=0.033; p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous intervention by specialized nutritionists for long-term self-regulation is needed for diabetic patients, and the high compliance to diabetic diet and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Review of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Intervention Program for Internet Addicts: A Theoretical Framework and Implications with Physiological Perspectives

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to review physiological mechanisms of internet addiction and to construct a theoretical framework for cognitive behavioral therapy for internet addicts. METHODS: We searched for relevant literature in the PubMed and RISS databases using the terms "internet addiction", "internet game addiction", "internet abuser", and "online game". Only English, full-text articles published from 2000 to 2015 were included in this review of physiological indicators of internet addiction. Finally, 12 articles were selected for review. RESULTS: The theoretical framework developed based on the review proposes that excessive internet use itself may induce physiological stress responses with an increase of stress-related hormones and neurotransmitters. Prolonged abnormal responses of these physiological features produce negative structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex, which is mainly involved in cognitive and executive functions. These changes may result in decreased cognitive function. As a stressor, excessive internet use leads to transforming voluntary use into involuntary, habitual use and thus promotes the development of internet addiction. CONCLUSION: The proposed theoretical framework encompasses cognitive processes that may contribute to the effects of internet use-induced physiological stress on internet addiction. We believe that this framework has important implications for developing cognitive behavioral strategies for internet addicts.

IL-4 and HDAC Inhibitors Suppress Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Follicular Dendritic Cells

Evidence for immunoregulatory roles of prostaglandins (PGs) is accumulating. Since our observation of PG production by human follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), we investigated the regulatory mechanism of PG production in FDC and attempted to understand the functions of released PGs in the responses of adjacent lymphocytes. Here, using FDC-like cells, HK cells, we analyzed protein expression alterations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the presence of IL-4 or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Both IL-4 and HDAC inhibitors suppressed COX-2 expression in dose-dependent manners. Their effect was specific to COX-2 and did not reach to COX-1 expression. Interestingly, HDAC inhibitors gave rise to an opposing effect on COX-2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes. Our results suggest that IL-4 may regulate COX-2 expression in FDCs by affecting chromatin remodeling and provide insight into the role of cellular interactions between T cells and FDC during the GC reaction. Given the growing interests in wide-spectrum HDAC inhibitors, the differential results on COX-2 expression in HK cells and monocytes raise cautions on their clinical use.

Syntenin Is Expressed in Human Follicular Dendritic Cells and Involved in the Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase

Syntenin is an adaptor molecule containing 2 PDZ domains which mediate molecular interactions with diverse integral or cytoplasmic proteins. Most of the results on the biological function of syntenin were obtained from studies with malignant cells, necessitating exploration into the role of syntenin in normal cells. To understand its role in normal cells, we investigated expression and function of syntenin in human lymphoid tissue and cells in situ and in vitro. Syntenin expression was denser in the germinal center than in the extrafollicular area. Inside the germinal center, syntenin expression was obvious in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Flow cytometric analysis with isolated cells confirmed a weak expression of syntenin in T and B cells and a strong expression in FDCs. In FDC-like cells, HK cells, most syntenin proteins were found in the cytoplasm compared to weak expression in the nucleus. To study the function of syntenin in FDC, we examined its role in the focal adhesion of HK cells by depleting syntenin by siRNA technology. Knockdown of syntenin markedly impaired focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in HK cells. These results suggest that syntenin may play an important role in normal physiology as well as in cancer pathology.

A Study on Nutritional Status and Dietary Quality of University Students by Body Image / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was performed to investigate the satisfaction of body image, dietary habits, nutrition intake and dietary quality according to body image of university students (n = 290). The subjects (male = 178, female = 112) were classified to lean, normal and overweight/fat groups according to body image. The weight, body fat and body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the students who recognized their body image as 'overweight/fat'. The satisfaction of body image, interest of weight control and experience of weight control were significantly higher in students who recognized their body image as 'normal' in both the male and female subjects. The intakes of nutrients, dietary habits and life styles were not different according to body image. In the male subjects, the niacin intake density, the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin B1 and the dietary diversity score (DDS) in the students who recognized their body image as 'overweight/fat' were significantly lower than in students who recognized their body image as 'normal' and 'lean'. In female subjects, no significant differences in nutrient intakes, NAR, MAR and DDS were observed according to body image. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed for further assessment of the relationship between nutritional status/diet quality and body image in university students.

