Concentração de minerais no tecido queratinizado podal de equinos jovens da raça Crioula em diferentes fases de crescimento / [Mineral concentrations in the keratinized tissue on the feet of young Crioulo horses at different stages of growth]

O presente estudo avaliou o perfil mineral de Cálcio (Ca), Cobre (Cu) e Zinco (Zn) no estojo córneo pré e pós-desmame e sua associação com pigmentação, gênero e idade de potros da raça Crioula criados em pastagens nativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas amostras do casco de potros da raça Crioula 41 dias pré e 28 dias pós-desmame. Os teores de Ca, Cu e Zn variaram no casco fetal (571,0±39,4; 14,5±7,6 e 130,0±30,5mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05) e no definitivo (653,0±169,2; 33,8±11,5 e 69,3±36,8mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05), no pré (620,0±184; 17,2±21,2 e 103,0±75,5mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05) e no pós-desmame (517,5±181; 0 e 79,0±41,7mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05). Houve associação positiva (P<0,05) com a faixa etária no pré-desmame para Ca (r=0,5) e Cu (r=0,57), e negativa para Zn (r=-0,69; P<0,05). No pós-desmame, houve associação positiva (P<0,05) para Ca (r=0,36) e Zn (r=0,64) e negativa para Cu (r=-0,39; P<0,05). Tanto a pigmentação quanto o gênero não afetaram o perfil mineral. Conclui-se que há diferenças nas concentrações de Ca, Cu e Zn na epiderme do casco de potros da raça Crioula no pré e pós-desmame, independentemente da pigmentação e do gênero, onde as concentrações de Ca e Cu aumentam com a idade, enquanto as de Zn diminuem.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral profile of Ca, Cu and Zn in the hoof horny capsule at pre and post-weaning and its association with pigmentation, gender and age range of Crioulo foals raised in native pastures in RS. Samples were collected from the epidermis of the Crioulo foal's hoof at two times, 41 pre and 28 post-weaning. The contents of Ca, Cu, Zn Varied in the fetal hoof ( 571.0±139.4, 14.5±7.6 and 130.0±30.5mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05) and definitive (653.0±169.2, 33.8±11.5 and 69.3±36.8mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05), in the pre (620.0±184, 17.2±21.2 and103.0±75.5mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05) and post-weaning (517.5±181, 0.1 and 79.0±41.7mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05).There was a positive association (P<0.05) with a preweaning age for Ca (r=0.5) and Cu (r=0.57) and negative for Zn (r=-0.69, P<0.05). In the post weaning there was a positive association (P<0.05) for Ca (r=0.36) and Zn (r=0.64) and negative for Cu (r=-0.39; P<0.05). Neither pigmentation nor gender affected the mineral profile. It is concluded that there are differences in Ca, Cu, Zn concentrations in the epidermis of foals of the crioulo breed at the pre and post weaning, regardless of pigmentation and sex, where Ca and Cu concentrations increase with age, while Zn concentrations decrease.(AU)

Divergência fenotípica entre éguas Crioulas das linhagens uruguaia "La invernada", argentina "Cardal" e chilena / [Phenotypic divergence between Criollo mares lines of the Uruguayan "La invernada", Argentine "Cardal" and Chilean]

