RESUMO
The treatment guidelines are generally decided on the basis of either percent resistant (%R) or percent sensitive (%S) bacterial population tested with a given antimicrobial that vary geographically and represent only a part of total bacterial population existing in response to the antimicrobial used. The isolates with intermediate sensitivity (%I) are either not reported or clubbed with resistant isolates though the two may differ in clinical response. Sensitivity Index (SI) of an antimicrobial is sensitive to change in any of the three co-existing bacterial population and may be a better criterion for rational use of antimicrobial.
RESUMO
A herbal hepatoprotective formulation Liv 52 down regulated the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) production in Charles Foster Rats treated with CCl4. Inhibition of TNF activity was proportional to the hepatoprotective activity.
Assuntos
Animais , Intoxicação por Tetracloreto de Carbono/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Combinação de Medicamentos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
The effect of pregnancy on the protective immune response of mice to tissue culture-derived inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) Nakayama vaccine and to live sublethal doses of JE virus, was studied. Thirty per cent protection was found in mice, immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine, before pregnancy and challenged after delivery. In contrast, all the mice immunized with two sublethal doses of JEV tolerated the challenge under similar condition.
Assuntos
Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/imunologia , Feminino , Imunização , Camundongos , Gravidez , Prenhez/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Administrations of hepatotoxicants namely carbon tetrachloride (CCl4:0.4 ml in 1.2 ml of liquid paraffin) and ANIT (1 ml of 1.5% solution in liquid paraffin) in Charles foster rats (force fed) and D-galactosamine (8 mg in water per swiss albino mouse, ip) induce the release of TNF-alpha in case of CCl4 and D-galactosamine. High TNF-alpha level was observed up to 48 hr in CCl4 and up to 24 hr in D-galactosamine treated animals. Elevated levels of biochemical like ALP and SGPT are also recorded. TNF-alpha level can be measured of tissue damage and prognosis in case of hepatitis.