Effects of Chromosomal Polyploidy on Survival of Colon Cancer Cells / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Tetraploid cells are frequently observed in the inflamed mucosal epithelial cells of the patients with Barrett's esophagus or chronic ulcerative colitis. Polyploidy often occurs during cell fusion, abortive cell cycle, and endoreplication. Most tetraploid cells are engaged to apoptotic pathway, but some remaining stable tetraploid cells consequently cause aneuploidization and chromosomal instability. We investigated whether tetraploid cells could acquire survival advantage and hold a dominant position for natural selection. METHODS: We established tetraploid cell line (HCT116GH) from parental diploid colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116) via PEG-mediated cell fusion and compared its cell viability, cell cycle response and apoptotic fractions responded to H2O2 with diploid HCT116 and p53 suppressed HCT116/H6 cell lines. RESULTS: Using MTT assay, plating efficiency and clonogenicity, we evaluated the survival of each cell line. Tetraploid cell line HCT116GH demonstrated an 83 fold greater resistance to 100 microM H2O2 than the parental diploid HCT116, and 6 fold greater than even the p53 negative diploid HCT116/E6. Cellular sensitivity, G2/M arrests, and apoptotic proportion were observed less in response to H2O2 in HCT116GH compared with HCT116 and HCT116/E6. HCT116GH expressed lower level of p53 and p21 than diploid HCT116. CONCLUSIONS: Stable tetraploid cell lines showed enhanced viability in comparison to parental diploid cell lines. The enhanced viability observed in tetraploidization surpassed that from downregulation of p53. Frequent appearance of tetraploid cells in stressful condition can be caused by natural selection owing to their enhanced viability and may consequently contribute to cancer cell transformation.

Gene transfer using liposome-complexed adenovirus seems to overcome limitations due to coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-deficiency of cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo

Use of adenoviruses as vehicle for gene therapy requires that target cells express appropriate receptors such as coxsakievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). We show here that CAR-deficiency in cancer cells, that limits adenoviral gene delivery, can be overcome by using adenovirus complexed with the liposome, Ad-PEGPE [1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly-ethylene glycol)-2000]. We first confirmed that CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells are deficient in CAR by RT-PCR, and then showed that CT-26 cells infected with Ad-GFP/PEGPE exhibited highly enhanced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), compared with those infected with Ad-GFP. GFP expression depends on the dose of liposome and adenovirus. Luciferase expression in livers treated with Ad-luc/PEGPE was about 1,000-fold less than those infected with Ad-luc. In a liver metastasis mouse tumor model developed by intrasplenic injection of CT-26 cells, luciferase expression following i.v. injection of Ad-luc/PEGPE was significantly higher in tumors than in adjacent non-neoplastic liver. Following systemic administration of Ad-GFP/PEGPE, GFP expression increased in tumors more than in adjacent liver while the reverse was true following administration of Ad-GFP. In the latter case, GFP expression was higher in liver than in tumors. This study demonstrates that systemic delivery of PEGPE-adenovirus complex is an effective tool of adenoviral delivery as it overcomes limitation due to CAR deficiency of target cells while reducing hepatic uptake and enhancing adenoviral gene expression in tumors.

Relationship between Fatty Liver and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the association between fatty liver and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: We examined postmenopausal women who participated in a health screening test from April 2004 to November 2007. Data about lifestyle and current medical diseases and medications were collected from medical records and medical interviews. Body weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition analyzer and abdominal ultrasonography were conducted for each participant. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred forty-five postmenopausal women were selected for this study. In postmenopausal women, the spine BMD levels (g/cm(2)) were significantly different in each subjects with normal (0.819+/-0.004), mild (0.846+/-0.007), moderate (0.844+/-0.009) and severe (0.779+/-0.031) fatty liver adjusted for age (P<0.01). The proportion of osteoporosis were significantly different in each subjects with normal (39.1%), mild (30.3%), moderate (31.6%) and severe (56.3%) fatty liver. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between fatty liver and osteoporosis after age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking and regular exercise. In severe fatty liver compared to the normal subjects of fatty liver, adjusted odds ratio was 3.6 (95% CI 1.2~10.9). CONCLUSION: In severe fatty liver disease, the proportion of osteoporosis was increased and the bone mineral density was lower than the normal subjects of fatty liver.

Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and p21Waf1 in hydroxyurea-induced G1 arrest and senescence of McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cell line

Hydroxyurea is commonly used to treat hematologic disorders and some type of solid tumors, but the mechanism for its therapeutic effect is not clearly known. In this study, we examined the effect of hydroxyurea on rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells, specifically, on the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathways and p21Waf1, p27Kip1 and p53. Rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells treated with hydroxyurea for 7 days, caused the inhibition of cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. But, this growth inhibition was not caused by necrosis or apoptosis but instead was associated with cell senescence-like change as evidenced by senescence associated-beta-galactosidase staining, and cells arrest at G1 phase of cell cycle. Phosphorylation of MAP kinases, such as ERK, JNK, and p38, was found to be decreased after treatment of cells with hydroxyurea. But, the expression of p21Waf1 was increased, while p27Kip1 and p53 were not detected in hydroxyurea treated rat hepatoma cells. Hydroxyurea treatment induced G1 arrest and a senescence-like changes in rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells may be the likely results of signal disruption of MAP kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinase) and p21Waf1 over-expression.