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a dissimilaridade fenotípica de amostras populacionais de três linhagens de éguas Crioulas, uruguaia (La Invernada), argentina (Cardal) e chilena, para caracteres morfológicos, apontando as características de maior variância intra e entre as diferentes linhagens que são passíveis de seleção. Foram avaliadas 22 características morfológicas de 113 éguas da linhagem uruguaia "La Invernada", 38 argentinas "Cardal" e 73 chilenas puras, totalizando 224 éguas de cria pertencentes à raça Crioula. Para determinação das variáveis lineares e de perímetro, foi utilizada fita métrica, prumo, paquímetro e hipômetro. Verificou-se variabilidade nas características morfológicas entre as três linhagens (P<0,05), incluindo as características lineares altura, perímetro de tórax e perímetro de canela (P<0,01), consideradas de caráter impositivo para fins de registro. Maior variação fenotípica foi observada nas éguas da linhagem chilena em relação aos outros dois grupos genéticos (P<0,01). As características morfológicas altura garupa, perímetro rostral pescoço, comprimento metatarso, largura garupa, profundidade do tórax, comprimento dorsal pescoço e comprimento do corpo foram passíveis de seleção entre as éguas Crioulas pertencentes às linhagens argentina (Cardal), uruguaia (La Invernada) e chilena. Em conclusão, não há homogeneidade entre as linhagens estudadas, o que identifica a diversidade entre as linhagens de éguas Crioulas estudadas.(AU)

The aim of the study was to analyze the phenotypic dissimilarity of morphological characteristics of three strains of Criollo mares, Uruguian (La Invernada), Argentine (Cardal), and Chilena, pointing to the characteristics of higher variance within and among the different strains that are selectable. We evaluated 22 morphological characteristics of 113 mares of the Uruguaian line, 38 Argentines and 73 pure Chilean, totaling 224 breeding mares belonging to the criollo breed. For the determination of the linear and perimeter variables, a metric tape, plumb, pachymeter and hypometer were used. There was variability in the morphological characteristics between the three strains (P<0.05), including the linear characteristics of height, chest circumference and perimeter of cinnamon (P<0.01), considered as taxation for registration purposes. Higher phenotypic variation was observed in the mares of the Chilean line in relation to the other two genetic groups (P<0.01). The morphological characteristics of height croup, rostral perimeter neck, metatarsal length, croup width, chest depth, dorsal neck length, and body length were the selectable characteristics among the breeding mares belonging to the Argentine (Cardal), Uruguaian (La Invernada) and Chilena strains. In conclusion, there is no homogeneity between the studied strains, which identifies the diversity among the lines of Criollo mares studied.(AU)

Desordens hematológicas em onças-pardas (Puma concolor; Linnaeus, 1771) infectadas por Citauxzoon felis / [Hematological disorders in Brown jaguars (Puma concolor; Linnaeus 1771) infected by Citauxzoon felis]

Este estudo objetivou descrever o aspecto hematológico de seis onças-pardas (Puma concolor) infectadas pelo Cytauxzoon felis. Os seis casos de infecção foram identificados durante o manejo sanitário de 11 animais de um centro de reabilitação de animais silvestres. Estruturas compatíveis com piroplasmídeos foram observadas durante a avaliação do esfregaço sanguíneo e confirmadas como Cytauxzoon felis pela técnica de PCR. A análise estatística demonstrou diferença significativa (P<0,05) no número absoluto dos linfócitos entre os grupos dos animais infectados e não infectados. Assim, expressivas alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas entre os grupos investigados alertam para a dificuldade de identificação de onças-pardas infectadas por C. felis, apoiada apenas em exames de rotina, bem como para o risco, sobretudo, da reintrodução desses animais na natureza.(AU)

This Cytauxzoon felis by the PCR technique. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference is study aimed to describe the hematological appearance of six puma (puma concolor) infected with cytauxzoon felis. The six cases of infection were identified during the sanitary management of 11 animals from a wild animal rehabilitation center. Piroplasmid compatible structures were observed during the blood smear evaluation and confirmed as (P<0.05) in the absolute number of lymphocytes between the groups of infected and uninfected animals. Thus expressive hematological and biochemical alterations between the groups investigated alert to the difficulty of identifying infected brown jaguars by C. felis, supported only by routine examinations, and the risk especially when aiming at the reintroduction of these animals in the wild.(AU)

Molecular identification of Ehrlichia sp. in a beef cattle from Brazilian Cerrado - case report / Identificação molecular de Ehrlichia sp em um bovino do Cerrado brasileiro - relato de caso

