Facilitating the continuous decline on the incidence rates of hepatitis B and liver cancer through cutting off the mother-to-child viral transmission, based on the "prevention first" strategy, in China / 中华流行病学杂志

There have been 6-10 million reported patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide, and the United Nations (UN) called for a "90% reduction by 2030" strategy. Since the wide practice of HBV vaccination, the numbers of HBV cases have been reduced by 85% and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has also decreased by 50%. As formulated by the UN in 2015, the sustainable development agenda for the eradication of hepatitis B included the success rate of preventing mother-to-child viral transmission by 95%, together with the reduction of new hepatitis B infections by 90% in 2030. In order to achieve the agenda, we proposed a strategy to achieve the "three 96%" goals derived from the Shanghai experience. In brief, hepatitis B vaccine should cover for 96% newborns within 24 h, and the vaccination boosting rate should reach 96% for both one and six months after birth. If cutting off the mother-to-child viral transmission strategy can be successfully achieved, the future of hepatitis B prevention will be promising, and the task of eliminating hepatitis B and controlling hepatocellular carcinoma can be completed ahead of 2030, time proposed by the UN.

Schistosomiasis must be eradicated: a review of fighting schitosomiasis in Qingpu, Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

Qingpu,in western suburban of Shanghai,was one of serious schistosomiasis endemic counties in China.In 1958,in response to Chairman Mao's call "Schistosomiasis must be eradicated",Shanghai First Medical College organized a research group to carry out schitosomiasis control in Qingpu.The prevalence of schistosomiasis was about 39％ in 390 000 people and 8.4％ in cattle.Oncomelania was distributed in an area of 70 million meter2.The fighting project could be divided into two steps,the first one was from 1958 to 1974,during this period,the epidemic survey and patient treatment were conducted,and oncomelania control was carried out by using different kind of molluscides.In 1975,up to 92％ of patients were cured,and 98％ of oncomelania were killed.The second step was from 1975 to 1985,the main tasks were the consolidation of control achievement and surveillance.During this period oral medicines were used instead of venous injections.After the improvement of oncomelania detection method,the oncomelania clustering were found under rock duck and brick shore.In 1985,it was confirmed that schistosomiasis had been eradicated in Qingpu and other suburb areas of Shanghai.

Schistosomiasis must be eradicated: a review of fighting schitosomiasis in Qingpu, Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

Qingpu,in western suburban of Shanghai,was one of serious schistosomiasis endemic counties in China.In 1958,in response to Chairman Mao's call "Schistosomiasis must be eradicated",Shanghai First Medical College organized a research group to carry out schitosomiasis control in Qingpu.The prevalence of schistosomiasis was about 39％ in 390 000 people and 8.4％ in cattle.Oncomelania was distributed in an area of 70 million meter2.The fighting project could be divided into two steps,the first one was from 1958 to 1974,during this period,the epidemic survey and patient treatment were conducted,and oncomelania control was carried out by using different kind of molluscides.In 1975,up to 92％ of patients were cured,and 98％ of oncomelania were killed.The second step was from 1975 to 1985,the main tasks were the consolidation of control achievement and surveillance.During this period oral medicines were used instead of venous injections.After the improvement of oncomelania detection method,the oncomelania clustering were found under rock duck and brick shore.In 1985,it was confirmed that schistosomiasis had been eradicated in Qingpu and other suburb areas of Shanghai.

Study on the distribution of nodularin in tissues and cell level in mice / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the tissue distribution of nodularin in mice and the cellular location of nodularin in the target organs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nodularin was labeled with radioactive isotope (125)I and then was given to mice via oral, intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. The distribution of nodularin in target organs and the cellular location of nodularin were studied by radioisotope and autoradiography techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The radioisotope study results showed that nodularin was mainly distributed in the kidney and liver in mice. Further autoradiography study indicated that nodularin was distributed in the renal cell nuclei and liver cell nuclei.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The kidney and liver are the two main target organs for nodularin in mice.</p>

The acute toxic effects of microcystin LR in SD rats / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess Microcystin LR (MCLR)-induced acute toxic effects in male Sprague-Dawley rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The rats were injected with MCLR intraperitoneally in different doses for different days. The organs and serum with rats were collected at 1 and 7 days after injection, and 7 days after the final injection (total 14 days). Pathological and enzymatic changes were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rats injected with 122 microg/kg MCLR showed myocardial cells damage including pyknosis, plasma dissolve and myofibrilla (pls check with dictionary) necrosis in the heart muscles after 24 hours. At the same time, the activities of serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphonase (CPK) were higher than these in the other groups (P < 0.01). The kidney was also damaged, kidney cell degeneration, and the increase of blood creatine (BCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were also seen. In liver pathological study, liver cell hemorrhage, degeneration and/or necrosis was observed. In serum the activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (LDH) and GOT were higher than these in the other groups (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggested that MCLR can injure the heart, kidney and the liver in SD rats, and there is a dose-response relationship between MCLR and the toxic effect.</p>

A NUTRITION-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH ON BREAST CANCER IN SHANGHAI / 营养学报

,A retrospective case-control study of totally 573 (3x191) subjects wasinvestigated.They come from residents living in the urban area of Shanghai for more than ten years at an age interval from 30-70. Every case waspaired by two controls. They were all inquired by a same interviewer with a carefully prepared questionaire list which involved past dietary habits and other factors thought to be related to breast cancer. From these data our tentative impressions are as follows. Rich fat (80g) and protein (80g) diet is closely associated with breast cancer. The relationship is much more significant among the patients over 50 years old than those under fifties. The consumption of carbohydrate and crude fiber showed, in this study, no association with the carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The risk of polyunsaturated fatty acid is higher than saturated fatty acid in association with breast cancer. The more the animal protein intake (30g), the higher risk of breast cancer occurs, and soybean protein tends to decrease the risk of breast cancer. There are multiple etiological factors for bre- ast cancer, however nutrition and diet would be considered as one of the important factors. With regard to the dietary component, animal foods such as eggs and pork may increase the risk of breast cancer. But as a whole, the dietary component of the patients studied here is rather proper. Obesity as shown by the increased skinfold thickness is one of risk factors for breast cancer. Finally breast cancer patients have a normal level of blood lipids, but their HDL-cholesterol is lower than that of control groups.

GREEN TEA CONSUMPTION PREVENTS HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND OBESITY: A CROSS SECTION STUDY / 营养学报

Objective:To study the preventive effect of drinking green tea on serum lipids and obesity of middle aged people. Method:Total of 3 317 middle-aged people were ascertained by a questionnaire, and their serum lipids were measured at their health examination. Results:Consumption of green tea significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (P