Stunting predictors among children aged 0-24 months in Southeast Asia: a scoping review / Preditores de nanismo entre crianças de 0 a 24 meses no Sudeste Asiático: Uma revisão do escopo / Indicadores de la desnutrición crónica entre niños de 0 a 24 meses en el Sudeste Asiático: Una revisión del alcance

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify predictors of stunting among children 0-24 months in Southeast Asia. Methods: This scoping review focused on articles with observational study design in English published from 2012 to 2023 from five international databases. The primary keyword used were: "stunting" OR "growth disorder" AND "newborn" AND "predict" AND "Southeast Asia". Results: Of the 27 articles selected for the final analysis there are thirteen predictors of stunting in seven Southeast Asia countries. The thirteen predictors include the child, mother, home, inadequate complementary feeding, inadequate breastfeeding, inadequate care, poor quality foods, food and water safety, infection, political economy, health and healthcare, water, sanitation, and environment, and social culture factor. Conclusion: All these predictors can lead to stunting in Southeast Asia. To prevent it, health service providers and other related sectors need to carry out health promotion and health prevention according to the predictors found.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar preditores de nanismo entre crianças de 0 a 24 meses no Sudeste Asiático. Métodos: Esta revisão de escopo se concentrou em artigos com desenho de estudo observacional em inglês publicados de 2012 a 2023 em cinco bases de dados internacionais. As palavras-chave primárias usadas foram: "stunting" (nanismo) OU "growth disorder" (distúrbio de crescimento) E "newborn" (recém-nascido) E "predict" (previsão) E "Southeast Asia" (Sudeste Asiático). Resultados: Dos 27 artigos selecionados para análise final, existem treze preditores de nanismo em sete países do Sudeste Asiático. Os treze preditores incluem a criança, a mãe, a casa, a alimentação complementar inadequada, a amamentação inadequada, os cuidados inadequados, os alimentos de má qualidade, a segurança alimentar e da água, a infeção, a economia política, a saúde e os cuidados de saúde, a água, o saneamento e o meio ambiente, e o fator cultura social. Conclusão: Todos estes preditores podem levar ao nanismo no Sudeste Asiático. Para preveni-lo, os prestadores de serviços de saúde e outros setores relacionados precisam realizar a promoção e a prevenção da saúde de acordo com os preditores encontrados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar indicadores de desnutrición crónica entre niños de 0 a 24 meses en el Sudeste Asiático. Métodos: Esta revisión de alcance se centró en artículos con diseño de estudio observacional publicados en inglés, entre los años 2012 y 2023 de cinco bases de datos internacionales. Las principales palabras clave utilizadas fueron: "stunting (Desnutrición crónica)" o "growth disorder (Desorden del crecimiento)", y "newborn (Recién nacido)", y "predict (Predecir)", y "Southeast Asia (Sudeste Asiático)". Resultados: De los 27 artículos seleccionados para el análisis final, se encontraron trece indicadores que influyen en la desnutrición crónica en siete países del Sudeste Asiático. Los trece indicadores incluyen el niño, la madre, el hogar, la alimentación inadequada complementaria, la lactancia materna inadecuada, la atención inadecuada, los alimentos de mala calidad, la seguridad de los alimentos y el agua, la infección, la economía política, la salud y la asistencia sanitaria, el agua, el saneamiento y el medio ambiente, y por último el factor sociocultural. Conclusión: Todos estos indicadores pueden provocar desnutrición crónica en niños del Sudeste Asiático. Para poder prevenirlo los prestadores de servicios de salud y otros sectores relacionados, necesitan realizar actividades de promoción y prevención de la salud de acuerdo con los indicadores encontrados en este artículo.