Ehrlichia infections in cattle are frequent in Africa but have also been reported in Brazil and North America. This paper reports natural infection by Ehrlichia sp. associated with Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale in a calf in the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, presenting polioencephalomalacia. The molecular evidence, based on a fragment of the dsb gene, indicates a species of Ehrlichia genetically related to Ehrlichia canis and other species of the genus found in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and a calf from Brazil (99 to 100% identity). It was not possible to associate the clinical signs with Ehrlichia infection due to co-infections and histological evidence of another disease. However, the circulation of the bacteria in bovines in Brazilian Cerrado was confirmed and more attention should be given to clinical suspicion of tick-borne pathogens in cattle to clarify the pathogenic potential of Ehrlichia sp.(AU)

Infecções por Ehrlichia em bovinos são frequentes na África, mas também foram relatadas no Brasil e na América do Norte. Este artigo relata uma infecção natural por Ehrlichia sp. associado a Babesia bigemina e Anaplasma marginale em um bezerro, no município de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, o qual apresentava polioencefalomalácia. A evidência molecular, baseada em um fragmento do gene dsb, indica uma espécie de Ehrlichia geneticamente relacionada a Ehrlichia canis e outras espécies do gênero encontradas no carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e em um bezerro do Brasil (99 a 100% de identidade). Não foi possível associar os sinais clínicos à infecção por Ehrlichia devido a coinfecções e evidências histológicas de outra doença. No entanto, a circulação da bactéria em bovinos no Cerrado brasileiro foi confirmada, e mais atenção deve ser dada à suspeita clínica de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos em bovinos para esclarecer o potencial patogênico de Ehrlichia sp.(AU)

A novel hot-plate test sensitive to hyperalgesic stimuli and non-opioid analgesics

It is widely accepted that the classical constant-temperature hot-plate test is insensitive to cyclooxygenase inhibitors. In the current study, we developed a variant of the hot-plate test procedure (modified hot-plate (MHP) test) to measure inflammatory nociception in freely moving rats and mice. Following left and right hind paw stimulation with a phlogogen and vehicle, respectively, the animals were placed individually on a hot-plate surface at 51°C and the withdrawal latency for each paw was determined simultaneously in measurements performed at 15, 60, 180, and 360 min post-challenge. Plantar stimulation of rats (250 and 500 æg/paw) and mice (125-500 æg/paw) with carrageenan led to a rapid hyperalgesic response of the ipsilateral paw that reached a plateau from 15 to 360 min after challenge. Pretreatment with indomethacin (4 mg/kg, ip) inhibited the phenomenon at all the times analyzed. Similarly, plantar stimulation of rats and mice with prostaglandin E2 (0.5 and 1 æg/paw) also resulted in rapid hyperalgesia which was first detected 15 min post-challenge. Finally, we observed that the MHP test was more sensitive than the classical Hargreaves' test, being able to detect about 4- and 10-fold lower doses of prostaglandin E2 and carrageenan, respectively. In conclusion, the MHP test is a simple and sensitive method for detecting peripheral hyperalgesia and analgesia in rats and mice. This test represents a low-cost alternative for the study of inflammatory pain in freely moving animals.

Thymus involution in alloxan diabetes: analysis of mast cells

We previously reported that alloxan-induced diabetes results in reduction in the number and reactivity of mast cells at different body sites. In this study, the influence of diabetes on thymic mast cells was investigated. Thymuses from diabetic rats showed marked alterations including shrinkage, thymocyte depletion, and increase in the extracellular matrix network, as compared to those profiles seen in normal animals. Nevertheless, we noted that the number and reactivity of mast cells remained unchanged. These findings indicate that although diabetes leads to critical alterations in the thymus, the local mast cell population is refractory to its effect. This suggests that thymic mast cells are under a different regulation as compared to those located in other tissues.

