Frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with type-2 diabetes

Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity and Ischaemic Heart Disease have become a problem of public health magnitude with substantial economic burden both in the developed as well as the developing countries. Obesity is quite frequent in Type 2 diabetics and also plays a central role in causing Metabolic Syndrome [MetS]. Metabolic Syndrome significantly increases the incidence of cardiovascular complications. This study was done to determine the frequency of MetS in our Type 2 diabetic patients as most of the components of MetS can be modified and identifying/managing these at an early stage might be of considerable help in reducing cardiovascular complications. This cross-sectional study was done in Medical 'B' and Medical 'A' wards of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from Nov, 08 to April, 09. Type 2 Diabetic patients aged above 40 years who gave informed consent were included in the study. Data was collected through a structured proforma. Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome was estimated according to the IDF consensus worldwide definition of the MetS. Of the 100 patients enrolled in this study 56 were females and 44 were males with a mean age of 59.9 years. Out of these 100 participants seventy six [76%] were diagnosed to have metabolic syndrome. Of the 56 females, forty eight [85.71%] were having metabolic syndrome while twenty eight [63.63%] of the 44 male participants were having the syndrome. The difference was statistically significant [p<0.05]. Frequency of MetS was found to be significantly high in this study with female preponderance. All the components, except Hypertension were more frequent in females. Diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome need more aggressive approach in management so as to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular complications

Study on main reproductive steroidal hormones in postmenopausal breast cancer patients

In the present work, thirty nine [39] patients were randomly selected from Radiotherapy Department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. The criteria of inclusion was, females of postmenopausal age, biopsy proven breast cancer [unilateral or bilateral], mastectomy with auxiliary clearance within fifteen days, without radiation or hormonal therapy and no clinical metastasis was present and twelve postmenopausal controls were also selected, for comparison. This study leads to discovery that there is a correlation of estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer women in Karachi, and this relationship is reciprocal, estrogen level increases with decrease in estrogen receptor showing aggressiveness in disease

Anomalous pattern of insertion in interossei and lumbrical's hands

Anomalous patterns in comparison to those described in standard anatomical text, books about distal insertion of interossei and lumbricul muscles in the hand among 112 freshly embalmed upper limbs from both sexes were investigated during dissection in the Department of Anatomy, King Edward Medical College. Maximum anomalies were observed in the distal insertions of palmar interossei [65.2%] as compared to dorsal interossei [19.8%] and lumbricals [9.8]. Among palmar interossei, higher number of anomalous attachements were found in 1st, and 4th interosseous muscles

Pre-selection of sex in sheep during artificial insemination

After vaginal alkaline douche, thirty five sheep were inseminated with semen which had been diluted in a solution of sodium mineralocorticoid. It was noted that pregnant sheep of different experimental groups delivered mostly male lambs

Scope of laparoscopy in general surgery

Laparoscopy, that was conventionally restricted to gynaecology has now entered into the field of General surgery. Developments so for and new approaches to laparoscopic surgery indicate that minimally invasive techniques are here to stay and will find increasing application in a variety of surgical procedures

Sperm's morphology and sex ratio

Fifty six andro and forty four percent gyno spermatozoa counted in fifty semen specimens under phase contrast microscope. It presents that probable ratio of boys and girls in Pakistan basing on Tindal sex ratio theory is to be 9:11 respectively

Stability of sulphacetamide eye drops at higher temperature

Sulphacetamide solutions at higher temperature degrade to its hydrolysed product, sulphanilamide, with a first-order rate constant. The degraded products are identified and characterized by chromatography and spectrophotometry. Attempts are made for the evaluation of kinetics, entropy and enthal changes activation energy and frequency factors during heating of sulphacetamide solutions. The determination of these thermodynamic elements is useful in prediction of the stability of sulphacetamide eye-drop formulation at elevated temperatures