Nutritional Status With Short-term Memory in School-aged Children

@#Introduction: The problem of double nutrition includes undernutrition and overnutrition, often found in elementary school children. Nutritional problems in childhood will cause disturbances in children’s cognitive abilities, especially in remembering. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between nutritional status and shortterm memory in 5th grade school-aged children at one of the Elementary schools in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Methods: This research design is non-experimental with a correlation method and cross-sectional approach. A total of 111 respondents were chosen with simple random sampling. Data collection used observation sheets for nutritional status and questionnaire sheets for short-term memory. Results: Chi-square test SPSS statistical test showed that p < 0.001 (α = 0.05) where H1 was accepted, meaning that there was a significant relationship between nutritional status and short-term memory in school-aged children at one of the Elementary schools in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. There were 65 respondents with normal nutritional status and 63 respondents with high short-term memory. Moreover, a good nutritional status of the child and a good neurological function of the child’s brain, impact the ability to remember. Conclusion: There is a correlation between nutritional status and short-term memory in school-aged children. Most of the respondents have nutritional status and short-term memory in the normal category and high category at the age of elementary school children. In line with the conclusion, the school is expected to periodically monitor nutritional status through UKS (School Health Unit).

Work-related stress among nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic: What are the contributing factors? / Estresse laboral entre enfermeiros na pandemia de COVID-19: Quais são os fatores contribuintes? / Estrés laboral entre enfermeros en la pandemia de COVID-19: ¿Cuáles son los factores contribuyentes?

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the contributing factors of work-related stress among nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 101 nurse practitioners from two hospitals in West Java, Indonesia. We distributed an online questionnaire to evaluate work-related stress and the data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. Results: More than half of the nurses experienced moderate work-related stress. The study revealed that nurses aged over 35 years old had a lower likelihood of experiencing work-related stress (AOR: 0.173; 95%CI: 0.038-0.782). Married nurses had a higher likelihood (AOR: 7.156; 95% CI: 1.456-35.163). Additionally, nurses with low and moderate workloads had a lower likelihood (AOR: 0.003; 95%CI: 0.000-0.051) and (AOR: 0.025; 95%CI: 0.005-0.116), respectively. Conclusion: The consideration of age, marital status, and workload is essential in effectively addressing work-related stress among nurse practitioners.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores contribuintes do estresse laboral entre enfermeiros na pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudo transversal conduzido com 101 enfermeiros de dois hospitais em Java Ocidental, Indonésia. Um questionário online foi distribuído para avaliar o estresse laboral e os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão logística ordinal. Resultados: Mais da metade dos enfermeiros relatou estresse laboral moderado. O estudo revelou que enfermeiros com mais de 35 anos tinham menor probabilidade de vivenciar estresse laboral (AOR: 0,173; IC95%: 0,038-0,782) e enfermeiros casados tinham maior probabilidade (AOR: 7,156; IC95%: 1,456-35,163). Enfermeiros com cargas de trabalho baixas e moderadas tinham menor probabilidade, (AOR: 0,003; IC95%: 0,000-0,051) e (AOR: 0,025; IC95%: 0,005-0,116), respectivamente. Conclusão: É essencial considerar a idade, estado civil e carga de trabalho para uma abordagem eficaz do estresse laboral entre enfermeiros.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores contribuyentes del estrés laboral entre enfermeros en la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 101 enfermeros de dos hospitales de Java Occidental, Indonesia. Se distribuyó un cuestionario en línea para evaluar el estrés laboral y los datos se analizaron mediante regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: Más de la mitad de los enfermeros experimentaron un estrés laboral moderado. El estudio reveló que los enfermeros mayores de 35 años tenían una menor probabilidad de experimentar estrés laboral (AOR: 0.173; IC95%: 0.038-0.782) y los enfermeros casados tenían una mayor probabilidad (AOR: 7.156; IC95%: 1.456-35.163). Los enfermeros con cargas de trabajo bajas y moderadas tenían una probabilidad menor, (AOR: 0.003; IC95%: 0.000-0.051) y (AOR: 0.025; IC95%: 0.005-0.116), respectivamente. Conclusión: Es fundamental considerar la edad, el estado civil y la carga de trabajo para un abordaje eficaz del estrés laboral entre los enfermeros.