Efeitos do extrato aquoso da hyptis pectinata sobre a regeneraçäo hepática após hepatectomia parcial de 70 por cento: resultados preliminares / Effects of the aqueous extract of hyptis pectinata on liver regeneration after 70 percent partial hepatectomy: preliminary results

O uso de plantas medicinais tem aumentado bastante na populaçäo mundial. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso das folhas da Hyptis pectinata, popularmente conhecida como "sambacaitá" ou "canudinho", sobre a regeneraçäo hepática após hepatectomia parcial de 70 por cento. Foram utilizados 24 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos: grupo OS, em que se realizou operaçäo simulada e aplicaçäo oral de água destilada por 4 dias; grupo OSD200, também submetido à laparotomia com manipulaçäo do fígado e aplicaçäo de 200 mg de extrato/Kg de animal durante o mesmo período; grupo HP, hepatectomizado a 70 por cento após 4 dias de aplicaçäo por via oral de água destilada; e grupo HPD200, hepatectomizado a 70 por cento após 4 dias de administraçäo de 200 mg extrato/Kg de animal. Foram dosadas fosfatase alcalina, bilirrubina total e as aminotransferases e estudou-se o estado III da funçäo mitocondrial. O grupo OSD200, quando comparado ao OS, apresentou reduçäo significativa da fosfatase alcalina. O grupo HPD200, em comparaçäo ao HP, teve reduçäo estatisticamente significativa no nível da AST e do estado III da funçäo mitocondrial.

Modelos experimentais cirúrgicos de falência hepática fulminante / Surgical experimental models of fulminant liver faillure

Os autores fazem uma revisäo pormenorizada sobre os principais modelos cirúrgicos experimentais de falência hepática fulminante. Abordam aspectos da induçäo experimental das vantagens e desvantagens dos diferentes modelos, tecendo comentários sobre os modelos de induçäo da falência hepática, e das possíveis formas de diagnóstico e tratamento.

Histamine-potentiating activity in rat anaphylactic pleural fluid: role of serotonin

The identity of the histamine-potentiating activity detected in the rat anaphylactic pleural washing was investigated. Wistar rats of both sexes, weighing 150-200 g, were sensitized by injecting subcutaneously (sc) a mixture of ovalbumin and Al(OH)3 14 days before allergen challenge. In sensitized rats, intrapleural (ipl) injection of ovalbumin (l2 mug/cavity) caused an intense protein exudation. A single ipl administration of compound 48/80 (l2 mug/cavity) exhausted the resident mast cell population and turned the pleural cavity hyporeactive to the allergen challenge performed 5 days later. Allergen-induced exudation occurred in parallel to a dramatic decrease in the amount of cell-stored histamine (from 9.6 ñ 1.4 (N = 8) to 1.3 ñ 0.1 (N = 6) mug/cavity, P<0.001) in the pleural fluid within 10 min. The anaphylactic cell-free pleural washing obtained at this time, as well as histamine at a concentration equivalent to that stored in pleural mast cells (10 mug/cavity), did not induce pleural exudation when injected into normal rats. In contrast the combined administration of histamine and anaphylactic pleural washing led to remarkable pleural exudation, comparable to that obtained with a high dose of histamine (200 mug/cavity) alone. It is noteworthy that the anaphylactic washing from compound 48/80 pretreated rats failed to synergize with histamine. Also, synergism was not reproduced when recipient rats were pretreated with methysergide (50 mug/cavity). Consistently, serotonin (5 mug/cavity) acted synergistically with histamine (1O mug/cavity), producing a greater exudative response than observed with the sum of the effects of each vasoactive amine alone. The results indicate that serotonin accounts for the histamine-potentiating activity noted in the anaphylactic pleural washing, confirming that the synergistic interaction between these vasoactive amines plays a critical role in the rat allergic pleurisy.