Immunomodulating and Antitumor Activities of Exo-secretion from Phellinus linteus

BACKGROUND: The chemical characteristics of the exo-secretion from Phellinus linteus (referred to as exo-secretion) including the compositions of amino acids and monosaccharides were investigated. In addition, cytotoxicity of the exo-secretion on 5 tumor cell lines derived from human cancers and its antitumor activity against ascitic sarcoma-180 cells were examined. METHODS: The antitumor activity of exo-secretion from Phellinus linteus was determined by measuring parameters including tumor weight, life span of mice, chemotatic activity of leukocytes, counts of immune cells, and activity of cytokines. RESULTS: The exo-secretion from Phellinus linteus showed no direct cytotoxicity to the five tumor cell lines tested, but it had a strong antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 cells in ICR mice as measured by tumor weight and life span of mice. The exo-secretion stimulated the chemotaxis of leukocytes and production of immune cells and cytokines. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the exo- secretion from Phellinus linteus do not act as a direct cytotoxic substance to cancer cells but as an immunomodulator.

Effects of blood glucose on ischemic brain damage in mature gerbils

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many clinical and experimental studies showed that in global ischemic encephalopathy, hyperglycemia consistently excacerbate ischemic brain damages with high mortality and morbidity. In contrast, the results of experiments on focal ischemic lesions were controversial or contradictory to each other according to various conditions. In addition, there have been few studies on the effects of hyperglycemia on delayed neuronal necrosis of hippocampus, which is one of characteristic patterns of selective neuronal necrosis. METHODS: Mongolian gerbils were used and divided into 4 groups ; control(group 1) with 4ml of intraperitoneal(ip) saline injection, hypoglycemia(group 2) was induced by 36-hour of starvation, marked hyperglycemia(group 3) was induced by 20ml/kg ip injection of 50% dextrose solution, and moderate hyperglycemia (group 4) was induced by 5ml/kg ip injection of 50% dextrose solution. Each hyperglycemia group was devided into 2 subgroups (A&B) according to the injection time, either 15 minutes before or after the ligation of arteries, respectively. Focal ischemic lesions were induced by 4-hour ligation of left common carotid artery (CCA) followed by 24 hour reperfusion. Global ischemic encephalopathy was induced by 10 min occlusion of bilateral CCAs followed by reperfusion for 1 or 3 days. RESULTS: In this study, hyperglycemia groups showed high incidence of mortality. Hypoglycemia group showed slightly less damages than control group and the damages were significantly decreased in group 3A. The gerbils in group 4 showed significantly aggravated damages than group 2 and 3. Timing of injection did not show significant difference. The thalamus was the only area showing significant differences among experimental groups. The gerbils with 10-min occlusion of bilateral CCAs with 1 or 3 days of reperfusion showed typical bilateral delayed neuronal damages in control group. In contrast, the hyperglycemia groups showed high incidence of infarction and mortality as well as unilateral delayed neuronal damages. CONCLUSION: This study showed different effects of hyperglycemia on focal cerebral ischemia according to blood glucose level and the difference in thalamus suggests the possibility of effects of glucose on local physicochemical factors. Mechanism of decreased delayed neuronal damages in group 4A with global ischemia was not clear and further studies would be helpful.

Three Cases of Mobius Syndrome in a Family

Mobius syndrome is generally considered to be a static disorder of congenital origin, and is manifested as unilateral or bilateral facial weakness and lateral gaze limitation. In most instances the syndrome occurs sporadically, but rarely familial cases have been reported. We report a family of three members with Mobius syndrome; a 7-year-old girl, a 6-year-old boy, and their 29-year-old mother. Each patient revealed facial diplegia, and unilateral or bilateral lateral rectus palsy. Brain MRI scans showed normal and there were no definite brainstem dysfunctions on electrophysiologic studies.

Three Cases of Mobius Syndrome in a Family

Mobius syndrome is generally considered to be a static disorder of congenital origin, and is manifested as unilateral or bilateral facial weakness and lateral gaze limitation. In most instances the syndrome occurs sporadically, but rarely familial cases have been reported. We report a family of three members with Mobius syndrome; a 7-year-old girl, a 6-year-old boy, and their 29-year-old mother. Each patient revealed facial diplegia, and unilateral or bilateral lateral rectus palsy. Brain MRI scans showed normal and there were no definite brainstem dysfunctions on electrophysiologic studies.