Limitations of immunization registers at community health centers for measuring immunization coverage: a case study of the Japanese encephalitis mass immunization program in Bali Province, Indonesia

Objectives@#The aim of this study was to compare the coverage of Japanese encephalitis (JE) immunization obtained from a recall survey and immunization registers at community health centers (CHCs) in Bali Province, Indonesia. @*Methods@#A population-based survey was conducted, and random 2-staged selection of clusters of sub-villages was performed. The sample consisted of households with children aged 9 months to 15 years old. Interviews were carried out with carers to recall JE immunization status. The recall immunization status was considered valid when name, date, and confirmation of immunization were available in an immunization register at a CHC. Descriptive analysis was performed. The completeness of the information within immunization registers at CHCs was assessed. @*Results@#The coverage of JE immunization obtained from the recall survey was 93.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.8–94.9). It decreased to 74.9% (95% CI, 72.8–77.2) after being validated against immunization registers. The recall coverage of JE immunization was significantly higher than immunization register data suggested. This discrepancy varied from 6.5% to 36.4% across 6 districts; however, none of these districts achieved the recommended target coverage of 95%. The quality of immunization registers varied across CHCs. @*Conclusion@#The use of an immunization register may result in underestimating the true coverage of vaccination programs, and its utilization for measuring immunization coverage requires further consideration.

Assessment of the pigeon (Columba livia) retina with spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Background@#To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference. @*Methods@#Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons (Columba livia) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured. @*Results@#The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians (p 0.05). @*Conclusions@#Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure.

Assessment of the pigeon (Columba livia) retina with spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Background@#To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference. @*Methods@#Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons (Columba livia) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured. @*Results@#The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians (p 0.05). @*Conclusions@#Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure.

Limitations of immunization registers at community health centers for measuring immunization coverage: a case study of the Japanese encephalitis mass immunization program in Bali Province, Indonesia

Objectives@#The aim of this study was to compare the coverage of Japanese encephalitis (JE) immunization obtained from a recall survey and immunization registers at community health centers (CHCs) in Bali Province, Indonesia. @*Methods@#A population-based survey was conducted, and random 2-staged selection of clusters of sub-villages was performed. The sample consisted of households with children aged 9 months to 15 years old. Interviews were carried out with carers to recall JE immunization status. The recall immunization status was considered valid when name, date, and confirmation of immunization were available in an immunization register at a CHC. Descriptive analysis was performed. The completeness of the information within immunization registers at CHCs was assessed. @*Results@#The coverage of JE immunization obtained from the recall survey was 93.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.8–94.9). It decreased to 74.9% (95% CI, 72.8–77.2) after being validated against immunization registers. The recall coverage of JE immunization was significantly higher than immunization register data suggested. This discrepancy varied from 6.5% to 36.4% across 6 districts; however, none of these districts achieved the recommended target coverage of 95%. The quality of immunization registers varied across CHCs. @*Conclusion@#The use of an immunization register may result in underestimating the true coverage of vaccination programs, and its utilization for measuring immunization coverage requires further consideration.

Relationship of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, malondialdehyde, and 8-Hydroxy 2-Deoxyguanosine with post-ischemic stroke depression / A relação do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro, malondialdeído e 8-hidroxi 2-desoxiganosina com a depressão pós-avc isquêmica