Enteral nutrition as source of nosocomial pneumonia

Ten out of thirteen patients with nosomial pneumonia were among those identified for nasogastric tube feedings with solutions contaminated with > 10(5) cfu/ml. Isolates from four of them had identical antimicrobial suscesptibilities patterns than those from the enteral nutrition solutions. Our investigation suggests that the nasogastric tube feeding is a potencial route of pneumonia

Patogenia e diagnóstico bacteriológico de pneumonias hospitalares em pacientes internados na UTI/HU/UFRJ / Pathogeny and bacteriological diagnostic of nosocomial pneumonias in patients admitted to IUT/HU/UFRJ

Foram estudados 26 pacientes submetidos à ventilaçäo mecânica e utilizando sonda nasogástrica internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, dos quais 13 desenvolveram pneumonia, diagnosticadas por critérios clínico-radiológicos. A avaliaçäo microbiológica quantitativa da secreçäo traqueal, utilizando-se um número 10 uFC/ml para discriminaçäo entre colonizaçäo e infecçäo, demonstra uma sensibilidade de 77,0 por cento e uma especificidade de 62,0 por cento quando comparada aos critérios referidos. Apesar de os resultados confirmarem uma relaçäo direta entre a alcalinizaçäo do estômago e o número de microorganismos ali presentes, evidenciando o risco potencial do tratamento profilático da úlcera de estresse com bloqueador H2 em pacientes críticos, a colonizaçäo da mucosa da orofaringe por aptógenos tradicionalmente associados às pneumonias hospitalares precedeu cerca de 70,0 por cento das mesmas. A maioria dos pacientes (10/13) do grupo com pneumonia estava em uso de fórmulas entéricas contaminadas com mais de 10 ufc/ml, sendo que em quatro deles, houve concordância, quanto ao espectro de resistência entre o microrganismo responsável oeka pneumonia e aquele encontrado na soluçäo enteral, demonstrando forte evidência do papel do alimento enteral como fonte de infecçäo.

Endotoxin induces eosinophil accumalation in the rat pleural cavity

Changes in eosinophil counts after intrathoracic (it) injection of endotoxin (LPS) were investigated in Wistar rats (150 - 180 g). Increasing doses of endotoxin (62.5 - 500 ng/cavity) induced a dose-dependent increase in the number of eosinophils recovered from the rat pleural cavity 24 h later. The eosinophilia was apparent within 24 h, peaked within 48 h (from 0.76 ñ 0.12 to 3.68 ñ 0.51 eosinophils x 10**6/cavity, P < 0.001) and returned to basal levels 120h after the it inection of endotoxin (250 ng/cavity). Endotoxin (3 ng - 4 µg/ml) failed to attract eosinophilis in vitro under conditions in which PAF-acether induced a dose-related response. These findings indicate that endotoxin-induced eosinophil migration in vivo is mediated by a secondary mechanism

Pleural eosinophil infiltration induced by PAF-acether is not a desensitizable phenomenon

This study investigated the effect of successive daily intrathoracic (it) injections of PAF-acether upon its demonstrated ability to generate eosinochemotaxin(s). Repeated administration of PAF-acether led to a selective state of desensitization, characterized by a gradual reduction of its ability to induce exudation. Concomitantly, however, there was a progressive pleural accumulation of eosinophilis leading to a 7-fold increase in the eosinophil counts after the 4th restimulation. The generation of eosinochemotaxin(s) elicited by PAF-acether was not modified by desensitization, as detected by transferring the cell-free pleural fluid from donor to recipient animals. We conclude that, in contrast to exudation, eosinophil tissue infiltration induced by PAF-acether is not a desensitizable phenomenon

Kinetics of pleural exudation and cellular alterations induced by antigen in actively sensitized rats

This study was undertaken to characteize the different phases of the allergic pleurisy induced by ovalbumin in actively sinsitized rats. The reaction was triggered by the intrathoracic injection of ovalbumin (12 microng/cavity) into animals sensitized 14 days before. The challenge caused, at 30 mjin, a drastic mast cell degranulation and exudation which peaked within 4h. At this time, an intense pleural leucocyte recruitment also occurred, accounted for by an increase in the mononuclear cell counts and by a predominant influyx of neutrophils. After 24h, the mast cell counts stated to reover, accompanied by a long-lasting (96 h) accumaltion of pleural eosinophils. Forty-eight hour later, the exudation and neutrophils were at basal levels, whereas mast cell counts increased progressively to reach control values at 120 h. This study describes the time course of the exudatory and cellular alterations observed during pleural inflammation induced by low antigen concentrations

Late eosinophil mobilization induced by PAF-acether in the pleural cavity of rats

In view of the rapid degradation of PAF in biological fluids, this study was designed to determine if late eosinophil infiltration induced in rats by PAF was deriived from its direct chemotatic action. A significant and selective 5-fold increase in the pleural eosinophil counts was detected 24 h after intrapleural PAF injection. The transfer of 6-h PAF washings to the pleural cavity of recipient rats also induced a 3-fold selective accumulation of eosinophils. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished the pleural eosinophil migration and the generation of transferable chemotactic activity when administered to donor but not to recipient rats. These findings suggest that a secondary protein mediator accounts for the late eosinophil mobilization induced by PAF

Adrenalectomy exacerbates paw edema without interfering with desensitization induced by PAF-acether in rats

Subcutaneous injection of PAF-acether into rat's paw to a local inflammatory response (edema) followed by desensitization after repeated injections of the substance. The desensitizing effect was not modified by previous adrenalectomy, whereas the inflammatory response observed after the first injection of PAF-acether was exacerbated. This finding suggests that adrenal hormones may act as modulators of PAF-induced inflammatory reactions. Because LY 171883, an LTD4 blocker, inhibited the edema which follows the first injection of PAF-acether, we suggest that leukotrienes may play an important role in the phenomenon

Granuloma hialino do pulmao e tiroidite de Riedel. Uma associacao sugestiva da sindrome de fibrosclerose multifocal. / Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma and Riedel's thyroiditis.An association siggesting a multifocal fibroclerotic syndrome

Granuloma hialino de pulmao (GHP) e uma lesao com alguma peculiaridade histopatologica e envolve problemas de diagnostico diferencial com nodulos pulmonares perifericos. Nos estudamos um paciente masculino de 48 anos de idade, com longa historia de nervosismo e fadiga, intolerancia ao calor e aumento de tiroide. Todos os exames de funcao tireoidiana eram normais, com cintilografia com captacao apenas no polo superior do lobo direito da glandula. Foi realizada tireoidectomia total e a glandula achava-se substituida por tecido fibroso colageno denso. Havia tres nodulos com limites definidos no pulmao e o exame microscopico revelou tecido fibroso denso hialinizado, formando feixes enovelados, sem necrose. Coloracao para colageno foram positivas e para amiloide, negativas. Os vasos estavam parcialmente obliterados e havia areas de condensacao de fibras elasticas. Algumas anormalidades imunologicas foram vistas, sugerindo um aumento do numero de linfocitos ativados. Alem disso, a associacao do GHP em sete pacientes (adicionando-se o caso presente), pode indicar um mecanismo sistemico da doenca, com uma possivel base imunologica

Analise do FEF 25-75% em 90 individuos assintomaticos (45 fumantes x 45 nao-fumantes). / Evolution of forced expiratory flow 25-75% in 90 asymptomatic adults (45 smokers vs 45 nonsmokers

Em estudo comparativo os autores analisam o comportamento dos valores do fluxo expiratorio forcado 25-75% (FEF 25-75%) em 90 individuos assintomaticos, sendo 45 fumantes e igual numero de nao-fumantes, enviados ao servico para exames periodicos. Atraves de analise dos grupos nao se evidenciaram diferencas estatisticamente significantes em relacao ao parametro estudado