ABSTRACT A few studies have shown that serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in post-stroke depression is highly correlated with memory and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the relationship of serum BDNF, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-Hydroxy 2-Deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) levels in acute stroke cases with one-month post-stroke depression. Methods: An observational study was conducted of 72 post-ischemic stroke patients in the Neurology ward of the Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Acute stroke (< 48 hours) serum BDNF, MDA, and 8-OhdG levels were measured using ELISA. Based on observations using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale conducted one month after stroke, respondents were divided into two groups: with and without depression. The mean serum level was analyzed using the t-test and Mann-Whitney test, while differences in basic characteristics were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the most significant factor associated with post-stroke depression. The error rate was set at 5%. Results: BDNF levels in acute stroke were significantly lower in the depression group than in the non-depression group (p < 0.05). MDA and 8-OhdG levels in acute stroke were higher in the depression group (p < 0.05). BDNF level during acute stroke was negatively correlated with post-stroke depression, while, conversely, acute stroke MDA and 8-OhdG levels were positively correlated with depression. Conclusion: BDNF had a negative correlation, while MDA and 8-OhdG had a positive correlation, with depression one-month post-stroke. 8-OhdG was the most influential factor in post-stroke depression.

RESUMO Alguns estudos mostraram que o nível sérico de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) na depressão pós-AVC está altamente correlacionado com a memória e com os distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo elucidar a relação entre os níveis séricos de BDNF, malondialdeído (MDA) e 8-hidroxi 2-desoxiganosanos (8 OhdG) em casos de AVC agudo com depressão pós-AVC de um mês. Métodos: Um estudo observacional foi realizado em 72 pacientes com AVC pós-isquêmico na enfermaria de Neurologia do Hospital Dr. M. Djamil, Padang, Sumatra Ocidental, Indonésia. Os níveis séricos de BDNF, MDA e 8-OhdG no AVC agudo (< 48 horas) foram medidos usando ELISA. Com base nas observações da Hamilton Depression Rating Scale realizada um mês após o AVC, os entrevistados foram divididos em dois grupos: com e sem depressão. O nível sérico médio foi analisado pelo teste T e Mann-Whitney, enquanto as diferenças nas características básicas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A análise multivariada foi realizada para determinar o fator mais significativo associado à depressão pós-AVC. A taxa de erro foi fixada em 5%. Resultados: O nível de BDNF no AVC agudo foi significativamente menor na depressão do que no grupo sem depressão (p < 0,05). Os níveis de MDA e 8-OhdG no AVC agudo foram maiores no grupo de depressão (p < 0,05). O nível de BDNF durante o AVC agudo foi negativamente correlacionado com os casos de depressão pós-AVC, enquanto, inversamente, os níveis de MDA e 8-OhdG do AVC agudo foram positivamente correlacionados com os casos de depressão. Conclusão: O BDNF tem uma correlação negativa, enquanto o MDA e o 8-OhdG tiveram uma correlação positiva com a depressão um mês após o AVC. 8-OhdG foi o fator mais influente na depressão pós-AVC.

Correlation Between Posture of Job and Musculoskeletal Disorders Complains Among Emergency Departement Nurses in General Hospital Distric of Tangerang City

@#Introduction: Based on World Health Organization (WHO) incidence of musculoskeletal diseases is estimated to reach 60.4% of all occupational illness. Research conducted in the UK and Hongkong on nurses reported lower stage pain of 38% and 39% and some neck pain 34% and 31% respectively. Musculoskeletal disorders are basically complaints of pain in parts of our body that include muscles, joints, ligaments, skeletons, and nerves. Work posture is one of the factors that influence the increase in musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the research is to identify correlation between posture at job with musculoskeletal disorders complaints in the emergency department among nurses. Methods: The Method of the research was a quantitative research using cross sectional methods with Spearmen Rho correlation statistic test and the sampling method used total sampling. The sample size in this study was 40 nurses in the Emergency Department. Data collection was conducted by using Nordic Body Maps questionnaire to assess Musculoskeletal Disorder and posture of job assessment was carried out by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Results: The results from this study showed that half of respondents (50%) were 26-30 years old, more than half (67%) of respondents are male, more than half (60%) have very high risks due to posture of job, and more than half (55%) had heavy complaints. Conclusion: There was a correlation between job posture with musculoskeletal disorders.

The influence of self-help group therapy towards quality of life of cancer patients in palliative care

Background: The therapy of cancer treatment for patient affects the significant of physic, psychology, and information and social, so that it needs to support the adequate care. The supporting for adequate care is the way to improve the quality life of patients. One of the cares that given is self-help group therapy (SHG), it is a group treatment to share about the experiences of each other for cancer patient. This research is conducted to know the influences of self-help group therapy towards the quality of life of cancer patients that have a palliative care.Methods: The research uses a quantitative approach with quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test with control group design. The sample of this research is 14 respondents in control group and 14 respondents in intervention group.Results: There was significant difference value of quality of life pre-test rather than post-test in the intervention group, p=0.033, and there was no significant difference in the control group before and after intervention, p=0.190. The comparison between post-test intervention and post-test control group showed that there was significant difference of quality of life value. P value in intervention group was 0.002, while p value for the control group was 0.221.Conclusions: There was influence by giving self-help group (SHG) therapy towards the quality of life of cancer patients that have palliative treatment. The patient can expand the social networking, to accept the information, get the emotional supporting from their own group.

The effect of mindfulness therapy on the pregnant women’s anxiety level in facing childbirth

Background: The health improvement for pregnant women in antenatal phase is not only focused on maintaining physical health, but also the psychological health. One of the factors of maternal psychological health is anxiety. Anxiety is common in pregnant women caused by maternal concerns about complications that accompany the mother and her fetus. The increasing anxiety in pregnant women can have an impact on pregnancy complications. Therefore an intervention is needed to overcome anxiety in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness therapy on the anxiety level of pregnant women in labor.Methods: This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test with control group. Implemented in the Public Health Center working area like Sleman in August-September 2018. There were 26 participants selected using purposive sampling, with 13 assigned in experiment and control groups. The questionnaire used is Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2. Independent sample t-test used for data analysis.Results: There was a significant difference in the mean of anxiety score after the intervention in the experimental group compared to the control group with a value of p=0.017 (p<0.05). The mean of anxiety score after intervention in the control group was 32.00, while the average of anxiety score after intervention in the experimental group was 24.54.Conclusions: Giving mindfulness therapy to pregnant women is able to reduce maternal anxiety levels significantly in facing labor.

Catechins green tea upregulates the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 in rats induced atherogenic diet

The efflux of cholesterol from macrophage to liver is known as reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Impairedcholesterol efflux leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Therefore, how to increasing cholesterol effluxmay be an effective strategy for atherosclerosis prevention. Key molecules that play a vital role in the efflux ofcholesterol from macrophage are Adenosin Tri Phosphate (ATP)-binding casette transporters A1 and G. This study wasundertaken to clarify the effect of Catechins on the expression of specific transporters such as ATP-binding cassettesub-family A member 1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1) from macrophage to liver,and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1). This research was done on Wistar rats induced atherogenic diets. SRB1is one of the transporters to facilitate the delivery of cholesterol from the macrophage to the liver. The SRB1 pathwaymediated the selective uptake of cholesteryl ester. Catechins significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCA1and ABCG1 in aorta as well as SRB1 of liver also increased. Thus, Catechins decreased the total cholesterol levels inaorta and serum. Catechins can be developed as a potential agent to increase ABCA1 to inhibit atherogenesis process.In conclusion, this study indicates that the potential anti-atherogenic properties of Catechins could be explained, atleast in part, as being due to upregulated expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 through activation liver X receptorsignaling pathway

Catechins green tea upregulates the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 in rats induced atherogenic diet

The efflux of cholesterol from macrophage to liver is known as reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Impairedcholesterol efflux leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Therefore, how to increasing cholesterol effluxmay be an effective strategy for atherosclerosis prevention. Key molecules that play a vital role in the efflux ofcholesterol from macrophage are Adenosin Tri Phosphate (ATP)-binding casette transporters A1 and G. This study wasundertaken to clarify the effect of Catechins on the expression of specific transporters such as ATP-binding cassettesub-family A member 1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1) from macrophage to liver,and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1). This research was done on Wistar rats induced atherogenic diets. SRB1is one of the transporters to facilitate the delivery of cholesterol from the macrophage to the liver. The SRB1 pathwaymediated the selective uptake of cholesteryl ester. Catechins significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCA1and ABCG1 in aorta as well as SRB1 of liver also increased. Thus, Catechins decreased the total cholesterol levels inaorta and serum. Catechins can be developed as a potential agent to increase ABCA1 to inhibit atherogenesis process.In conclusion, this study indicates that the potential anti-atherogenic properties of Catechins could be explained, atleast in part, as being due to upregulated expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 through activation liver X receptorsignaling pathway.

Differences in Pain Threshold Values of Masseter and Temporalis Muscles Before and After Mastication

Abstract Objective: To analyze the differences in the pain thresholds of the masseter and temporalis muscles before and after chewing at the 5th and 10th minutes. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the pain thresholds of the muscles in both sides of 43 non-TMD subjects were measured using a digital algometer before and after chewing the bubble gum Xylitol for 5 and 10 min. The values of the muscles before and after mastication at the 5th and 10th were analyzed using Repeated ANOVA. A difference in the values between the left and right sides of the muscles were analyzed using independent t-test, and among the age groups using one-way ANOVA. Results: Average pain threshold values were 1.76 and 1.93 KgF/cm2 for the masseter and temporalis muscles. ANOVA tests indicated significant differences in the values of the muscles before and after mastication at the 5th and 10th min (p=0.000 vs. p<0.001). The differences in the values between the left and right sides of the muscles (p>0.05) and among the age groups (p>0.05) showed no significant difference. However, the values between temporalis and masseter and the values between men and women for each session revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) Conclusion: The masseter and temporalis pain threshold values were reduced 10 min after chewing. The values in both sides of the masseter and temporalis muscles and in different age groups were the same. The temporal muscle and men showed a higher pain threshold than the masseter muscle and women, respectively.

Development of dental hygiene gum for cats considering their anatomical features of dentition

The purpose of this study was to develop effective dental hygiene chews for cats based on the anatomical features of the dentition and patterns of chewing motion. All cats were volunteered for dental prophylaxis followed by dental impressions using yellow stone and alginate under general anesthesia. Twenty parameters related to dentition were defined in order to compare dental impressions using digital caliper. For the chewing motion study, patterns of chewing motion were identified based on recordings made with a digital camera. Ten cats (4 domestic shorthairs, 2 Russian blues, 1 American shorthair, 1 Persian, 1 Turkish Angora, and 1 Devon Rex) were recruited for the study. The parameters related to teeth and oral size were similar among the studied cats. Chewing motion can be described as more of a guillotine-like motion rather than a crushing motion, with cats chewing 3–7 times before swallowing. The chewing pattern of cats involves shearing for a short period of time followed by immediate swallowing. Therefore, the overall size of the dental hygiene chew could be determined based on the measurement of the oral size for inducing chewing. The surface details of the dental hygiene chew could be designed for prevention and removal of dental calculus and plaque in cats considering the anatomical teeth parameters. Dental hygiene chews customized for cats considering the different anatomical features of their teeth might be effective for oral care.

A Conformational Isomer of Soulattrolide from the Stem Bark of Calophyllum symingtonianum and Its Antibacterial Activity

Callophylum symingtonianum (Guttiferae), an evergreen broad-leaved tree that usually grows in hill forests, can be found distributed in the Malay Peninsula. The barks, leaves, flowers and seeds is often used medicinally to treat diarrhea and rheumatism. In the present study, we isolated two inophyllum type coumarins, 12-O-ethylinophyllum D (1) and iso-soulattrolide (2) from the stembarks of C. symingtonianum together with their antibacterial activity. The compounds were isolated by chromatographic methods on a silica gel. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, (1D and 2D) NMR and mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with several literature sources. The antibacterial activity of those compounds was tested using a disc-diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both compound exhibited mild inhibition against P. aeruginosa with both 111 µg/ml MIC value. Compound 2 also inhibits S. aureus with 25 µg/ml MIC value.

A lignan with glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes from the stem bark of Knema patentinervia

A new naturally occurring dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan named isocubebinic ether has been isolated from Knema patentinervia. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods, which include Ultraviolet, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. The compound showed activity in the stimulation of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory and Adipogenic Effects of Inophyllum D, Calanone, Isocordato-oblongic acid, and Morelloflavone on Cell Lines

This paper reports in vitro cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and adipocyte diffentiation with adipogenic effects of coumarins inophyllum D (1) and calanone (2), and a chromanone carboxylic acid namely isocordato-oblongic acid (3) isolated from Calophyllum symingtonianum as well as a biflavonoid morelloflavon e (4) isolated from Garcinia prainiana on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma RAW 264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity study on MCF-7 cell was conducted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Meanwhile, the study of anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophages and adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were conducted through nitrite determination assay and induction of adipocyte differentiation, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, inophyllum D (1) was the only compounds that exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cell with IC₅₀ of 84 µg/mL. Further, all by inhibiting the compounds have shown anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages of nitrite concentration with production. In addition, the compounds also exhibited adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by stimulating lipid formation. Thus, this study may provide significant input in discovery of the potential effects cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and adipogenic agents.

Effects of Triterpenoids from Luvunga scandens on Cytotoxic, Cell Cycle Arrest and Gene Expressions in MCF-7 Cells

Plant-derived triterpenoids commonly possesses biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-cancer. Luvunga scandens is one of the plant that produced triterpenoids. The aims of the study was to analyze cell cycle profile and to determine the expression of p53 unregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), caspase-8 and caspase-9 genes at mRNA level in MCF-7 cell line treated with two triterpenoids, flindissol (1) and 3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic-acid (2) isolated from L. scandens. The compounds were tested for cell cycle analysis using flow cytometer and mRNA expression level using quantitative RT-PCR. The number of MCF-7 cells population which distributed in Sub G1 phase after treated with compound 1 and 2 were 7.7 and 9.3% respectively. The evaluation of the expression of genes showed that both compounds exhibited high level of expression of PUMA, caspase-8 and caspase-9 as normalized to β-actin via activation of those genes. In summary, the isolated compounds of L. scandens plant showed promising anticancer properties in MCF-7 cell lines.

Qualitative analysis of catechins from green tea GMB-4 clone using HPLC and LC-MS/MS

Objective: To identify the bioactive compounds in catechins isolation and its compo-nents from green tea GMB-4 clone. Methods: Green tea GMB-4 clones were extracted with distilled water at 90 ? C. Samples were eluted into the column with 10%ethanol. Subsequently, the column was eluted with 95% ethanol and evaporated separately. Green tea extract was identified by thin layer chromatography. Catechins were separated by the stationary phase in column chroma-tography using polyamide with 10% ethanol eluent and 95% ethanol. The results of isolations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS. Analysis of catechins by HPLC was done by external standard. Results: Fraction from 10% ethanol showed that four major peaks at retention time of 1.663, 2.367, 2.950 and 4.890, indicated the presence of four catechins components including catechin, epicatechins, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin. Whereas, fraction from 95% ethanol showed two main peaks at retention time of 5.167 and 9.82, which indicated the presence of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG). EGCG (m/z 459), epigallocatechin (m/z 307), ECG (m/z 443), and epicatechin (m/z 291) were isolated and separated successfully using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Conclusions: The HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods were successfully tuned for the qualitative analysis of green tea extract with EGCG and ECG. Four major catechins were separated and identified by LC-MS/MS, such as EGCG, epigallocatechin, ECG and epicatechin. The result of HPLC analysis showed that EGCG and ECG were main components from catechins isolation of green tea GMB-4 clone.